【中文品名】盐酸多巴酚丁胺 【药效类别】抗休克药 【通用药名】DOBUTAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE 【别　　名】Dobuject, Dobutrex, Inotrex, LY-46236, LY-81929, Posiject 【化学名称】 4-[2-[(RS)-3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpropylamino]ethyl]benzene-1,2-diol monohydrochloride 【CA登记号】[49745-95-1] 【结 构 式】 【分 子 式】C18H23NO3﹒HCl 【分 子 量】337.84 【收录药典】JP14 【开发单位】礼来 【首次上市】1977年，英国 【性　　状】 【用　　途】 多巴酚丁胺是一种注射用心脏兴奋药，对患有急性心肌梗塞的病人，显著地增加心脏输出量，减少灌充压力和缓解肺充血。对血压正常患有心力衰竭和急性心肌梗塞的病人，其疗效优于地高辛。 【药理作用】 多巴酚丁胺的主要作用是兴奋心脏的β受体，因而增强心肌收缩力。 【适应症】 在治疗因心肌梗塞/心脏外科手术或各种心肌病变而致心力衰竭的成年病人时，本药可以增强心肌的收缩力。 【用法用量】 稀释后可静脉输注，一般点滴的速度为2.5-10 ug/kg体重/分，偶有病例低至0.5 ug/kg体重/分的速度即能引起反应。在罕有的情况下，剂量需高至40 ug/kg体重/分。施药的速度及治疗持续时间应按病人的反应来调整，即根据心率、血压、尿量来决定，可能的话，可根据心输出量来决定。应注意勿突然停止用药，应逐渐减量。副作用与剂量的大小有关，当本药以低于10 ug/kg体重/分的输注速度施药时，很少会发生副作用。偶然，高达40 ug/kg体重/分的剂量，亦无显著的不良反应。施药的总液量，视病人对液体的需求而决定。 【不良反应】 收缩压会增加10-20 mmHg，原有血压高的病者可能会出现血压过高。心率可能增加5-10 次/分。某些病人可发生心动过速或异位心律。对于原有房颤的病者，多巴酚丁胺亦会使心室率增加。暂时停止输注或减少剂量通常能逆转这些情况。甚少的病人曾报告有下列的副作用：恶心，头痛，心绞痛，不明确的胸痛，心悸或呼吸短促。 【警告】 如果心率或收缩压过分增高，或突然引起心率不整，应减量或暂时停药。当多巴酚丁胺用于急性心肌梗塞时，要进行特别护理，因为心率上出现任何值得注意的减慢都会加重心肌局部缺血，并导致心绞痛及心电图ST段升高。用于患有自发性肥大性主动脉瓣下方狭窄的病者，必须十分小心，因为心收缩力增强剂会导致这些病人的梗塞面积增大。对于明显的机械性梗阻，例如严重主动脉瓣狭窄的病者，本药无改善作用。偶然会出现极轻微的血管收缩作用，多见于最近曾用β-阻滞剂治疗之病者。此乃多巴酚丁胺刺激心脏β1-受体，而增强心肌收缩的这种效能被β-受体阻滞剂阻断所致。 【注意事项】 对血容量不足的病者，在施用本药前，应先给予全血或血浆以矫正血容量。 孕妇及哺乳期妇女用药 未曾用于孕妇，妊娠期用药之安全性尚有待研究决定。 【儿童用药】 儿童用药的安全性及功效仍未确定。 【药物过量】 症状 血压过高或心动过速。 治疗: 应把多巴酚丁胺施药的速度减慢或暂时停药，直至病人的情况稳定下来。由于多巴酚丁胺的作用持续时间很短，故所有的不良反应亦为时短暂。 【用药须知】 可以用注射水或5%葡萄糖配制。加10 mL溶液入瓶内以溶解干粉。新配成的溶液在使用时必须再稀释，将1瓶药物注入250 - 500 mL之下列任一种静注溶液中 ：5%葡萄糖，5%葡萄糖+0.9%氯化钠，5%葡萄糖+0.45%氯化钠，乳酸钠静注溶液。本药不可加入5%碳酸氢钠静注液或其它强碱性的溶液中。勿与其它含有焦亚硫酸钠的制剂或稀释剂合用。含有本药的溶液可能会变为浅红色，且颜色会随时间而加深。此色泽改变是由于药物的轻微氧化所致，但在建议之贮存期间内，对其药效无明显影响。 【贮藏/有效期】 室温贮藏，重新配制好的溶液可在冰箱内贮存48小时或在室温下贮存6小时 【制造商】 美国礼来公司 Rx only DESCRIPTION Dobutamine in 5% Dextrose Injection, USP is a sterile, nonpyrogenic, prediluted solution of dobutamine hydrochloride and dextrose in water for injection. It is administered by intravenous infusion. Each 100 mL contains dobutamine hydrochloride equivalent to 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, or 400 mg of dobutamine; dextrose, hydrous 5 g in water for injection, with sodium metabisulfite 25 mg and edetate disodium, dihydrate 10 mg added as stabilizers; osmolar concentration, respectively, 260, 263, 270, or 284 mOsmol/liter (calc.). The pH is 3.0 (2.5 to 5.5). May contain hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide for pH adjustment. Dobutamine in 5% Dextrose Injection, USP is oxygen sensitive. Dobutamine Hydrochloride, USP is chemically designated (±)-4-[2-[[3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpropyl]amino]ethyl]-pyrocatechol hydrochloride. It is a synthetic catecholamine. Dextrose, USP is chemically designated D-glucose monohydrate (C6H12O6 • H2O), a hexose sugar freely soluble in water. It has the following structural formula: Water for Injection, USP is chemically designated H2O. The flexible plastic container is fabricated from a specially formulated CR3 plastic material. Water can permeate from inside the container into the overwrap but not in amounts sufficient to affect the solution significantly. Solutions in contact with the plastic container may leach out certain chemical components from the plastic in very small amounts; however, biological testing was supportive of the safety of the plastic container materials. Exposure to temperatures above 25°C/77°F during transport and storage will lead to minor losses in moisture content. Higher temperatures lead to greater losses. It is unlikely that these minor losses will lead to clinically significant changes within the expiration period. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Dobutamine is a direct-acting inotropic agent whose primary activity results from stimulation of the β-receptors of the heart while producing comparatively mild chronotropic, hypertensive, arrhythmogenic, and vasodilative effects. It does not cause the release of endogenous norepinephrine, as does dopamine. In animal studies, dobutamine produces less increase in heart rate and less decrease in peripheral vascular resistance for a given inotropic effect than does isoproterenol. In patients with depressed cardiac function, both dobutamine and isoproterenol increase the cardiac output to a similar degree. In the case of dobutamine, this increase is usually not accompanied by marked increases in heart rate (although tachycardia is occasionally observed), and the cardiac stroke volume is usually increased. In contrast, isoproterenol increases the cardiac index primarily by increasing the heart rate while stroke volume changes little or declines. Facilitation of atrioventricular conduction has been observed in human electrophysiologic studies and in patients with atrial fibrillation. Systemic vascular resistance is usually decreased with administration of dobutamine. Occasionally, minimum vasoconstriction has been observed. Most clinical experience with dobutamine is short-term, not more than several hours in duration. In the limited number of patients who were studied for 24, 48, and 72 hours, a persistent increase in cardiac output occurred in some, whereas output returned toward baseline values in others. The onset of action of Dobutamine in 5% Dextrose Injection, USP is within 1 to 2 minutes; however, as much as 10 minutes may be required to obtain the peak effect of a particular infusion rate. The plasma half-life of dobutamine in humans is 2 minutes. The principal routes of metabolism are methylation of the catechol and conjugation. In human urine, the major excretion products are the conjugates of dobutamine and 3-O-methyl dobutamine. The 3-O-methyl derivative of dobutamine is inactive. Alteration of synaptic concentrations of catecholamines with either reserpine or tricyclic antidepressants does not alter the actions of dobutamine in animals, which indicates that the actions of dobutamine are not dependent on presynaptic mechanisms. The effective infusion rate of dobutamine varies widely from patient to patient, and titration is always necessary (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). At least in pediatric patients, dobutamine-induced increases in cardiac output and systemic pressure are generally seen, in any given patient, at lower infusion rates than those that cause substantial tachycardia. (See Pediatric Use under PRECAUTIONS.) INDICATIONS AND USAGE Dobutamine in 5% Dextrose Injection, USP is indicated when parenteral therapy is necessary for inotropic support in the short-term treatment of cardiac decompensation due to depressed contractility resulting either from organic heart disease or from cardiac surgical procedures. Experience with intravenous dobutamine in controlled trials does not extend beyond 48 hours of repeated boluses and/or continuous infusions. Whether given orally, continuously intravenously, or intermittently intravenously, neither dobutamine nor any other cyclic-AMP-dependent inotrope has been shown in controlled trials to be safe or effective in the long-term treatment of congestive heart failure. In controlled trials of chronic oral therapy with various such agents, symptoms were not consistently alleviated, and the cyclic-AMP-dependent inotropes were consistently associated with increased risks of hospitalization and death. Patients with NYHA Class IV symptoms appeared to be at particular risk. CONTRAINDICATIONS Dobutamine in 5% Dextrose Injection, USP is contraindicated in patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and in patients who have shown previous manifestations of hypersensitivity to dobutamine. Dextrose solutions without electrolytes should not be administered simultaneously with blood through the same infusion set because of the possibility that pseudoagglutination of red cells may occur. WARNINGS Increase in Heart Rate or Blood Pressure Dobutamine hydrochloride may cause a marked increase in heart rate or blood pressure, especially systolic pressure. Approximately 10% of adult patients in clinical studies have had rate increases of 30 beats/minute or more, and about 7.5% have had a 50-mm Hg or greater increase in systolic pressure. Usually, reduction of dosage promptly reverses these effects. Because dobutamine facilitates atrioventricular conduction, patients with atrial fibrillation are at risk of developing rapid ventricular response. In patients who have atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response, a digitalis preparation should be used prior to institution of therapy with dobutamine. Patients with pre-existing hypertension appear to face an increased risk of developing an exaggerated pressure response. Ectopic Activity Dobutamine may precipitate or exacerbate ventricular ectopic activity, but it rarely has caused ventricular tachycardia. Hypersensitivity Reactions suggestive of hypersensitivity associated with administration of Dobutamine in 5% Dextrose Injection, USP, including skin rash, fever, eosinophilia, and bronchospasm, have been reported occasionally. Additive medications should not be delivered via this solution. Dobutamine in 5% Dextrose Injection, USP contains sodium bisulfite, a sulfite that may cause allergic-type reactions, including anaphylactic symptoms and life-threatening or less severe asthmatic episodes, in certain susceptible people. The overall prevalence of sulfite sensitivity in the general population is unknown and probably low. Sulfite sensitivity is seen more frequently in asthmatic than in nonasthmatic people PRECAUTIONS During the administration of dobutamine, as with any adrenergic agent, ECG and blood pressure should be continuously monitored. In addition, pulmonary wedge pressure and cardiac output should be monitored whenever possible to aid in the safe and effective infusion of Dobutamine in 5% Dextrose Injection, USP. Hypovolemia should be corrected with suitable volume expanders before treatment with Dobutamine in 5% Dextrose Injection, USP is instituted. Animal studies indicate that dobutamine may be ineffective if the patient has recently received a β-blocking drug. In such a case, the peripheral vascular resistance may increase. No improvement may be observed in the presence of marked mechanical obstruction, such as severe valvular aortic stenosis. Dobutamine, like other β-agonists, can produce a mild reduction in serum potassium concentration, rarely to hypokalemic levels. Accordingly, consideration should be given to monitoring serum potassium. Excess administration of potassium-free solutions may result in significant hypokalemia. The intravenous administration of these solutions can cause fluid and/or solute overloading resulting in dilution of serum electrolyte concentrations, overhydration, congested states or pulmonary edema. Avoid bolus administration of the drug. (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.) Clinical evaluation and periodic laboratory determinations are necessary to monitor changes in fluid balance, electrolyte concentrations and acid-base balance during prolonged parenteral therapy or whenever the condition of the patient warrants such evaluation. Solutions containing dextrose should be used with caution in patients with known subclinical or overt diabetes mellitus. Dobutamine in 5% Dextrose Injection, USP may exhibit a pink color that, if present, will increase with time. This color change is due to slight oxidation of the drug, but there is no significant loss of potency during the time of administration. Do not administer unless solution is clear and container is undamaged. Discard unused portion. Usage Following Acute Myocardial Infarction: Clinical experience with dobutamine following myocardial infarction has been insufficient to establish the safety of the drug for this use. There is concern that any agent that increases contractile force and heart rate may increase the size of an infarction by intensifying ischemia, but it is not known whether dobutamine does so. Drug Interactions: There was no evidence of drug interactions in clinical studies in which dobutamine hydrochloride was administered concurrently with other drugs, including digitalis preparations, furosemide, spironolactone, lidocaine, glyceryl trinitrate, isosorbide dinitrate, morphine, atropine, heparin, protamine, potassium chloride, folic acid, and acetaminophen. Preliminary studies indicate that the concomitant use of dobutamine and nitroprusside results in a higher cardiac output and, usually, a lower pulmonary wedge pressure than when either drug is used alone. Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility: Studies to evaluate the carcinogenic or mutagenic potential of dobutamine or the potential of the drug to affect fertility adversely have not been performed. Pregnancy Pregnancy Category B: Reproduction studies performed in rats and rabbits have revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus due to dobutamine. The drug, however, has not been administered to pregnant women and should be used only when the expected benefits clearly outweigh the potential risks to the fetus. Pediatric Use: Dobutamine has been shown to increase cardiac output and systemic pressure in pediatric patients of every age group. In premature neonates, however, dobutamine is less effective than dopamine in raising systemic blood pressure without causing undue tachycardia, and dobutamine has not been shown to provide any added benefit when given to such infants already receiving optimal infusions of dopamine. Geriatric Use: Clinical studies of dobutamine did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over being treated for acute cardiac decompensation to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience suggests that the incidence of significant hypotension is a function of both dose and age, older individuals having a greater incidence of hypotension. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy. ADVERSE REACTIONS Increased Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, and Ventricular Ectopic Activity: A 10- to 20-mm increase in systolicblood pressure and an increase in heart rate of 5 to 15 beats/minute have been noted in most patients (see WARNINGS regarding exaggerated chronotropic and pressor effects). Approximately 5% of patients have had increased premature ventricular beats during infusions. These effects are dose related. Hypotension: Precipitous decreases in blood pressure have occasionally been described in association with dobutamine therapy. Decreasing the dose or discontinuing the infusion typically results in rapid return of blood pressure to baseline values. In rare cases, however, intervention may be required and reversibility may not be immediate. Reactions at Sites of Intravenous Infusion: Phlebitis has occasionally been reported. Local inflammatory changes have been described following inadvertent infiltration. Miscellaneous Uncommon Effects: The following adverse effects have been reported in 1% to 3% of patients: nausea, headache, anginal pain, nonspecific chest pain, palpitations, and shortness of breath. Administration of dobutamine, like other catecholamines, has been associated with decreases in serum potassium concentrations, rarely to hypokalemic levels (See PRECAUTIONS). OVERDOSAGE Overdoses of dobutamine have been reported rarely. The following is provided to serve as a guide if such an overdose is encountered. Signs and Symptoms: Toxicity from dobutamine hydrochloride is usually due to excessive cardiac β-receptor stimulation. The duration of action of dobutamine hydrochloride is generally short (T1/2 = 2 minutes) because it is rapidly metabolized by catechol-O-methyltransferase. The symptoms of toxicity may include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, tremor, anxiety, palpitations, headache, shortness of breath, and anginal and nonspecific chest pain. The positive inotropic and chronotropic effects of dobutamine on the myocardium may cause hypertension, tachyarrhythmias, myocardial ischemia, and ventricular fibrillation. Hypotension may result from vasodilation. If the product is ingested, unpredictable absorption may occur from the mouth and the gastrointestinal tract. Treatment: To obtain up-to-date information about the treatment of overdose, a good resource is your certified Regional Poison Control Center. Telephone numbers of certified poison control centers are listed in the Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR). In managing overdosage, consider the possibility of multiple drug overdoses, interaction among drugs, and unusual drug kinetics in your patient. The initial actions to be taken in a dobutamine hydrochloride overdose are discontinuing administration, establishing an airway, and ensuring oxygenation and ventilation. Resuscitative measures should be initiated promptly. Severe ventricular tachyarrhythmias may be successfully treated with propranolol or lidocaine. Hypertension usually responds to a reduction in dose or discontinuation of therapy. Protect the patient's airway and support ventilation and perfusion. If needed, meticulously monitor and maintain, within acceptable limits, the patient's vital signs, blood gases, serum electrolytes, etc. Absorption of drugs from the gastrointestinal tract may be decreased by giving activated charcoal, which, in many cases, is more effective than emesis or lavage: consider charcoal instead of or in addition to gastric emptying. Repeated doses of charcoal over time may hasten elimination of some drugs that have been absorbed. Safeguard the patient's airway when employing gastric emptying or charcoal. Forced diuresis, peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, or charcoal hemoperfusion have not been established as beneficial for an overdose of dobutamine hydrochloride. DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Do NOT add sodium bicarbonate or other alkalinizing substance, since dobutamine is inactivated in alkaline solution. Dobutamine in 5% Dextrose Injection, USP is administered only intravenously via a suitable catheter or needle infusion. The less concentrated 0.5 mg/mL solution may be preferred when fluid expansion is not a problem. The more concentrated 1 mg/mL, 2 mg/mL, or 4 mg/mL solutions may be preferred in patients with fluid retention or when a slower rate of infusion is desired. Recommended Dosage: Infusion of dobutamine should be started at a low rate (0.5 to 1.0 mcg/kg/min) and titrated at intervals of a few minutes, guided by the patient's response, including systemic blood pressure, urine flow, frequency of ectopic activity, heart rate, and (whenever possible) measurements of cardiac output, central venous pressure, and/or pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. In reported trials, the optimal infusion rates have varied from patient to patient, usually 2 to 20 mcg/kg/min but sometimes slightly outside of this range. On rare occasions, infusion rates up to 40 mcg/kg/min have been required to obtain the desired effect. For the infusion rates necessary to achieve various delivery rates (mcg/kg/min) for patients of different weights, refer to the Dobutamine Infusion Rate (mL/hr) charts below. Rate of Administration: When administering dobutamine (or any potent medication) by continuous intravenous infusion, it is advisable to use a precision volume control I.V. set. Each patient must be individually titrated to the desired hemodynamic response to dobutamine. The rate of administration and the duration of therapy should be adjusted according to the patient's response as determined by heart rate, presence of ectopic activity, blood pressure, urine flow, and, whenever possible, measurement of central venous or pulmonary wedge pressure and cardiac output. As with all potent intravenously administered drugs, care should be taken to control the rate of infusion so as to avoid inadvertent administration of a bolus of the drug. Parenteral drug products should be visually inspected for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit (see PRECAUTIONS). Dobutamine Infusion Rate (mL/hr) Chart Using 500 mcg/mL Concentration Patient Body Weight (kg) Infusion rate (mcg/kg/min) 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 2.5 1.5 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 5 3 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 7.5 4.5 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90 99 108 10 6 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 12.5 7.5 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 15 9 18 36 54 72 90 108 126 144 162 180 198 216 17.5 10.5 21 42 63 84 105 126 147 168 189 210 231 252 Dobutamine Infusion Rate (mL/hr) Chart Using 1000 mcg/mL Concentration Patient Body Weight (kg) Infusion rate (mcg/kg/min) 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 2.5 0.75 1.5 3 4.5 6 7.5 9 10.5 12 13.5 15 16.5 18 5 1.5 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 7.5 2.25 4.5 9 13.5 18 22.5 27 31.5 36 40.5 45 49.5 54 10 3 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 12.5 3.75 7.5 15 22.5 30 37.5 45 52.5 60 67.5 75 82.5 90 15 4.5 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90 99 108 17.5 5.25 10.5 21 31.5 42 52.5 63 73.5 84 94.5 105 115.5 126 Dobutamine Infusion Rate (mL/hr) Chart Using 2000 mcg/mL Concentration Patient Body Weight (kg) Infusion rate (mcg/kg/min) 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 2.5 2.25 3 3.75 4.5 5.25 6 6.75 7.5 8.25 9 5 4.5 6 7.5 9 10.5 12 13.5 15 16.5 18 7.5 6.75 9 11.25 13.5 15.75 18 20.25 22.5 24.75 27 10 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 12.5 11.25 15 18.75 22.5 26.25 30 33.75 37.5 41.25 45 15 13.5 18 22.5 27 31.5 36 40.5 45 49.5 54 17.5 15.75 21 26.25 31.5 36.75 42 47.25 52.5 57.75 63 Dobutamine Infusion Rate (mL/hr) Chart Using 4000 mcg/mL Concentration Patient Body Weight (kg) Infusion rate (mcg/kg/min) 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 2.5 1.125 1.5 1.875 2.25 2.625 3 3.375 3.75 4.125 4.5 5 2.25 3 3.75 4.5 5.25 6 6.75 7.5 8.25 9 7.5 3.375 4.5 5.625 6.75 7.875 9 10.125 11.25 12.375 13.5 10 4.5 6 7.5 9 10.5 12 13.5 15 16.5 18 12.5 5.625 7.5 9.375 11.25 13.125 15 16.875 18.75 20.625 22.5 15 6.75 9 11.25 13.5 15.75 18 20.25 22.5 24.75 27 17.5 7.875 10.5 13.125 15.75 18.375 21 23.625 26.25 28.875 31.5 INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE To Open Tear outer wrap at notch and remove solution container. Some opacity of the plastic due to moisture absorption during the sterilization process may be observed. This is normal and does not affect the solution quality or safety. The opacity will diminish gradually. Preparation for Administration (Use aseptic technique) Close flow control clamp of administration set. Remove cover from outlet port at bottom of container. Insert piercing pin of administration set into port with a twisting motion until the set is firmly seated. NOTE: See full directions on administration set carton. Suspend container from hanger. Squeeze and release drip chamber to establish proper fluid level in chamber. Open flow control clamp and clear air from set. Close clamp. Attach set to venipuncture device. If device is not indwelling, prime and make venipuncture. Regulate rate of administration with flow control clamp. WARNING: Do not use flexible container in series connections. HOW SUPPLIED DOBUTamine in 5% Dextrose Injection, USP in Flexible Plastic Containers is supplied in the following: List No. 2347 - 500 mg DOBUTamine in 5% Dextrose Injection, USP 250 mL Exposure of pharmaceutical products to heat should be minimized. Avoid excessive heat. Protect from freezing. Store at 20 to 25°C (68 to 77°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature.]