部分中文Evoxac处方资料（仅供参考）

【药物名称】cevimeline hydrochloride hydrate
【药物别名】Evoxac
【分子式成分】顺-2-甲基-螺[1-氮杂二环[2.2.2]辛烷-3，4-[1，3]氧硫杂环戊烷]盐酸盐水合物
（2：1）
【制剂规格】白色硬胶囊，每粒含本品30mg。
【药理毒理】（日本）Snow Brand制药公司研制，2000年3月在美国首次上市。本品为与毒蕈碱受体结合的胆碱能激动剂。与其它的毒蕈碱激动剂一样，足够剂量的毒蕈碱型激动剂可促进外分泌腺（如唾液腺、汗腺）的分泌作用，并可增加胃肠道与尿道平滑肌的张力。
本品30mg胶囊单剂口服后，可被迅速吸收，平均1.5～2小时后达到血药峰浓度。多剂量服药后，未见活性物质或其代谢物蓄积。与食物同服时，本品吸收率有所下降。空腹Tmax为1.53小时；餐后Tmax为2.86小时，血药峰浓度下降17.3%。单剂口服后达到的临床剂量范围，与用药量相关。
本品的分布容积大约为6L/kg，血浆蛋白结合率低于20%，因此可认为本品与组织广泛结合，但未知其特异性结合位点。
本品的代谢依赖于同工酶CYP2D6和CYP3A3/4，大约24小时后可回收得到86.7%的药物，其中，16.0%为原型，44.5%顺式和反式亚砜，22.3%为葡萄糖醛酸结合物，4%为N-氧化物。大约8%的反式亚砜转化为相应的葡萄糖醛酸结合物后消除。
本品的平均半减期约为5小时。24小时后，单剂本品30mg的84%随尿排出。7天后，本品的97%可在尿液中回收得到，0.5%随粪便排出。
【临床研究】研究证实本品可改善干燥综合征病人的口干症状。为53.6岁（33～75岁）的75例病人（10例男性、65例女性）中就本品30mg（一日90mg）和60mg（一日180mg）与安慰剂进行了比较，其人种分布为白人92%、黑人1%、其它占7%。本品30mg组中76%病人的口干症状呈总体改善，而安慰剂组仅为35%，具显著差异（P=0.0043）。未有资料证实60mg组比30mg组有更好的总体改善率。
一项为期12周的双盲安慰剂对照研究在平均年龄为54.5岁（23～74岁）的197例病人（10例男性，187例女性）中就本品15mg（一日45mg）和30mg（一日90mg）与安慰剂进行了比较，其人种分布为白人91.4%、黑人3%、其它占5.6%。与安慰剂组相比，仅本品30mg组的总体改善率具显著差异（P=0.0004），但15mg和30mg组病人的唾液流动均显著增加。
另一项为期12周的双盲、安慰剂对照研究在平均年龄为55.3岁（24～75岁）的212例病人（11例男性、201例女性）中就本品15mg（一日45mg）和30mg（一日90mg）与安慰剂进行了比较，其人种分布为白人88.7%、黑人1.9%、其它占9.4%。与安慰剂组相比，本品组的总体改善率未见显著差异，而与上述2项研究相比，本研究中的安慰剂组有效率较高。但与安慰剂组相比，本品30mg组服药前后的唾液流动都显著增加（P=0.0017）。
【适应证】本品用于干燥综合征病人的口干症状治疗。
【不良反应】本品可引起过量出汗、恶心、鼻流涕、腹泻、尿频、头痛、视觉模糊、流泪、呼吸窘迫、胃肠道痉挛、呕吐、房室传导阻滞、心动过速、心动过缓、低血压、高血压、休克、精神错乱、心律失常、震颤等不良反应。
【用法用量】本品推荐用量为一日3次，一次30mg。
【注意事项】对本品制剂中任一成份过敏者、未加控制的哮喘病人、狭角性青光眼或急性虹膜炎者禁用。
心脏病病人史（例如有心绞痛或心肌梗死病史）、已得到控制的哮喘、慢性支气管炎、慢性阻塞性肺部疾病患者慎用本品、或在医生指导下服用本品。
由于本品可引起视觉模糊、深度知觉损伤，夜间开车或在弱光下进行危险作业的患者慎用本品；对于患有肾结石和胆结石的患者，由于本品可引起平滑肌收缩，会加剧此类并发症，亦应慎用本品。
若患者在服用本品过程中大量出汗，请多饮水并及时就医。
唯有当本品的潜在疗效超过对胎儿的潜在危险时，本品方可用于孕妇；尚无儿童患者服用本品的安全性及有效性数据。老年人使用本品更应谨慎。
β-肾上腺素拮抗剂可能会干扰本品的转运，使用此类拮抗剂的病人应慎用本品。具有拟副交感神
经作用的药物与本品同用可能有协同作用。与具有抗毒蕈碱作用的药物同用，本品可能会干扰后者的疗效。
能够抑制CYP2D6和CYP3A3/4的药物也能抑制本品的代谢。已知或怀疑CYP2D6活性低下的病人应慎用本品，因为本品可能对其产生严重的不良反应。在一体外试验中，本品对P450同工酶1A2、2A6、2C9、2C19、2D6、2E1和2A4无抑制作用。

Clinical:Evoxac (cevimeline hydrochloride)
Description
Cevimeline is cis-2’-methylspiro {1-azabicyclo [2.2.2] octane-3, 5’ -[1,3] oxathiolane} hydrochloride, hydrate (2:1). Its empirical formula is C10H17NOS.HCl.1/2 H2O.
Cevimeline has a molecular weight of 244.79. It is a white to off white crystalline powder with a melting point range of 201 to 203°C. It is freely soluble in alcohol and chloroform, very soluble in water, and virtually insoluble in ether. The pH of a 1% solution ranges from 4.6 to 5.6. Inactive ingredients include lactose monohydrate, hydroxypropyl cellulose, and magnesium stearate.
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Clinical Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Cevimeline is a cholinergic agonist which binds to muscarinic receptors. Muscarinic agonists in sufficient dosage can increase secretion of exocrine glands, such as salivary and sweat glands and increase tone of the smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts.
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Pharmacokinetics
Absorption: After administration of a single 30 mg capsule, cevimeline was rapidly absorbed with a mean time to peak concentration of 1.5 to 2 hours. No accumulation of active drug or its metabolites was observed following multiple dose administration. When administered with food, there is a decrease in the rate of absorption, with a fasting TMAX of 1.53 hours and a TMAX of 2.86 hours after a meal; the peak concentration is reduced by 17.3%. Single oral doses across the clinical dose range are dose proportional.
Distribution: Cevimeline has a volume of distribution of approximately 6L/kg and is <20% bound to human plasma proteins. This suggests that cevimeline is extensively bound to tissues; however, the specific binding sites are unknown.
Metabolism: Isozymes CYP2D6 and CYP3A3/4 are responsible for the metabolism of cevimeline. After 24 hours, 86.7% of the dose was recovered (16.0% unchanged, 44.5% as cis and trans-sulfoxide, 22.3% of the dose as glucuronic acid conjugate and 4% of the dose as N-oxide of cevimeline). Approximately 8% of the trans-sulfoxide metabolite is then converted into the corresponding glucuronic acid conjugate and eliminated. Cevimeline did not inhibit cytochrome P450 isozymes 1A2, 2A6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4.
Excretion: The mean half-life of cevimeline is 5+/-1 hours. After 24 hours, 84% of a 30 mg dose of cevimeline was excreted in urine. After seven days, 97% of the dose was recovered in the urine and 0.5% was recovered in the feces.
Special Populations: The effects of renal impairment, hepatic impairment, or ethnicity on the pharmacokinetics of cevimeline have not been investigated.
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Clinical Studies
Cevimeline has been shown to improve the symptoms of dry mouth in patients with Sjögren’s Syndrome.
A 6-week, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 75 patients (10 men, 65 women) with a mean age of 53.6 years (range 33-75). The racial distribution was Caucasian 92%, Black 1% and other 7%. The effects of cevimeline at 30 mg tid (90 mg/day) and 60 mg tid (180 mg/day) were compared to those of placebo. Patients were evaluated by a measure called global improvement, which is defined as a response of “better” to the question, “Please rate the overall condition of your dry mouth now compared with how you felt before starting treatment in this study.” Patients also had the option of selecting “worse” or “no change” as answers. Seventy-six percent of the patients in the 30 mg tid group reported a global improvement in their dry mouth symptoms compared to 35% of the patients in the placebo group. This difference was statistically significant at p=0.0043. There was no evidence that patients in the 60 mg tid group had better global evaluation scores than the patients in the 30 mg tid group.
A 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 197 patients (10 men, 187 women) with a mean age of 54.5 years (range 23-74). The racial distribution was Caucasian 91.4%, Black 3% and other 5.6%. The effects of cevimeline at 15 mg tid (45 mg/day) and 30 mg tid (90 mg/day) were compared to those of placebo. Statistically significant global improvement in the symptoms of dry mouth (p=0.0004) was seen for the 30 mg tid group compared to placebo, but not for the 15 mg group compared to placebo. Salivary flow showed statistically significant increases at both doses of cevimeline during the study compared to placebo.
A second 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was conducted in 212 patients (11 men, 201 women) with a mean age of 55.3 years (range 24-75). The racial distribution was Caucasian 88.7%, Black 1.9% and other 9.4%. The effects of cevimeline at 15 mg tid (45 mg/day) and 30 mg tid (90 mg/day) were compared to those of placebo. No statistically significant differences were noted in the patient global evaluations. However, there was a higher placebo response rate in this study compared to the aforementioned studies. The 30 mg tid group showed a statistically significant increase in salivary flow from pre-dose to post-dose compared to placebo (p=0.0017).
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Indications And Usage
Cevimeline is indicated for the treatment of symptoms of dry mouth in patients with Sjögren’s Syndrome.
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Contraindications
Cevimeline is contraindicated in patients with uncontrolled asthma, known hypersensitivity to cevimeline, and when miosis is undesirable, e.g., in acute iritis and in narrow-angle (angle-closure) glaucoma.
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Warnings
Cardiovascular Disease:
Cevimeline can potentially alter cardiac conduction and/or heart rate. Patients with significant cardiovascular disease may potentially be unable to compensate for transient changes in hemodynamics or rhythm induced by EVOXAC®. EVOXAC® should be used with caution and under close medical supervision in patients with a history of cardiovascular disease evidenced by angina pectoris or myocardial infarction.
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Pulmonary Disease:
Cevimeline can potentially increase airway resistance, bronchial smooth muscle tone, and bronchial secretions. Cevimeline should be administered with caution and with close medical supervision to patients with controlled asthma, chronic bronchitis, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Ocular:
Ophthalmic formulations of muscarinic agonists have been reported to cause visual blurring which may result in decreased visual acuity, especially at night and in patients with central lens changes, and to cause impairment of depth perception. Caution should be advised while driving at night or performing hazardous activities in reduced lighting.
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Precautions
General
Cevimeline toxicity is characterized by an exaggeration of its parasympathomimetic effects. These may include: headache, visual disturbance, lacrimation, sweating, respiratory distress, gastrointestinal spasm, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, atrioventricular block, tachycardia, bradycardia, hypotension, hypertension, shock, mental confusion, cardiac arrhythmia, and tremors.
Cevimeline should be administered with caution to patients with a history of nephrolithiasis or cholelithiasis. Contractions of the gallbladder or biliary smooth muscle could precipitate complications such as cholecystitis, cholangitis and biliary obstruction. An increase in the ureteral smooth muscle tone could theoretically precipitate renal colic or ureteral reflux in patients with nephrolithiasis.
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Information for Patients
Patients should be informed that cevimeline may cause visual disturbances, especially at night, that could impair their ability to drive safely.
If a patient sweats excessively while taking cevimeline, dehydration may develop. The patient should drink extra water and consult a health care provider.
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Drug Interactions
Cevimeline should be administered with caution to patients taking beta adrenergic antagonists, because of the possibility of conduction disturbances. Drugs with parasympathomimetic effects administered concurrently with cevimeline can be expected to have additive effects. Cevimeline might interfere with desirable antimuscarinic effects of drugs used concomitantly.
Drugs which inhibit CYP2D6 and CYP3A3/4 also inhibit the metabolism of cevimeline. Cevimeline should be used with caution in individuals known or suspected to be deficient in CYP2D6 activity, based on previous experience, as they may be at a higher risk of adverse events. In an in vitro study, cytochrome P450 isozymes 1A2, 2A6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4 were not inhibited by exposure to cevimeline.
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Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis and Impairment of Fertility
Lifetime carcinogenicity studies were conducted in CD-1 mice and F-344 rats. A statistically significant increase in the incidence of adenocarcinomas of the uterus was observed in female rats that received cevimeline at a dosage of 100 mg/kg/day (approximately 8 times the maximum human exposure based on comparison of AUC data). No other significant differences in tumor incidence were observed in either mice or rats.
Cevimeline exhibited no evidence of mutagenicity or clastogenicity in a battery of assays that included an Ames test, an in vitro chromosomal aberration study in mammalian cells, a mouse lymphoma study in L5178Y cells, or a micronucleus assay conducted in vivo in ICR mice.
Cevimeline did not adversely affect the reproductive performance or fertility of male Sprague-Dawley rats when administered for 63 days prior to mating and throughout the period of mating at dosages up to 45 mg/kg/day (approximately 5 times the maximum recommended dose for a 60 kg human following normalization of the data on the basis of body surface area estimates). Females that were treated with cevimeline at dosages up to 45 mg/kg/day from 14 days prior to mating through day seven of gestation exhibited a statistically significantly smaller number of implantations than did control animals.
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Pregnancy
Pregnancy Category C.
Cevimeline was associated with a reduction in the mean number of implantations when given to pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats from 14 days prior to mating through day seven of gestation at a dosage of 45 mg/kg/day (approximately 5 times the maximum recommended dose for a 60 kg human when compared on the basis of body surface area estimates). This effect may have been secondary to maternal toxicity. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Cevimeline should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
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Nursing Mothers
It is not known whether this drug is secreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, and because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from EVOXAC®, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
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Pediatric Use
Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.
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Geriatric Use
Although clinical studies of cevimeline included subjects over the age of 65, the numbers were not sufficient to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Special care should be exercised when cevimeline treatment is initiated in an elderly patient, considering the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy in the elderly.
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Adverse Reactions
Cevimeline was administered to 1777 patients during clinical trials worldwide, including Sjögren’s patients and patients with other conditions. In placebo-controlled Sjögren’s studies in the U.S., 320 patients received cevimeline doses ranging from 15 mg tid to 60 mg tid, of whom 93% were women and 7% were men. Demographic distribution was 90% Caucasian, 5% Hispanic, 3% Black and 2% of other origin. In these studies, 14.6% of patients discontinued treatment with cevimeline due to adverse events.
The following events were reported in Sjögren’s patients at incidences of <3% and ≥1%: constipation, tremor, abnormal vision, hypertonia, peripheral edema, chest pain, myalgia, fever, anorexia, eye pain, earache, dry mouth, vertigo, salivary gland pain, pruritus, influenza-like symptoms, eye infection, post-operative pain, vaginitis, skin disorder, depression, hiccup, hyporeflexia, infection, fungal infection, sialoadenitis, otitis media, erythematous rash, pneumonia, edema, salivary gland enlargement, allergy, gastroesophageal reflux, eye abnormality, migraine, tooth disorder, epistaxis, flatulence, toothache, ulcerative stomatitis, anemia, hypoesthesia, cystitis, leg cramps, abscess, eructation, moniliasis, palpitation, increased amylase, xerophthalmia, allergic reaction.
The following events were reported rarely in treated Sjögren’s patients (<1%): Causal relation is unknown:
Body as a Whole Disorders: aggravated allergy, precordial chest pain, abnormal crying, hematoma, leg pain, edema, periorbital edema, activated pain trauma, pallor, changed sensation temperature, weight decrease, weight increase, choking, mouth edema, syncope, malaise, face edema, substernal chest pain
Cardiovascular Disorders: abnormal ECG, heart disorder, heart murmur, aggravated hypertension, hypotension, arrhythmia, extrasystoles, t wave inversion, tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, pericarditis, pulmonary embolism, peripheral ischemia, superficial phlebitis, purpura, deep thrombophlebitis, vascular disorder, vasculitis, hypertension
Digestive Disorders: appendicitis, increased appetite, ulcerative colitis, diverticulitis, duodenitis, dysphagia, enterocolitis, gastric ulcer, gastritis, gastroenteritis, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, gingivitis, glossitis, rectum hemorrhage, hemorrhoids, ileus, irritable bowel syndrome, melena, mucositis, esophageal stricture, esophagitis, oral hemorrhage, peptic ulcer, periodontal destruction, rectal disorder, stomatitis, tenesmus, tongue discoloration, tongue disorder, geographic tongue, tongue ulceration, dental caries
Endocrine Disorders: increased glucocorticoids, goiter, hypothyroidism
Hematologic Disorders: thrombocytopenic purpura, thrombocythemia, thrombocytopenia, hypochromic anemia, eosinophilia, granulocytopenia, leucopenia, leukocytosis, cervical lymphadenopathy, lymphadenopathy
Liver and Biliary System Disorders: cholelithiasis, increased gamma-glutamyl transferase, increased hepatic enzymes, abnormal hepatic function, viral hepatitis, increased serum glutamate oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) (also called AST-aspartate aminotransferase), increased serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) (also called ALT-alanine aminotransferase)
Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders: dehydration, diabetes mellitus, hypercalcemia, hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, hyperlipemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperuricemia, hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, hyponatremia, thirst
Musculoskeletal Disorders: arthritis, aggravated arthritis, arthropathy, femoral head avascular necrosis, bone disorder, bursitis, costochondritis, plantar fasciitis, muscle weakness, osteomyelitis, osteoporosis, synovitis, tendinitis, tenosynovitis
Neoplasms: basal cell carcinoma, squamous carcinoma
Nervous Disorders: carpal tunnel syndrome, coma, abnormal coordination, dysesthesia, dyskinesia, dysphonia, aggravated multiple sclerosis, involuntary muscle contractions, neuralgia, neuropathy, paresthesia, speech disorder, agitation, confusion, depersonalization, aggravated depression, abnormal dreaming, emotional lability, manic reaction, paroniria, somnolence, abnormal thinking, hyperkinesia, hallucination
Miscellaneous Disorders: fall, food poisoning, heat stroke, joint dislocation, post-operative hemorrhage
Resistance Mechanism Disorders: cellulitis, herpes simplex, herpes zoster, bacterial infection, viral infection, genital moniliasis, sepsis
Respiratory Disorders: asthma, bronchospasm, chronic obstructive airway disease, dyspnea, hemoptysis, laryngitis, nasal ulcer, pleural effusion, pleurisy, pulmonary congestion, pulmonary fibrosis, respiratory disorder
Rheumatologic Disorders: aggravated rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus rash, lupus erythematosus syndrome
Skin and Appendages Disorders: acne, alopecia, burn, dermatitis, contact dermatitis, lichenoid dermatitis, eczema, furunculosis, hyperkeratosis, lichen planus, nail discoloration, nail disorder, onychia, onychomycosis, paronychia, photosensitivity reaction, rosacea, scleroderma, seborrhea, skin discoloration, dry skin, skin exfoliation, skin hypertrophy, skin ulceration, urticaria, verruca, bullous eruption, cold clammy skin
Special Senses Disorders: deafness, decreased hearing, motion sickness, parosmia, taste perversion, blepharitis, cataract, corneal opacity, corneal ulceration, diplopia, glaucoma, anterior chamber eye hemorrhage, keratitis, keratoconjunctivitis, mydriasis, myopia, photopsia, retinal deposits, retinal disorder, scleritis, vitreous detachment, tinnitus
Urogenital Disorders: epididymitis, prostatic disorder, abnormal sexual function, amenorrhea, female breast neoplasm, malignant female breast neoplasm, female breast pain, positive cervical smear test, dysmenorrhea, endometrial disorder, intermenstrual bleeding, leukorrhea, menorrhagia, menstrual disorder, ovarian cyst, ovarian disorder, genital pruritus, uterine hemorrhage, vaginal hemorrhage, atrophic vaginitis, albuminuria, bladder discomfort, increased blood urea nitrogen, dysuria, hematuria, micturition disorder, nephrosis, nocturia, increased nonprotein nitrogen, pyelonephritis, renal calculus, abnormal renal function, renal pain, strangury, urethral disorder, abnormal urine, urinary incontinence, decreased urine flow, pyuria
In one subject with lupus erythematosus receiving concomitant multiple drug therapy, a highly elevated ALT level was noted after the fourth week of cevimeline therapy. In two other subjects receiving cevimeline in the clinical trials, very high AST levels were noted. The significance of these findings is unknown.
Additional adverse events (relationship unknown) which occurred in other clinical studies (patient population different from Sjögren’s patients) are as follows:
cholinergic syndrome, blood pressure fluctuation, cardiomegaly, postural hypotension, aphasia, convulsions, abnormal gait, hyperesthesia, paralysis, abnormal sexual function, enlarged abdomen, change in bowel habits, gum hyperplasia, intestinal obstruction, bundle branch block, increased creatine phosphokinase, electrolyte abnormality, glycosuria, gout, hyperkalemia, hyperproteinemia, increased lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), increased alkaline phosphatase, failure to thrive, abnormal platelets, aggressive reaction, amnesia, apathy, delirium, delusion, dementia, illusion, impotence, neurosis, paranoid reaction, personality disorder, hyperhemoglobinemia, apnea, atelectasis, yawning, oliguria, urinary retention, distended vein, lymphocytosis
The following adverse reaction has been identified during post-approval use of EVOXAC®. Because post-marketing adverse reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
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Post-marketing Adverse Events
Liver and Biliary System Disorders: cholecystitis
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Management Of Overdose
Management of the signs and symptoms of acute overdosage should be handled in a manner consistent with that indicated for other muscarinic agonists: general supportive measures should be instituted. If medically indicated, atropine, an anti-cholinergic agent, may be of value as an antidote for emergency use in patients who have had an overdose of cevimeline. If medically indicated, epinephrine may also be of value in the presence of severe cardiovascular depression or bronchoconstriction. It is not known if cevimeline is dialyzable.
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Dosage And Administration
The recommended dose of cevimeline hydrochloride is 30 mg taken three times a day. There is insufficient safety information to support doses greater than 30 mg tid. There is also insufficient evidence for additional efficacy of cevimeline hydrochloride at doses greater than 30 mg tid.
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How Supplied
EVOXAC® is available as white, hard gelatin capsules containing 30 mg of cevimeline hydrochloride.
EVOXAC® capsules have a white opaque cap and a white opaque body. The capsules are imprinted with “EVOXAC” on the cap and “30 mg” on the body with a black bar above “30 mg”. It is supplied in child resistant bottles of: 100 capsules (NDC 63395-201-13)
Store at 25°C (77°F) excursion permitted to 15°-30°C (59°-86°F)
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中文参考药品译名：
盐酸西维美林
中文参考商品译名：
EVOXAC; 30毫克/胶囊
生产厂家中文参考译名：
第一三共
原产地英文药品名：
cevimeline hydrochloride hydrate
原产地英文商品名：
EVOXAC® 30mg/Capsule 100Capsules/bottle
生产厂家英文名：
Daiichi Sankyo
产地国家：日本

类别：耳鼻喉及口腔科药物 ->口干喉干
临床试验期：
完成
中文参考适应症翻译1：
促进外分泌腺的分泌
中文参考适应症翻译2：
干燥综合征病人的口干症状治疗