美国食品与药物管理局(FDA)于2012年8月30日批准利那洛肽(商品名:Linzess)用于治疗成人慢性特发性便秘和便秘型肠易激综合征(IBS—C)患者。 Linzess(利那洛肽)是FDA唯一批准的可用于临床的肠道局部起效的GC-C(鸟苷酸环化酶-C)激动剂类药物,可用于治疗便秘型肠易激综合征(IBS-C)和慢性特发性便秘(CIC)成年患者。 该药胶囊剂型,口服给药,每日一次。它可以缓解IBS-C导致的疼痛和便秘症状,以及CIC患者的便秘及排便困难表现。 药物的推荐治疗剂量为:便秘型肠易激综合征患者 290微克;慢性特发性便秘患者 145微克。每日首次进餐30分钟之前服用。 研究者发现,Linzess可通过两种途径起效,Linzess可以结合肠道上皮局部的GC-C受体。GC-C受体活化后,肠道内液体分泌量增多,肠道蠕动增加,内脏性疼痛感也减低(这可能是由于疼痛觉神经的活性降低所致)。 在一项包含2800例成人患者的随机、安慰剂对照的人类III期临床研究中,Linzess具有缓解IBS-C患者腹部疼痛的效应,也可以使CIC和IBS-C患者的肠管蠕动频率增加。 在治疗的首周内,患者就报告腹痛症状缓解,且该效应可维持整个12周治疗期。便秘症状最大缓解效应出现于治疗第2周,而腹痛缓解最佳时间出现于第6-9周。 试验研究中,行Linzess治疗的一亚组患者被换用安慰剂治疗,他们报告其原有症状复发,且在7天内即恢复到了治疗前的水平。而行安慰剂治疗的患者换用Linzess治疗后,他们发现其疾病症状很快便得以改善。 Linzess在6岁及以下儿童患者中禁用。6-17岁儿童患者不需禁忌该药物治疗。动物研究表明,成年鼠剂量利那洛肽治疗可导致幼鼠死亡。迄今尚未在儿童患者中开展过试验研究。报告最常见的Linzess治疗相关性副反应为腹泻。 便秘型肠易激综合征(IBS‐C) 在美国,IBS-C患者数量被认为高达1300万人。这是一种慢性功能性肠道疾病。IBS-C的症状可极为严重,以致于严重妨碍患者的日常生活能力。 此类患者通常表现为反复发作的腹部不适、疼痛或便秘等,超过25%的患者表现为排便困难或大便干结,少于25%的患者则表现为软便或水样便。 慢性特发性便秘(CIC) 美国CIC(慢性特发性便秘)的患病人数高达3500万人。这是一种功能性肠道疾病,此类患者在至少3个月内每周排便次数均少于3次,并且CIC患者在如厕后可能仍有排便不尽以及排便困难的感觉。 批准日期:2012年8月30日;公司:Ironwood Pharmaceuticals,Inc.和Forest Laboratories,Inc. LINZESS (linaclotide) capsule, gelatin coated [Forest Laboratories, Inc.] 作用机制 利那洛肽是一种鸟苷酸环化酶-C(GC-C)激动剂。Both 利那洛肽及其活性代谢物与GCC结合和局部作用于小肠上皮管腔表面上。GC-C的激活导致细胞内和细胞外环磷酸鸟苷(cGMP)浓度都增高。细胞内cGMP升高刺激氯离子和碳酸氢根的分泌进入肠腔,主要是通过激活的囊性纤维化跨膜电导调节器(CFTR)离子通道,导致小肠液体增加和加速通过。在动物模型中,利那洛肽曾显示to both 加速GI通过和减低小肠疼痛。利那洛肽在动物中诱导内脏疼痛减轻被认为是细胞外cGMP增加所介导,被证明是减低痛觉神经的活动。 适应证和用途 LINZESS是一种鸟苷酸环化酶-C 激动剂适用于在成年中为治疗: (1)有便秘肠易激综合征(IBS-C) (2)慢性特发性便秘(CIC) 剂量和给药方法 (1)IBS-C:290μg口服每天1次 (2)CIC:145 μg 口服每天1次 (3)空胃服用首次餐至少30分前。 剂型和规格 胶囊:145μg和290μg 禁忌证 (1)患儿至6岁。 (2)患者有已知或怀疑 机械性胃肠道梗阻 黑框警告和注意事项 (1)腹泻:患者可能经受严重腹泻。不用或停止LINZESS。 不良反应 在IBS-C或CIC患者中报道的最常见不良反应(发生率至少2%)是腹泻,腹痛,胀气和腹胀. Linzess (linaclotide), a medication for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) with constipation or chronic idiopathic constipation is now available in American pharmacies, Ironwood Pharmaceuticals Inc. and Forest Laboratories Inc announced. The FDA (Food and Drug Administration) recently approved the once-daily oral capsule, Linzess, for adults of either sex who suffer from IBS-C (IBS with constipation) or CIC (chronic idiopathic constipation). Linaclotide is the only FDA-approved GC-C (guanylate cyclase-C) agonist that acts locally in the gut. Ironwood Pharmaceuticals says this is the first new prescription option for adults with these disorders in over six years. About Linzess (linaclotide)Linzess (linaclotide) is the "first and only guanylate cyclase‐C (GC‐C) agonist approved by the FDA for the treatment of both irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS‐C) and chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) in adults", according to Ironwood Pharmaceuticals. Linzess is taken orally, in capsule form, once a day. It helps relieve the pain and constipation linked to IBS-C and constipation and hard stools experienced by patients with CIC. The recommended doses are: ■290 mcg for IBS‐C patients ■145 mcg for CIC patients You should take Linzess at least thirty minutes before breakfast (or your first meal of the day). Scientists believe Linzess works in two ways "Linzess binds to the GC‐C receptor locally, within the intestinal epithelium. Activation of GC‐C results in increased intestinal fluid secretion and transit and a reduction in visceral pain, which is thought to be mediated by decreased activity of pain‐sensing nerves. The clinical relevance of the effect on pain fibers in nonclinical studies has not been established." In randomized, placebo-controlled Phase III human studies involving over 2,800 adults, Linzess was shown to alleviate abdominal pain in patients with IBS-C, as well as increasing bowel movement frequency among those with CIC and IBS-C. Abdominal pain relief was reported during the first week of treatment and was maintained during the whole of the 12-week treatment period. Maximum effect on constipation was seen during week two, and on abdominal pain at weeks 6 to 9. A subset of patients who had been on Linzess were switched over to placebo during the trial. They reported that their symptoms went back to pretreatment levels within seven days. Some placebo patients were switched over to Linzess and reported improvements soon after taking the medication. Linzess should not be taken by patients up to the age of six years. The medication should be avoided in patients aged from 6 to 17 years. Animal studies showed that a clinically relevant adult dose of linaclotide caused deaths in juvenile mice. No trials have been carried out on children. The most commonly reported side effect associated with Linzess treatment was diarrhea. Linzess is being co-promoted by Ironwood and Forest in the USA. Linaclotide, which was also approved in the European Union, will be marketed under the brand name Constella through a licence agreement between Ironwood and Almirall S.A. The development and commercialization in Japan and other Asian markets will be done via agreements between Ironwood and Astellas Pharma Inc. and AstraZeneca. Irritable Bowel Syndrome with ConstipationUp to 13 million people are thought to have irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS‐C) in the USA. It is a chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder. IBS‐C symptoms can be severe enough to seriously undermine a patient's ability to properly carry out daily living duties. Patients typically suffer recurring abdominal discomfort or pain, constipation, hard or lumpy stools in over 25% of their bowel movements, and soft/watery stools in less than 25%. Ironwood says there are very few approved therapies for IBS‐C available today. Chronic Idiopathic ConstipationCIC (chronic idiopathic constipation) is thought to affect up to 35 million Americans today. It is a functional gastrointestinal disorder in which the sufferer has fewer than three bowel movements each week for at least three months. CIC patients may also have a sensation of incomplete evacuation after going to the toilet, as well as hard stools.
利那洛肽是首个具有此种作用机制的便秘治疗药物 利那洛肽在IBS-C患者中应用的安全性和有效性在两项随机双盲研究中得到了肯定,这两项研究纳入了1604例受试者。试验中,患者随机分入290μg利那洛肽治疗组和安慰剂组,治疗至少12周。结果显示,与安慰剂相比,利那洛肽在患者患者腹痛和增加完全自发排便次数(CSBMs)方面较安慰剂更有效。这两项IBS-C研究计划在10月份《美国胃肠病学杂志》发表。 进一步开展的两项双盲、多中心临床试验确定了利那洛肽在慢性特发性便秘患者中的安全性和有效性,研究纳入了1272例慢性便秘患者。这两项研究去年发表在新英格兰医学杂志,医景医疗新闻(Medscape Medical News)曾对此做过报道。在这两项研究中,患者随机分入安慰剂组、利那洛肽145μg/d组或利那洛肽290μg/d组。治疗12周后,达到主要终点(每周完全自发的排便(CSBM) ≥ 3 次,以及在12 周中的至少有9周CSBM 比基线增加 ≥ 1 次),利那洛肽145 μg治疗组达到终点的患者数显著性高于安慰剂组。FDA只批准了145μg剂量,原因在于患者服用290μg并不比145μg更有效。 据称,药物作用迅速,24小时内即可观察到效果,并且作用可维持16周。 据在新英格兰医学杂志发文的作者推测,导致患者病情改善的因素包括肠腔液体增加以及小肠蠕动加快。“尽管利那洛肽治疗引发的肠道功能改善极有可能是肠液增加和肠道移行加快的结果,但是改善腹部症状的可能另有原因,”作者写道。 医学博士Brennan M.R. Spiegel与本次研究无关,他告诉医景医疗新闻说,利那洛肽改善CSBMs的作用令人印象深刻。“对便秘而言,自主排便频率大概是最重要的一件事件了,所以药物可以改善此功能这一点非常重要,”Spiege博士说。Spiege博士是美国退伍军人事务部洛杉矶医疗保健系统和洛杉矶加州大学大卫格芬医学院的副教授。Spiegel博士还指出,除了增加肠液外,利那洛肽还有一个独一无二的作用机理,令其卓尔不群。“所有通过某种方法增加肠液分泌的药物,例如Miralax [MSD Consumer Care]可以促进肠液分泌,但却是通过渗透压被动的发挥作用,而利那洛肽则是主动发挥作用,通过囊性纤维化跨膜传导调节蛋白通道主动的将氯离子泵入肠腔,随后将水主动泵入肠腔,”Spiegel博士说。“有意思的是,药物作用于鸟甘酸环化酶,而这是一个独一无二的作用机制。但是净效果没到独一无二那种程度,”他继续说道。Spiegel博士说他对利那鲁肽治疗IBS-C的研究满心期望,这一项研究正在进行之中。“现在我们已经获得了几个慢性便秘治疗药物,并且,通常情况下,药物疗效良好,但对面对IBS时,就是另一码事了。”Spiege博士说。“在这方面,现在看起来,很有希望获得一种不但可以治疗便秘还可以治疗腹胀、腹痛和其它许多临床症状的治疗药物,现在治疗这些症状的有效药物并不多。”但是,“如果它的零售价与现有药物相当,那么利那洛肽就被真正的证明是难治性慢性便秘的一线药物。”他继续说道。 利那洛肽每日空腹服用一次,在一天当中的第一餐前至少30分钟口服。利那洛肽最常见的不良反应是腹泻,FDA批准的药品事项中有一项加框警告,提醒患者和医务人员不应将该药用于16岁及以下年龄患者。 完整处方附件:Download the Linzess Full Prescribing Information, including Boxed Warning. |