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阿地白介素PROLEUKIN(ALDESLEUKIN,Interleukin -2)

2012-12-06 14:19:19  作者:新特药房  来源:互联网  浏览次数:427  文字大小:【】【】【
简介: 中文药名:白细胞介素2(阿地白介素 阿地流律,白介-2 普诺肯) 英文药名:Interleukin 2(T-Cell Growth,Factor,IL-2,Aldesleukin,Proleukin) 性状:IL-2靠与IL-2受体特异结合而产生作用。IL-2的作用 ...

阿地白介素主要成份为重组人白细胞介素,为多肽类免疫增强剂。能够诱导干扰素和多种细胞因子的分泌。临床用于肿瘤辅助治疗和癌性胸、腹水的治疗。

中文药名:白细胞介素2(阿地白介素 阿地流律,白介-2  普诺肯)

英文药名:Interleukin 2(T-Cell Growth,Factor,IL-2,Aldesleukin,Proleukin)

药品介绍
药品英文名
RecombinantHuman Interleukin-2

药品别名
白细胞介素-2、白介素-2、阿地白介素、Aldesleukin、IL-2、Inleusin、Proleukin、Interleukin-2、TCGF

药物剂型
注射用冻干粉针剂
美国产:每瓶含22百万单位(MU),供一次静注使用。
英国产:每毫克含18MU。

药理作用
阿地白介素(IL-2)的主要生理作用是刺激和维持T细胞的分化增殖。IL-2有关肿瘤的生物学活性包括:
1.刺激自然杀伤(NK)细胞的增殖和活化,并增强其活性。
2.诱导细胞毒性淋巴细胞,增强其溶细胞活性。
3.诱导淋巴因子活化杀伤(LAK)细胞。LAK细胞具有广谱的抗肿瘤活性,可以溶解多种肿瘤细胞。IL-2不仅是产生LAK细胞的必需淋巴因子,而且在它的存在下还能维持LAK细胞的增殖和长期生长,因此,在临床抗肿瘤治疗时往往把IL-2和LAK细胞同时给予,这就是恶性肿瘤的过继免疫性治疗(adoptiveimmunetherapy,AIT)。
4.刺激肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞(TIL)的增生并增强其活性。动物实验证明,TIL较LAK细胞的抗肿瘤活性高50~100倍。
5.不仅能促进T细胞增殖,且对细胞有促增殖和促分化作用。在肿瘤治疗的动物模型中已证明,当T细胞中介抗瘤反应强烈时,很低量的IL-2已足以激化抗瘤作用;但当T细胞中介的抗瘤反应很弱时,则需要很高剂量的IL-2。低剂量可以显著地刺激T细胞,而激活NK及LAK细胞则要求很大剂量。因IL-2不能直接抗癌,用药目的是最大限度地兴奋免疫机制,以加强抗癌作用。以前常用的IL-2和LAK细胞联合应用治疗恶性肿瘤,现已不再推荐,而代之以IL-2与肿瘤浸润淋巴细胞(TIL)联合疗法(过继疗法adoptive therapy)。
6.rhIL-11为177个氨基酸组成的活性蛋白质。其编码基因位于19号染色体长臂13区。作用于巨核细胞系较晚期阶段的巨核细胞水平,促进巨核细胞的增殖及成熟,并促进血小板的产生。IL-11虽无巨核细胞集落刺激因子(Meg-CSF)的活性,但有巨核细胞增殖因子的活性,与GM-CSF及IL-3协同作用,可使CFU-MegDNA量增多。

药动学
IL-2在体内的药动学符合二室模型。其血浆分布时相半衰期为6~13min,β清除时相半衰期为30~120min。肌内注射IL-2的生物可利用率为37%(15%~64%)。IL-2的总体清除率为每分钟120ml,肾脏是主要的清除途径。猕猴药动学参数(100μg/kg体重,皮下注射):AUC:每小时286±50ng/ml;Cmax:60±50ng/ml;tmax:1.3±0.5h,Cy1/2:12±2h

适应证
1.肾细胞癌(肾癌)、恶性黑素瘤、结肠癌等。
2.与LAK、手术、放疗、化疗相结合用于小脑星形细胞瘤、舌癌、喉癌、鼻咽癌、原发性肝癌(肝癌)、肺癌和胃癌手术转移的患者。
3.癌性胸腹水。对肾细胞癌(肾癌)、恶性黑素瘤、结肠癌等有效。与LAK、手术、放疗、化疗相结合用于小脑星形细胞瘤、舌癌、喉癌、鼻咽癌、原发性肝癌(肝癌)、肺癌和胃癌手术转移的患者,也用于癌性胸腹水。因癌症患者IL-2的产生能力低下,注入IL-2可激活体内免疫活性细胞而产生抗癌作用,且给IL-2的途径不同所产生的抗癌效果也不同。迄今临床应用表明,对于中、晚期恶性肿瘤患者,经常规手术、化疗、放疗无效或目前缺乏有效疗法者,采用IL-2和LAK治疗,可获一定客观疗效。4.IL-2在皮肤科用于治疗恶性黑素瘤、皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤(CTCL)、获得性免疫缺陷综合征(艾滋病)等。
5.用于预防或治疗化疗引起的血小板减少症。可与G-CSF合并使用。在骨髓造血干细胞移植时使用可减少血小板输注次数,缩短外周血血小板恢复时间。

禁忌证
1.癫痫患者。
2.严重低血压者。
3.心、肾功能不全者。
4.高热者。
5.对本品过敏者、孕妇、哺乳者禁用。
 
注意事项
1.高敏体质及心、肺、肾疾病患者慎用。
2.中枢神经系统疾病患者慎用或避免使用。
3.在4℃储存。
4.IL-2能加重Th1型细胞因子占优势的疾病如银屑病等。应避免应用于这类患者。
5.应在化疗停止后至少24h后开始使用。
6.使用过程中应定期检测血象。
7.应在医师观察下使用,注意处理少见不良反应。
8.禁用于既往对大肠杆菌表达的其他生物制剂有过敏史的患者。
9.制剂应保存于2~8℃。

不良反应
1.IL-2的不良反应通常与剂量、用药间隔、输注速度和疗程长短有关。减少剂量可望降低其不良反应发生率。局部或静脉外途径用药的不良反应多为轻至中度。
2.大剂量IL-2相关的剂量限制性不良反应最常为低血压、水肿和肾功异常。低血压系血流动力学改变所致,若平均动脉压下降20.25~40mmHg(2.7~4.0kPa),则需扩容治疗,只有少数患者需用升压药物。水肿原因与毛细血管渗漏综合征有关。肾脏损害表现为氮质潴留、血肌酐升高。IL-2对肾细胞癌患者的肾毒性并不比其他肿瘤明显。
3.IL-2最常见的一般不良反应包括畏寒、发热、乏力、厌食、恶心、呕吐、腹泻、皮疹等。预防性给予对乙酰氨基酚或非类固醇类抗炎药可减少发热的发生率和减轻症状。皮疹可用抗组胺治疗。
4.IL-2加用LAK细胞时,并不增加单用IL-2所伴随的治疗相关毒性。静脉注射LAK细胞可引起寒战、发热,静脉注射哌替啶(一次25~50mg)可奏效。一般不主张使用皮质激素,因其可影响LAK细胞的活性。上述不良反应,患者多能耐受,且均为暂时性和可逆的,停止治疗后可很快消失。
5.大剂量可引起低血压、水肿和肾功异常。一般为暂时性和可逆的。停药后可恢复正常。严重低血压可用扩容和升压药物。
6.IL-2最常见的一般不良反应包括畏寒、发热、乏力、厌食、恶心、呕吐、腹泻、皮疹等。可对症处理。
7.在每天50μg/kg的剂量下,少数患者可出现可逆性贫血、关节肌肉疼痛、疲乏、恶心、头痛和水肿,均可为逆性。
8.未观察到血小板过度增加而引起体内血栓形成现象。
9.国外报道的少见但较严重的不良反应还有:肺水肿及心功能衰竭、心律失常、晕厥、结膜充血等。
 
用法用量
1.IL-2的用法:IL-2用量按临床需要,在有经验医师指导下使用。
(1)皮下注射:IL-2,20万~40万U/m2加入无菌注射用水2ml溶解,每天1次,每周连用4天,4周为1个疗程。
(2)静脉滴注:IL-2,20万~40万U/m2,加入生理盐水500ml,静脉滴注2~3h,每天1次,每周连用4天,连用4周为1个疗程。
(3)腔内灌注:先尽量抽去腔内积液或插管引流,再将IL-240万~50万U/m2加入生理盐水20ml注入,每周1~2次,每3~4周为1个疗程,如疗程中积液消失,宜中止治疗。
(4)瘤内或瘤周注射:IL-2,10万~30万U,加入生理盐水3~5ml,分多点注射到瘤内或瘤体周围,每周2次或2次以上,连用2周为1个疗程。2.IL-2 LAK细胞的用法:IL-2的剂量及用法与上述IL-2的静脉或皮下给药途径相同。在接受了IL-2静脉或皮下注射共2天,静脉抽血制备自体LAK并回输给患者,全疗程回输LAK细胞平均数为1.2×109;通过血细胞分离器分离血淋巴细胞制备的自体LAK,全疗程LAK细胞回输的平均数为5.4×109;个别病例接受异体LAK细胞回输,全疗程LAK细胞回输平均数为6.1×109。3.每天25~50μg/kg,用1ml注射用水溶解,皮下注射,连用7~14天。用药期间检测外周血血小板数,血小板恢复至100×109/L以上时应停药。

药物相应作用
1.在加有本药的5%葡萄糖溶液中再加入2%浓度的白蛋白,则能保持本药的活性,并降低其毒性。
2.本药与吲哚美辛(即消炎痛)同用,可导致更严重的体重增加、少尿和氮质血症。
3.皮质激素类药物可缓解本药引起的发热、呼吸困难、皮肤瘙痒、精神错乱等症状。
4.皮质激素可降低本品的抗癌活性,应避免合用。
 
专家点评
目前IL-2多与肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞(TIL)联合应用于肿瘤的治疗,对其有效性尚有争论。文献报道对恶性黑素瘤的有效率为3%~50%(平均15%)。对CTCL有效,部分患者可达到完全缓解。应用IL-2可明显提高患者细胞免疫功能,改善其生活质量和预后。临床初步观察,重组人白介素-11对化疗后血小板≤50×10^9/L的患者可促进骨髓血小板的生成,缩短外周血血小板恢复时间。常规剂量下不良反应轻。国内文献综述了白细胞介素-Ⅱ的生物学活性及临床应用,其中临床应用包括在肿瘤免疫治疗中的作用;治疗病毒性疾病,主要广泛用于治疗获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS),其次是疱疹病毒、乙肝病毒及其他病毒感染;治疗细菌感染性疾病,主要是利用本品活化的LAK细胞有直接的杀菌作用等。国外报道,全身大剂量治疗癌症的方法会导致许多毒副作用,由于本品主要是通过低亲和力受体激活非特异性淋巴因子激活的杀伤细胞(LAK)的活性,并不能提高机体的免疫力。研究观察到小鼠体内占体重6%的肿瘤,通过局部应用小剂量IL-2而消除。这种疗法对鼠的不同类型肿瘤、豚鼠肝细胞癌、牛的乳头状癌等均有效。应用IL-2的目的是通过激活已经存在的但很弱的特异性免疫反应来提高整个机体的免疫力。以对恶性胸、腹腔积液疗效为最好;实体瘤中以膀胱癌、脑胶质瘤、宫颈癌为好。主要不良反应为一过性发热、恶心、呕吐和寒战,患者可耐受。

以下患者慎用:老年人,肾或肝功能不良者,毛细血管渗漏综合征者,严重贫血、白细胞或血小板减少者。   
白介素2 的作用介绍(IL-2)
1. IL-2对T细胞的作用
IL-2是T细胞生长因子,能使T细胞在试管内长期存活,刺激T细胞进入细胞分裂周期。IL-2能增强T细胞的杀伤活性,在体外它与IL-4、IL-5和IL-6一起共同诱导细胞毒性T细胞(Tc)的产生,并使其活性大大增强,延长其生长期;在体内IL-2也能增强抗原诱导的TC活性,甚至可以辅助抗原和半抗原直接在祼鼠体内诱导产生TC¬。
由IL-2诱导产生的TC输入体内后可产生明显抗肿瘤作用,但TC在体内不易存活,如同时再输入少量IL-2,则可明显延长Tc在体内的存活时间,并增强其抗肿瘤效果。
IL-2并可诱导T细胞分泌IFN-γ, TNF, CSF等细胞因子。   
2.IL-2对NK细胞的作用
IL-2可促进NK细胞的增殖,维持NK细胞长期生长。肿瘤病人经IL-2治疗后,血中NK细胞数量明显增加。IL-2在体内、外都能增强NK细胞活性。在体外,IL-2于短时间内就可使NK细胞活性增强。肿瘤病人经IL-2治疗后NK细胞活性变明显增强,且有累积效应,即随着IL-2剂量的增加和疗程的延长,NK细胞活性亦因之不断增强,IL-2并能矫正NK细胞活性低下状态,使之恢复正常或超过正常。白血病病人外周血单核细胞(PBMC,其中10%是NK细胞),经IL-2培养后具明显的细胞毒作用,以此输回给病人治疗白血病。IL-2还能促进NK细胞分泌IFN-γ,增加其表达IL-2R+亚基等。
3.IL-2对LAK、TIL细胞的作用 IL-2可促进LAK,
TIL细胞的体外存活、扩增及活化LAM(即淋巴因子激活的杀伤细胞lymphokine activated killer
cells)。LAK是淋巴细胞与IL-2接触后产生的一种具有高效抗肿瘤效应的杀伤细胞,只有在IL-2的存在下LAK才能产生,亦只有在IL-2存在下,LAK才能发挥其效果。实验证明,淋巴细胞经IL-2培育后所得LAK细胞的活力,比不加IL-2培育的强100~1000倍,而且LAK只识别肿瘤抗原,对宿主正常细胞没有影响。LAK与IL-2合用,对原发性及转移性肿瘤,均有明显抗肿瘤作用。
LAK与IL-2合用治疗肿瘤虽取得了临床效果,但在制备LAK时须抽取病大量周围血单个核细胞,须多次回输并伴用大剂量IL-2,价格昂贵且毒副作用大,于是人们极力寻找一种抗肿瘤效果好、毒副作用小的方法于1986年从实体瘤组织中分离到肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞(tumor infiltrating lymphocytes,TIL ),在体外经IL-2激活可大量扩增,并对肿瘤细胞具高度杀伤作用,其体外杀伤肿瘤的效果比LAK强50~100倍,并仅须伴用少量IL-2就可发挥明显抗肿瘤效果,毒副作用小。
4.IL-2对B细胞的作用   
IL-2可促进B细胞表达IL-2R,促使B胞增殖和产生免疫球蛋白,并刺激巨噬细胞,提高其吞噬能力。近年发现,重组IL-2可刺激某些中枢神经细胞的生长和成熟,并作用于吗啡肽受体,产生镇痛作用。有关白细胞介素一2(IL-2 )的调节免疫作用。   
5.IL-2对肿瘤细胞的作用 IL-2的抗肿瘤作用除与LAK, TIL有关外,还与其诱导NO的产生有关。实验发现对LAK无效的Meth A小鼠皮肤癌,用IL-2治疗可见存活期延长,且小鼠尿中NO2¬¬¬-含量较对照组高8倍;如同时应用NO诱导抑制剂L-NMMA,使尿中NO含量下降60%,同时使IL-2组的存活期大大缩短,提示IL-2诱导NO合成,是其抗肿瘤作用机制之一。
Summary of Important Safety Information for Proleukin® (aldesleukin) for injection, for intravenous infusion
WARNINGS
Therapy with Proleukin(aldesleukin) should be restricted to patients with normal cardiac and pulmonary functions as defined by thallium stress testing and formal pulmonary function testing.
Extreme caution should be used in patients with a normal thallium stress test and a normal pulmonary function test who have a history of cardiac or pulmonary disease.
Proleukin should be administered in a hospital setting under the supervision of a qualified physician experienced in the use of anticancer agents. An intensive care facility and specialists skilled in cardiopulmonary or intensive care medicine must be available.
Proleukin administration has been associated with capillary leak syndrome (CLS) which is characterized by a loss of vascular tone and extravasation of plasma proteins and fluid into the extravascular space. CLS results in hypotension and reduced organ perfusion which may be severe and can result in death. CLS may be associated with cardiac arrhythmias (supraventricular and ventricular), angina, myocardial infarction, respiratory insufficiency requiring intubation, gastrointestinal bleeding or infarction, renal insufficiency, edema, and mental status changes.
Proleukin treatment is associated with impaired neutrophil function (reduced chemotaxis) and with an increased risk of disseminated infection, including sepsis and bacterial endocarditis.
Consequently, preexisting bacterial infections should be adequately treated prior to initiation of Proleukin therapy. Patients with indwelling central lines are particularly at risk for infection with gram positive microorganisms. Antibiotic prophylaxis with oxacillin, nafcillin, ciprofloxacin, or vancomycin has been associated with a reduced incidence of staphylococcal infections.
Proleukin administration should be withheld in patients developing moderate to severe lethargy or somnolence; continued administration may result in coma.
INDICATION AND USAGE
Proleukin(aldesleukin) is indicated for the treatment of adults with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (metastatic RCC).
Proleukin is indicated for the treatment of adults with metastatic melanoma.
Careful patient selection is mandatory prior to the administration of Proleukin.
Evaluation of clinical studies to date reveals that patients with more favorable ECOG performance status (ECOG PS 0) at treatment initiation respond better to Proleukin, with a higher response rate and lower toxicity. Therefore, selection of patients for treatment should include assessment of performance status.
Experience in patients with ECOG PS >1 is extremely limited.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Proleukin(aldesleukin) is contraindicated in patients with a known history of hypersensitivity to interleukin-2 or any component of the Proleukin formulation.
Proleukin is contraindicated in patients with an abnormal thallium stress test or abnormal pulmonary function tests and those with organ allografts. Retreatment with Proleukin is contraindicated in patients who have experienced the following drug-related toxicities while receiving an earlier course of therapy: Sustained ventricular tachycardia (≥5 beats), Cardiac arrhythmias not controlled or unresponsive to management, Chest pain with ECG changes, consistent with angina or myocardial infarction, Cardiac tamponade, Intubation for >72 hours, Renal failure requiring dialysis >72 hours, Coma or toxic psychosis lasting >48 hours, Repetitive or difficult to control seizures, Bowel ischemia/perforation, GI bleeding requiring surgery.
WARNINGS
Because of the severe adverse events which generally accompany Proleukin(aldesleukin) therapy at the recommended dosages, thorough clinical evaluation should be performed to identify patients with significant cardiac, pulmonary, renal, hepatic, or CNS impairment in whom Proleukin is contraindicated.
Patients with normal cardiovascular, pulmonary, hepatic, and CNS function may experience serious, life threatening or fatal adverse events. Adverse events are frequent, often serious, and sometimes fatal.
Should adverse events, requiring dose modification occur, dosage should be withheld rather than reduced.
Proleukin has been associated with exacerbation of pre-existing autoimmune disease and inflammatory disorders.
In some cases, the onset of new autoimmune diseases, such as vitiligo, may occur. Symptomatic hyperglycemia and/or diabetes mellitus have been reported during Proleukin therapy.
All patients should have thorough evaluation and treatment of CNS metastases and have a negative scan prior to receiving Proleukin therapy.
New neurologic signs, symptoms, and anatomic lesions following Proleukin therapy have been reported in patients without evidence of CNS metastases.
Neurologic signs and symptoms associated with Proleukin therapy usually improve after discontinuation of Proleukin therapy; however, there are reports of permanent neurologic defects.
In patients with known seizure disorders, extreme caution should be exercised as Proleukin may cause seizures.
PRECAUTIONS
Patients should have normal cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic, and CNS function at the start of therapy. Capillary leak syndrome (CLS) begins immediately after Proleukin® (aldesleukin) treatment starts and is marked by increased capillary permeability to protein and fluids and reduced vascular tone.
Proleukin(aldesleukin) treatment should be withheld for failure to maintain organ perfusion as demonstrated by altered mental status, reduced urine output, a fall in the systolic blood pressure below 90 mm Hg or onset of cardiac arrhythmias.
Recovery from CLS begins soon after cessation of Proleukin therapy. Usually, within a few hours, the blood pressure rises, organ perfusion is restored and reabsorption of extravasated fluid and protein begins.
Kidney and liver function are impaired during Proleukin treatment. Use of concomitant nephrotoxic or hepatotoxic medications may further increase toxicity to the kidney or liver.
Mental status changes including irritability, confusion, or depression which occur while receiving Proleukin may be due to bacteremia or early bacterial sepsis, hypoperfusion, occult CNS malignancy, or direct Proleukin-induced CNS toxicity.
Patients should be evaluated for these and other causes of mental status changes. Alterations in mental status due solely to Proleukin therapy may progress for several days before recovery begins. Rarely, patients have sustained permanent neurologic deficits.
Proleukin enhancement of cellular immune function may increase the risk of allograft rejection in transplant patients.
Serious manifestations of eosinophilia involving eosinophilic infiltration of cardiac and pulmonary tissues can occur following Proleukin.
ADVERSE REACTIONS
The rate of drug-related deaths in the 255 metastatic RCC patients who received single-agent Proleukin® (aldesleukin)was 4% (11/255); the rate of drug-related deaths in the 270metastatic melanoma patients who received single-agent PROLEUKIN was 2% (6/270).
In clinical trials, the following life-threatening (Grade 4) adverse events were seen in >1% of 525 patients (255 with metastatic renal cell cancer and 270 with metastatic melanoma) treated with PROLEUKIN: oliguria (6%), anuria (5%), hypotension (3%), respiratory disorder (3%), bilirubinemia (2%), coma (2%), diarrhea (2%), acidosis (1%), acute kidney failure (1%), apnea (1%), cardiovascular disorder (1%), coagulation disorders (1%), confusion (1%), creatinine increase (1%), dyspnea (1%), fever (1%), heart arrest (1%), infection (1%), myocardial infarct (1%), psychosis (1%), sepsis (1%), SGOT increase (1%), stupor (1%), supraventricular tachycardia (1%), thrombocytopenia (1%), ventricular tachycardia (1%), and vomiting (1%). From the same trials, the following adverse events (Grades 1-4) were seen in ≥30% of 525 patients (255 with metastatic renal cell cancer and 270 with metastatic melanoma) treated with PROLEUKIN: hypotension (71%), diarrhea (67%), oliguria (63%), chills (52%), vomiting (50%), dyspnea (43%), rash (42%), bilirubinemia (40%),
thrombocytopenia (37%), nausea (35%), confusion (34%), and creatinine increase (33%).
附件:
201222300374938.PDF 
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注:以下产品不同规格和不同价格,购买时请以咨询为准!
---------------------------------------------------------------
产地国家: 美国
原产地英文商品名:
PROLEUKIN 22MILLION UNITS/VIAL
原产地英文药品名:
ALDESLEUKIN
中文参考商品译名:
普留净 2200万单位/瓶
中文参考药品译名:
阿地白介素
生产厂家中文参考译名:
Chiron
生产厂家英文名:
Chiron


---------------------------------------------------------------
产地国家: 英国
原产地英文商品名:
PROLEUKIN*EV 1F 18MUI UNITS/VIAL
原产地英文药品名:
ALDESLEUKIN
中文参考商品译名:
普留净 1800万单位/瓶
中文参考药品译名:
阿地白介素


该药品相关信息网址1:
http://www.proleukin.com/
该药品相关信息网址2:
http://www.drugs.com/cdi/proleukin.html
该药品相关信息网址3:
http://www.rxlist.com/proleukin-drug.htm

责任编辑:admin


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