英文药名: Tenormin(Atenolol Tablets) 中文参考药名: 阿替洛尔片,天诺敏,氨酰心安 生产厂家: AstraZeneca 药品名称 通用名: 阿替洛尔片 英文名: ATENOLOL TABLETS 药品类别: 抗心律失常药 性状: 本品为白色片或糖衣片，除去糖衣后显白色。 药理毒理 为选择性β1肾上腺素受体阻滞剂，不具有膜稳定作用和内源性拟交感活性。但不抑制异丙肾上腺素的支气管扩张作用。其降血压与减少心肌耗氧量的机制与普奈洛尔相同。大规模临床试验证实，阿替洛尔可减少急性心肌梗死0~7天的死亡率。治疗剂量对心肌收缩力无明显抑制。 药代动力学 口服吸收很快，但不完全，口服吸收50%，于2~4小时达峰浓度，口服后作用持续时间较长，可达24小时，广泛分布于各组织，小量可通过血-脑脊液屏障。健康人的分布容积约50~75L。血中半衰期为6~7小时，主要以原形自尿排出，肾功能受损时半衰期延长，可在体内蓄积，血液透析时可予清除。本品脂质溶解度低，对脑部组织的渗透很低，而血浆蛋白结合率极低(6~16%）。 适应症 要用于治疗高血压、心绞痛、心肌梗死，也可用于心律失常、甲状腺机能亢进、嗜铬细胞瘤。 用法用量 口服 成人常用量：开始每次6.25~12.5mg，一日两次，按需要及耐受量渐增至 50~200mg。 肾功能损害时，肌酐清除率小于15ml/(min.1.73m2）者，每日25mg； 15~35ml/(min.1.73m2）者，每日最多50mg。 任何疑问，请遵医嘱！ 不良反应 在心肌梗死病人中，最常见的不良反应为低血压和心动过缓；其他反应可有头晕、四肢冰冷、疲劳、乏力、肠胃不适、精神抑郁、脱发、血小板减少症、牛皮癣样皮肤反应、牛皮癣恶化、皮疹及干眼等。罕见引起敏感病人的心脏传导阻滞。 禁忌症 1.Ⅱ-Ⅲ度心脏传导阻滞。 2.心源性休克者。 3.病窦综合症及严重窦性心动过缓。 注意事项 本品的临床效应与血药浓度可不完全平行，剂量调节以临床效应为准；肾功能损害时剂量须减少；有心力衰竭症状的患者用本品时，给与洋地黄或利尿药合用，如心力衰竭症状仍存在，应逐渐减量使用；本品的停药过程至少3天，常可达2周，如有撤药症状，如心绞痛发作，则暂时再给药，待稳定后渐停用；与饮食共进不影响其生物利用度；本品可改变因血糖降低而引起的心动过速；患有慢性阻塞性肺部疾病的高血压病人慎用；本药可使末梢动脉血循环失调，病人可能对用于治疗过敏反应常规剂量的肾上腺素无反应。 孕妇及哺乳期妇女用药 本品可通过胎盘屏障并出现在脐带血液中，缺乏头3个月使用本药的研究，不除外胎儿受损的可能。妊娠妇女较长时间服用本药，与胎儿宫内生长迟缓有关。本药在乳汁中有明显的聚集作用，哺乳期妇女服用时应谨慎小心。 儿童用药 用于儿童应从小剂量开始0.25~0.5mg/kg,每日二次。注意监测心率、血压。 老年患者用药 所需剂量可以减少，尤其是肾功能衰退的患者。 药物相互作用 与其他抗高血压药物及利尿剂并用，能加强其降压效果。Ⅰ类抗心律失常药、异搏定、麻醉剂要特别谨慎。β-受体阻滞剂会加剧停用氯压定引起的高血压反跳，如两药联合使用，本药应在停用氯压定前几天停用，如果用本药取代氯压定，应在停止服用氯压定数天后才开始β-受体阻滞剂的疗程。 药物过量 过度的心动过缓可静脉注射阿托品1～2mg，如有必要可随后静脉注射大剂量胰高血糖素10mg，可根据反应重复或随后静脉滴注胰高血糖素1～10mg/小时，若无预期效果，或没有胰高血糖素供应，可采用β-受体兴奋剂。 Tenormin (atenolol) TABLETS Tenormin Description Tenormin® (atenolol), a synthetic, beta1-selective (cardioselective) adrenoreceptor blocking agent, may be chemically described as benzeneacetamide, 4 -[2'-hydroxy-3'-[(1- methylethyl) amino] propoxy]-. The molecular and structural formulas are: Atenolol (free base) has a molecular weight of 266. It is a relatively polar hydrophilic compound with a water solubility of 26.5 mg/mL at 37°C and a log partition coefficient (octanol/water) of 0.23. It is freely soluble in 1N HCl (300 mg/mL at 25°C) and less soluble in chloroform (3 mg/mL at 25°C). Tenormin is available as 25, 50 and 100 mg tablets for oral administration. Inactive Ingredients: Magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone, sodium starch glycolate. Tenormin - Clinical Pharmacology Tenormin is a beta1-selective (cardioselective) beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agent without membrane stabilizing or intrinsic sympathomimetic (partial agonist) activities. This preferential effect is not absolute, however, and at higher doses, Tenormin inhibits beta2-adrenoreceptors, chiefly located in the bronchial and vascular musculature. Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism In man, absorption of an oral dose is rapid and consistent but incomplete. Approximately 50% of an oral dose is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, the remainder being excreted unchanged in the feces. Peak blood levels are reached between two (2) and four (4) hours after ingestion. Unlike propranolol or metoprolol, but like nadolol, Tenormin undergoes little or no metabolism by the liver, and the absorbed portion is eliminated primarily by renal excretion. Over 85% of an intravenous dose is excreted in urine within 24 hours compared with approximately 50% for an oral dose. Tenormin also differs from propranolol in that only a small amount (6%-16%) is bound to proteins in the plasma. This kinetic profile results in relatively consistent plasma drug levels with about a fourfold interpatient variation. The elimination half-life of oral Tenormin is approximately 6 to 7 hours, and there is no alteration of the kinetic profile of the drug by chronic administration. Following intravenous administration, peak plasma levels are reached within 5 minutes. Declines from peak levels are rapid (5- to 10-fold) during the first 7 hours; thereafter, plasma levels decay with a half-life similar to that of orally administered drug. Following oral doses of 50 mg or 100 mg, both beta-blocking and antihypertensive effects persist for at least 24 hours. When renal function is impaired, elimination of Tenormin is closely related to the glomerular filtration rate; significant accumulation occurs when the creatinine clearance falls below 35 mL/min/1.73m2. (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.) Pharmacodynamics In standard animal or human pharmacological tests, beta-adrenoreceptor blocking activity of Tenormin has been demonstrated by: (1) reduction in resting and exercise heart rate and cardiac output, (2) reduction of systolic and diastolic blood pressure at rest and on exercise, (3) inhibition of isoproterenol induced tachycardia, and (4) reduction in reflex orthostatic tachycardia. A significant beta-blocking effect of Tenormin, as measured by reduction of exercise tachycardia, is apparent within one hour following oral administration of a single dose. This effect is maximal at about 2 to 4 hours, and persists for at least 24 hours. Maximum reduction in exercise tachycardia occurs within 5 minutes of an intravenous dose. For both orally and intravenously administered drug, the duration of action is dose related and also bears a linear relationship to the logarithm of plasma Tenormin concentration. The effect on exercise tachycardia of a single 10 mg intravenous dose is largely dissipated by 12 hours, whereas beta-blocking activity of single oral doses of 50 mg and 100 mg is still evident beyond 24 hours following administration. However, as has been shown for all beta-blocking agents, the antihypertensive effect does not appear to be related to plasma level. In normal subjects, the beta1 selectivity of Tenormin has been shown by its reduced ability to reverse the beta2-mediated vasodilating effect of isoproterenol as compared to equivalent beta-blocking doses of propranolol. In asthmatic patients, a dose of Tenormin producing a greater effect on resting heart rate than propranolol resulted in much less increase in airway resistance. In a placebo controlled comparison of approximately equipotent oral doses of several beta blockers, Tenormin produced a significantly smaller decrease of FEV1 than nonselective beta blockers such as propranolol and, unlike those agents, did not inhibit bronchodilation in response to isoproterenol. Consistent with its negative chronotropic effect due to beta blockade of the SA node, Tenormin increases sinus cycle length and sinus node recovery time. Conduction in the AV node is also prolonged. Tenormin is devoid of membrane stabilizing activity, and increasing the dose well beyond that producing beta blockade does not further depress myocardial contractility. Several studies have demonstrated a moderate (approximately 10%) increase in stroke volume at rest and during exercise. In controlled clinical trials, Tenormin, given as a single daily oral dose, was an effective antihypertensive agent providing 24-hour reduction of blood pressure. Tenormin has been studied in combination with thiazide-type diuretics, and the blood pressure effects of the combination are approximately additive. Tenormin is also compatible with methyldopa, hydralazine, and prazosin, each combination resulting in a larger fall in blood pressure than with the single agents. The dose range of Tenormin is narrow and increasing the dose beyond 100 mg once daily is not associated with increased antihypertensive effect. The mechanisms of the antihypertensive effects of beta-blocking agents have not been established. Several possible mechanisms have been proposed and include: (1) competitive antagonism of catecholamines at peripheral (especially cardiac) adrenergic neuron sites, leading to decreased cardiac output, (2) a central effect leading to reduced sympathetic outflow to the periphery, and (3) suppression of renin activity. The results from long-term studies have not shown any diminution of the antihypertensive efficacy of Tenormin with prolonged use. By blocking the positive chronotropic and inotropic effects of catecholamines and by decreasing blood pressure, atenolol generally reduces the oxygen requirements of the heart at any given level of effort, making it useful for many patients in the long-term management of angina pectoris. On the other hand, atenolol can increase oxygen requirements by increasing left ventricular fiber length and end diastolic pressure, particularly in patients with heart failure. In a multicenter clinical trial (ISIS-1) conducted in 16,027 patients with suspected myocardial infarction, patients presenting within 12 hours (mean = 5 hours) after the onset of pain were randomized to either conventional therapy plus Tenormin (n = 8,037), or conventional therapy alone (n = 7,990). Patients with a heart rate of < 50 bpm or systolic blood pressure < 100 mm Hg, or with other contraindications to beta blockade were excluded. Thirty-eight percent of each group were treated within 4 hours of onset of pain. The mean time from onset of pain to entry was 5.0 ± 2.7 hours in both groups. Patients in the Tenormin group were to receive Tenormin I.V. Injection 5-10 mg given over 5 minutes plus Tenormin Tablets 50 mg every 12 hours orally on the first study day (the first oral dose administered about 15 minutes after the IV dose) followed by either Tenormin Tablets 100 mg once daily or Tenormin Tablets 50 mg twice daily on days 2-7. The groups were similar in demographic and medical history characteristics and in electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial infarction, bundle branch block, and first degree atrioventricular block at entry. During the treatment period (days 0-7), the vascular mortality rates were 3.89% in the Tenormin group (313 deaths) and 4.57% in the control group (365 deaths). This absolute difference in rates, 0.68%, is statistically significant at the P < 0.05 level. The absolute difference translates into a proportional reduction of 15% (3.89-4.57/4.57 = -0.15). The 95% confidence limits are 1%-27%. Most of the difference was attributed to mortality in days 0-1 (Tenormin - 121 deaths; control - 171 deaths). Despite the large size of the ISIS-1 trial, it is not possible to identify clearly subgroups of patients most likely or least likely to benefit from early treatment with atenolol. Good clinical judgment suggests, however, that patients who are dependent on sympathetic stimulation for maintenance of adequate cardiac output and blood pressure are not good candidates for beta blockade. Indeed, the trial protocol reflected that judgment by excluding patients with blood pressure consistently below 100 mm Hg systolic. The overall results of the study are compatible with the possibility that patients with borderline blood pressure (less than 120 mm Hg systolic), especially if over 60 years of age, are less likely to benefit. The mechanism through which atenolol improves survival in patients with definite or suspected acute myocardial infarction is unknown, as is the case for other beta blockers in the postinfarction setting. Atenolol, in addition to its effects on survival, has shown other clinical benefits including reduced frequency of ventricular premature beats, reduced chest pain, and reduced enzyme elevation. Atenolol Geriatric Pharmacology: In general, elderly patients present higher atenolol plasma levels with total clearance values about 50% lower than younger subjects. The half-life is markedly longer in the elderly compared to younger subjects. The reduction in atenolol clearance follows the general trend that the elimination of renally excreted drugs is decreased with increasing age. Indications and Usage for Tenormin Hypertension Tenormin is indicated in the management of hypertension. It may be used alone or concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents, particularly with a thiazide-type diuretic. Angina Pectoris Due to Coronary Atherosclerosis Tenormin is indicated for the long-term management of patients with angina pectoris. Acute Myocardial Infarction Tenormin is indicated in the management of hemodynamically stable patients with definite or suspected acute myocardial infarction to reduce cardiovascular mortality. Treatment can be initiated as soon as the patient's clinical condition allows. (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, CONTRAINDICATIONS, and WARNINGS.) In general, there is no basis for treating patients like those who were excluded from the ISIS-1 trial (blood pressure less than 100 mm Hg systolic, heart rate less than 50 bpm) or have other reasons to avoid beta blockade. As noted above, some subgroups (eg, elderly patients with systolic blood pressure below 120 mm Hg) seemed less likely to benefit. Contraindications Tenormin is contraindicated in sinus bradycardia, heart block greater than first degree, cardiogenic shock, and overt cardiac failure. (See WARNINGS.) Tenormin is contraindicated in those patients with a history of hypersensitivity to the atenolol or any of the drug product’s components. Warnings Cardiac Failure Sympathetic stimulation is necessary in supporting circulatory function in congestive heart failure, and beta blockade carries the potential hazard of further depressing myocardial contractility and precipitating more severe failure. In patients with acute myocardial infarction, cardiac failure which is not promptly and effectively controlled by 80 mg of intravenous furosemide or equivalent therapy is a contraindication to beta-blocker treatment. In Patients Without a History of Cardiac Failure Continued depression of the myocardium with beta-blocking agents over a period of time can, in some cases, lead to cardiac failure. At the first sign or symptom of impending cardiac failure, patients should be treated appropriately according to currently recommended guidelines, and the response observed closely. If cardiac failure continues despite adequate treatment, Tenormin should be withdrawn. (See DOSAGE AND ADMNISTRATION) Cessation of Therapy with Tenormin Patients with coronary artery disease, who are being treated with Tenormin, should be advised against abrupt discontinuation of therapy. Severe exacerbation of angina and the occurrence of myocardial infarction and ventricular arrhythmias have been reported in angina patients following the abrupt discontinuation of therapy with beta blockers. The last two complications may occur with or without preceding exacerbation of the angina pectoris. As with other beta blockers, when discontinuation of Tenormin is planned, the patients should be carefully observed and advised to limit physical activity to a minimum. If the angina worsens or acute coronary insufficiency develops, it is recommended that Tenormin be promptly reinstituted, at least temporarily. Because coronary artery disease is common and may be unrecognized, it may be prudent not to discontinue Tenormin therapy abruptly even in patients treated only for hypertension. (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.) Concomitant Use of Calcium Channel Blockers Bradycardia and heart block can occur and the left ventricular end diastolic pressure can rise when beta-blockers are administered with verapamil or diltiazem. Patients with pre-existing conduction abnormalities or left ventricular dysfunction are particularly susceptible. (See PRECAUTIONS.) Bronchospastic Diseases PATIENTS WITH BRONCHOSPASTIC DISEASE SHOULD, IN GENERAL, NOT RECEIVE BETA BLOCKERS. Because of its relative beta1 selectivity, however, Tenormin may be used with caution in patients with bronchospastic disease who do not respond to, or cannot tolerate, other antihypertensive treatment. Since beta1 selectivity is not absolute, the lowest possible dose of Tenormin should be used with therapy initiated at 50 mg and a beta2-stimulating agent (bronchodilator) should be made available. If dosage must be increased, dividing the dose should be considered in order to achieve lower peak blood levels. Major Surgery Chronically administered beta-blocking therapy should not be routinely withdrawn prior to major surgery, however the impaired ability of the heart to respond to reflex adrenergic stimuli may augment the risks of general anesthesia and surgical procedures. Diabetes and Hypoglycemia Tenormin should be used with caution in diabetic patients if a beta-blocking agent is required. Beta blockers may mask tachycardia occurring with hypoglycemia, but other manifestations such as dizziness and sweating may not be significantly affected. At recommended doses Tenormin does not potentiate insulin-induced hypoglycemia and, unlike nonselective beta blockers, does not delay recovery of blood glucose to normal levels. Thyrotoxicosis Beta-adrenergic blockade may mask certain clinical signs (eg, tachycardia) of hyperthyroidism. Abrupt withdrawal of beta blockade might precipitate a thyroid storm; therefore, patients suspected of developing thyrotoxicosis from whom Tenormin therapy is to be withdrawn should be monitored closely. (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.) Untreated Pheochromocytoma Tenormin should not be given to patients with untreated pheochromocytoma. Pregnancy and Fetal Injury Atenolol can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Atenolol crosses the placental barrier and appears in cord blood. Administration of atenolol, starting in the second trimester of pregnancy, has been associated with the birth of infants that are small for gestational age. No studies have been performed on the use of atenolol in the first trimester and the possibility of fetal injury cannot be excluded. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus. Neonates born to mothers who are receiving Tenormin at parturition or breast-feeding may be at risk for hypoglycemia and bradycardia. Caution should be exercised when Tenormin is administered during pregnancy or to a woman who is breast-feeding. (See PRECAUTIONS, Nursing Mothers.) Atenolol has been shown to produce a dose-related increase in embryo/fetal resorptions in rats at doses equal to or greater than 50 mg/kg/day or 25 or more times the maximum recommended human antihypertensive dose1. Although similar effects were not seen in rabbits, the compound was not evaluated in rabbits at doses above 25 mg/kg/day or 12.5 times the maximum recommended human antihypertensive dose. Based on the maximum dose of 100 mg/day in a 50 kg patient. Precautions General Patients already on a beta blocker must be evaluated carefully before Tenormin is administered. Initial and subsequent Tenormin dosages can be adjusted downward depending on clinical observations including pulse and blood pressure. Tenormin may aggravate peripheral arterial circulatory disorders. Impaired Renal Function The drug should be used with caution in patients with impaired renal function. (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.) Drug Interactions Catecholamine-depleting drugs (eg, reserpine) may have an additive effect when given with beta-blocking agents. Patients treated with Tenormin plus a catecholamine depletor should therefore be closely observed for evidence of hypotension and/or marked bradycardia which may produce vertigo, syncope, or postural hypotension. Calcium channel blockers may also have an additive effect when given with Tenormin (See WARNINGS). Disopyramide is a Type I antiarrhythmic drug with potent negative inotropic and chronotropic effects. Disopyramide has been associated with severe bradycardia, asystole and heart failure when administered with beta blockers. Amiodarone is an antiarrhythmic agent with negative chronotropic properties that may be additive to those seen with beta blockers. Beta blockers may exacerbate the rebound hypertension which can follow the withdrawal of clonidine. If the two drugs are coadministered, the beta blocker should be withdrawn several days before the gradual withdrawal of clonidine. If replacing clonidine by beta-blocker therapy, the introduction of beta blockers should be delayed for several days after clonidine administration has stopped. Concomitant use of prostaglandin synthase inhibiting drugs, eg, indomethacin, may decrease the hypotensive effects of beta blockers. Information on concurrent usage of atenolol and aspirin is limited. Data from several studies, ie, TIMI-II, ISIS-2, currently do not suggest any clinical interaction between aspirin and beta blockers in the acute myocardial infarction setting. While taking beta blockers, patients with a history of anaphylactic reaction to a variety of allergens may have a more severe reaction on repeated challenge, either accidental, diagnostic or therapeutic. Such patients may be unresponsive to the usual doses of epinephrine used to treat the allergic reaction. Both digitalis glycosides and beta-blockers slow atrioventricular conduction and decrease heart rate. Concomitant use can increase the risk of bradycardia. Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Two long-term (maximum dosing duration of 18 or 24 months) rat studies and one long-term (maximum dosing duration of 18 months) mouse study, each employing dose levels as high as 300 mg/kg/day or 150 times the maximum recommended human antihypertensive dose1, did not indicate a carcinogenic potential of atenolol. A third (24 month) rat study, employing doses of 500 and 1,500 mg/kg/day (250 and 750 times the maximum recommended human antihypertensive dose1) resulted in increased incidences of benign adrenal medullary tumors in males and females, mammary fibroadenomas in females, and anterior pituitary adenomas and thyroid parafollicular cell carcinomas in males. No evidence of a mutagenic potential of atenolol was uncovered in the dominant lethal test (mouse), in vivo cytogenetics test (Chinese hamster) or Ames test (S typhimurium). Fertility of male or female rats (evaluated at dose levels as high as 200 mg/kg/day or 100 times the maximum recommended human dose1) was unaffected by atenolol administration. Animal Toxicology Chronic studies employing oral atenolol performed in animals have revealed the occurrence of vacuolation of epithelial cells of Brunner's glands in the duodenum of both male and female dogs at all tested dose levels of atenolol (starting at 15 mg/kg/day or 7.5 times the maximum recommended human antihypertensive dose1) and increased incidence of atrial degeneration of hearts of male rats at 300 but not 150 mg atenolol/kg/day (150 and 75 times the maximum recommended human antihypertensive dose,1 respectively). Usage in Pregnancy Pregnancy Category D See WARNINGS - Pregnancy and Fetal Injury. Nursing Mothers Atenolol is excreted in human breast milk at a ratio of 1.5 to 6.8 when compared to the concentration in plasma. Caution should be exercised when Tenormin is administered to a nursing woman. Clinically significant bradycardia has been reported in breast-fed infants. Premature infants, or infants with impaired renal function, may be more likely to develop adverse effects. Neonates born to mothers who are receiving Tenormin at parturition or breast-feeding may be at risk for hypoglycemia and bradycardia. Caution should be exercised when Tenormin is administered during pregnancy or to a woman who is breast-feeding (See WARNINGS, Pregnancy and Fetal Injury). Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established. Geriatric Use Hypertension and Angina Pectoris Due to Coronary Atherosclerosis: Clinical studies of Tenormin did not include sufficient number of patients aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy. Acute Myocardial Infarction: Of the 8,037 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction randomized to Tenormin in the ISIS-1 trial (See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY), 33% (2,644) were 65 years of age and older. It was not possible to identify significant differences in efficacy and safety between older and younger patients; however, elderly patients with systolic blood pressure < 120 mmHg seemed less likely to benefit (See INDICATIONS AND USAGE). In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy. Evaluation of patients with hypertension or myocardial infarction should always include assessment of renal function. Adverse Reactions Most adverse effects have been mild and transient. The frequency estimates in the following table were derived from controlled studies in hypertensive patients in which adverse reactions were either volunteered by the patient (US studies) or elicited, eg, by checklist (foreign studies). The reported frequency of elicited adverse effects was higher for both Tenormin and placebo-treated patients than when these reactions were volunteered. Where frequency of adverse effects of Tenormin and placebo is similar, causal relationship to Tenormin is uncertain. Volunteered (US Studies) Total − Volunteered and Elicited (Foreign + US Studies) Atenolol (n=164) % Placebo (n=206) % Atenolol (n=399) % Placebo (n=407) % CARDIOVASCULAR Bradycardia 3 0 3 0 Cold Extremities 0 0.5 12 5 Postural Hypotension 2 1 4 5 Leg Pain 0 0.5 3 1 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM/ NEUROMUSCULAR Dizziness 4 1 13 6 Vertigo 2 0.5 2 0.2 Light-headedness 1 0 3 0.7 Tiredness 0.6 0.5 26 13 Fatigue 3 1 6 5 Lethargy 1 0 3 0.7 Drowsiness 0.6 0 2 0.5 Depression 0.6 0.5 12 9 Dreaming 0 0 3 1 GASTROINTESTINAL Diarrhea 2 0 3 2 Nausea 4 1 3 1 RESPIRATORY (see WARNINGS) Wheeziness 0 0 3 3 Dyspnea 0.6 1 6 4 Acute Myocardial Infarction In a series of investigations in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction, bradycardia and hypotension occurred more commonly, as expected for any beta blocker, in atenolol-treated patients than in control patients. However, these usually responded to atropine and/or to withholding further dosage of atenolol. The incidence of heart failure was not increased by atenolol. Inotropic agents were infrequently used. The reported frequency of these and other events occurring during these investigations is given in the following table. In a study of 477 patients, the following adverse events were reported during either intravenous and/or oral atenolol administration: Conventional Therapy Plus Atenolol Conventional Therapy Alone (n=244) (n=233) Bradycardia 43 (18%) 24 (10%) Hypotension 60 (25%) 34 (15%) Bronchospasm 3 (1.2%) 2 (0.9%) Heart Failure 46 (19%) 56 (24%) Heart Block 11 (4.5%) 10 (4.3%) BBB + Major Axis Deviation 16 (6.6%) 28 (12%) Supraventricular Tachycardia 28 (11.5%) 45 (19%) Atrial Fibrillation 12 (5%) 29 (11%) Atrial Flutter 4 (1.6%) 7 (3%) Ventricular Tachycardia 39 (16%) 52 (22%) Cardiac Reinfarction 0 (0%) 6 (2.6%) Total Cardiac Arrests 4 (1.6%) 16 (6.9%) Nonfatal Cardiac Arrests 4 (1.6%) 12 (5.1%) Deaths 7 (2.9%) 16 (6.9%) Cardiogenic Shock 1 (0.4%) 4 (1.7%) Development of Ventricular Septal Defect 0 (0%) 2 (0.9%) Development of Mitral Regurgitation 0 (0%) 2 (0.9%) Renal Failure 1 (0.4%) 0 (0%) Pulmonary Emboli 3 (1.2%) 0 (0%) In the subsequent International Study of Infarct Survival (ISIS-1) including over 16,000 patients of whom 8,037 were randomized to receive Tenormin treatment, the dosage of intravenous and subsequent oral Tenormin was either discontinued or reduced for the following reasons:   Full dosage was 10 mg and some patients received less than 10 mg but more than 5 mg. Reasons for Reduced Dosage IV Atenolol Reduced Dose (<5 mg)* Oral Partial Dose Hypotension/Bradycardia 105 (1.3%) 1168 (14.5%) Cardiogenic Shock 4 (.04%) 35 (.44%) Reinfarction 0 (0%) 5 (.06%) Cardiac Arrest 5 (.06%) 28 (.34%) Heart Block (> first degree) 5 (.06%) 143 (1.7%) Cardiac Failure 1 (.01%) 233 (2.9%) Arrhythmias 3 (.04%) 22 (.27%) Bronchospasm 1 (.01%) 50 (.62%) During postmarketing experience with Tenormin, the following have been reported in temporal relationship to the use of the drug: elevated liver enzymes and/or bilirubin, hallucinations, headache, impotence, Peyronie's disease, postural hypotension which may be associated with syncope, psoriasiform rash or exacerbation of psoriasis, psychoses, purpura, reversible alopecia, thrombocytopenia, visual disturbance, sick sinus syndrome, and dry mouth. Tenormin, like other beta blockers, has been associated with the development of antinuclear antibodies (ANA), lupus syndrome, and Raynaud’s phenomenon. POTENTIAL ADVERSE EFFECTS In addition, a variety of adverse effects have been reported with other beta-adrenergic blocking agents, and may be considered potential adverse effects of Tenormin. Hematologic: Agranulocytosis. Allergic: Fever, combined with aching and sore throat, laryngospasm, and respiratory distress. Central Nervous System: Reversible mental depression progressing to catatonia; an acute reversible syndrome characterized by disorientation of time and place; short-term memory loss; emotional lability with slightly clouded sensorium; and, decreased performance on neuropsychometrics. Gastrointestinal: Mesenteric arterial thrombosis, ischemic colitis. Other: Erythematous rash. Miscellaneous: There have been reports of skin rashes and/or dry eyes associated with the use of beta-adrenergic blocking drugs. The reported incidence is small, and in most cases, the symptoms have cleared when treatment was withdrawn. Discontinuance of the drug should be considered if any such reaction is not otherwise explicable. Patients should be closely monitored following cessation of therapy. (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). The oculomucocutaneous syndrome associated with the beta blocker practolol has not been reported with Tenormin. Furthermore, a number of patients who had previously demonstrated established practolol reactions were transferred to Tenormin therapy with subsequent resolution or quiescence of the reaction. Overdosage Overdosage with Tenormin has been reported with patients surviving acute doses as high as 5 g. One death was reported in a man who may have taken as much as 10 g acutely. The predominant symptoms reported following Tenormin overdose are lethargy, disorder of respiratory drive, wheezing, sinus pause and bradycardia. Additionally, common effects associated with overdosage of any beta-adrenergic blocking agent and which might also be expected in Tenormin overdose are congestive heart failure, hypotension, bronchospasm and/or hypoglycemia. Treatment of overdose should be directed to the removal of any unabsorbed drug by induced emesis, gastric lavage, or administration of activated charcoal. Tenormin can be removed from the general circulation by hemodialysis. Other treatment modalities should be employed at the physician's discretion and may include: BRADYCARDIA: Atropine intravenously. If there is no response to vagal blockade, give isoproterenol cautiously. In refractory cases, a transvenous cardiac pacemaker may be indicated. HEART BLOCK (SECOND OR THIRD DEGREE): Isoproterenol or transvenous cardiac pacemaker. CARDIAC FAILURE: Digitalize the patient and administer a diuretic. Glucagon has been reported to be useful. HYPOTENSION: Vasopressors such as dopamine or norepinephrine (levarterenol). Monitor blood pressure continuously. BRONCHOSPASM: A beta2 stimulant such as isoproterenol or terbutaline and/or aminophylline. HYPOGLYCEMIA: Intravenous glucose. Based on the severity of symptoms, management may require intensive support care and facilities for applying cardiac and respiratory support. Tenormin Dosage and Administration Hypertension The initial dose of Tenormin is 50 mg given as one tablet a day either alone or added to diuretic therapy. The full effect of this dose will usually be seen within one to two weeks. If an optimal response is not achieved, the dosage should be increased to Tenormin 100 mg given as one tablet a day. Increasing the dosage beyond 100 mg a day is unlikely to produce any further benefit. Tenormin may be used alone or concomitantly with other antihypertensive agents including thiazide-type diuretics, hydralazine, prazosin, and alpha-methyldopa. Angina Pectoris The initial dose of Tenormin is 50 mg given as one tablet a day. If an optimal response is not achieved within one week, the dosage should be increased to Tenormin 100 mg given as one tablet a day. Some patients may require a dosage of 200 mg once a day for optimal effect. Twenty-four hour control with once daily dosing is achieved by giving doses larger than necessary to achieve an immediate maximum effect. The maximum early effect on exercise tolerance occurs with doses of 50 to 100 mg, but at these doses the effect at 24 hours is attenuated, averaging about 50% to 75% of that observed with once a day oral doses of 200 mg. Acute Myocardial Infarction In patients with definite or suspected acute myocardial infarction, treatment with Tenormin I.V. Injection should be initiated as soon as possible after the patient's arrival in the hospital and after eligibility is established. Such treatment should be initiated in a coronary care or similar unit immediately after the patient's hemodynamic condition has stabilized. Treatment should begin with the intravenous administration of 5 mg Tenormin over 5 minutes followed by another 5 mg intravenous injection 10 minutes later. Tenormin I.V. Injection should be administered under carefully controlled conditions including monitoring of blood pressure, heart rate, and electrocardiogram. Dilutions of Tenormin I.V. Injection in Dextrose Injection USP, Sodium Chloride Injection USP, or Sodium Chloride and Dextrose Injection may be used. These admixtures are stable for 48 hours if they are not used immediately. In patients who tolerate the full intravenous dose (10 mg), Tenormin Tablets 50 mg should be initiated 10 minutes after the last intravenous dose followed by another 50 mg oral dose 12 hours later. Thereafter, Tenormin can be given orally either 100 mg once daily or 50 mg twice a day for a further 6-9 days or until discharge from the hospital. If bradycardia or hypotension requiring treatment or any other untoward effects occur, Tenormin should be discontinued. (See full prescribing information prior to initiating therapy with Tenormin Tablets.) Data from other beta blocker trials suggest that if there is any question concerning the use of IV beta blocker or clinical estimate that there is a contraindication, the IV beta blocker may be eliminated and patients fulfilling the safety criteria may be given Tenormin Tablets 50 mg twice daily or 100 mg once a day for at least seven days (if the IV dosing is excluded). Although the demonstration of efficacy of Tenormin is based entirely on data from the first seven postinfarction days, data from other beta blocker trials suggest that treatment with beta blockers that are effective in the postinfarction setting may be continued for one to three years if there are no contraindications. Tenormin is an additional treatment to standard coronary care unit therapy. Elderly Patients or Patients with Renal Impairment Tenormin is excreted by the kidneys; consequently dosage should be adjusted in cases of severe impairment of renal function. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy. Evaluation of patients with hypertension or myocardial infarction should always include assessment of renal function. Atenolol excretion would be expected to decrease with advancing age. No significant accumulation of Tenormin occurs until creatinine clearance falls below 35 mL/min/1.73m2. Accumulation of atenolol and prolongation of its half-life were studied in subjects with creatinine clearance between 5 and 105 mL/min. Peak plasma levels were significantly increased in subjects with creatinine clearances below 30 mL/min. The following maximum oral dosages are recommended for elderly, renally-impaired patients and for patients with renal impairment due to other causes: Creatinine Clearance (mL/min/1.73m2) Atenolol Elimination Half-Life (h) Maximum Dosage 15-35 16-27 50 mg daily <15 >27 25 mg daily Some renally-impaired or elderly patients being treated for hypertension may require a lower starting dose of Tenormin: 25 mg given as one tablet a day. If this 25 mg dose is used, assessment of efficacy must be made carefully. This should include measurement of blood pressure just prior to the next dose ("trough" blood pressure) to ensure that the treatment effect is present for a full 24 hours. Although a similar dosage reduction may be considered for elderly and/or renally-impaired patients being treated for indications other than hypertension, data are not available for these patient populations. Patients on hemodialysis should be given 25 mg or 50 mg after each dialysis; this should be done under hospital supervision as marked falls in blood pressure can occur. Cessation of Therapy in Patients with Angina Pectoris If withdrawal of Tenormin therapy is planned, it should be achieved gradually and patients should be carefully observed and advised to limit physical activity to a minimum. How is Tenormin Supplied Tenormin Tablets Tablets of 25 mg atenolol, NDC 0310-0107 (round, flat, uncoated white tablets identified with "T" debossed on one side and 107 debossed on the other side) are supplied in bottles of 100 tablets. Tablets of 50 mg atenolol, NDC 0310-0105 (round, flat, uncoated white tablets identified with "Tenormin" debossed on one side and 105 debossed on the other side, bisected) are supplied in bottles of 100 tablets. Tablets of 100 mg atenolol, NDC 0310-0101 (round, flat, uncoated white tablets identified with "Tenormin" debossed on one side and 101 debossed on the other side) are supplied in bottles of 100 tablets. Storage Store at controlled room temperature, 20-25°C (68-77°F) [see USP]. Dispense in well-closed, light-resistant containers.