英文药名：Angiomax(bivalirudin Injection)

中文药名：比伐卢定注射剂

生产厂家：Medicines公司
药品介绍
【通用名】比伐卢定
【商品名】Bivalirudin
【分子式】C98H138N24O33
【CAS NO】128270-60-0
【原研公司】Biogen Idec (USA)
比伐卢定（bivalirudin）是一种最近应用于临床的凝血酶抑制剂，早期的临床研究显示比伐卢定抗凝治疗效果确切，且出血事件的发生率较低，和传统的肝素抗凝治疗相比使用更为安全。比伐卢定可通过结合于催化剂位点和循环及凝血酶血块的阴离子输出位点而直接抑制凝血酶的作用。凝血酶是一种丝氨酸蛋白水解酶，在血栓形成过程中起着重要作用，能够将血纤维素原分解为纤维蛋白单体，将活性因子ⅩⅢ活化为因子ⅩⅢa，并能使纤维蛋白成为共价交叉连接结构，从而达到稳定血栓的目的。凝血酶还能够激活因子Ⅴ和因子Ⅷ，进一步促进凝血酶生成，激活血小板，刺激其聚集和颗粒释放。比伐卢定与凝血酶的结合是可逆的，当凝血酶逐渐断开比伐卢定3，4位精氨酸和脯氨酸的连接时，凝血酶活性位点的功能可恢复。体外研究表明，比伐卢定可抑制凝血酶的溶解和凝固，使血小板释放反应中性化，并可延长人血浆中活性部分促凝血酶原激酶时间(aPTT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、凝血素时间(PT)，该作用具有浓度。
Angiomax for Injection (The Medicines Company)
DESCRIPTION
Angiomax® (bivalirudin) is a specific and reversible direct thrombin inhibitor. The active substance is a synthetic, 20 amino acid peptide. The chemical name is D-phenylal-anyl-L-prolyl-L-arginyl-L-prolyl-glycyl-glycyl-glycyl-glycyl-L-asparagyl-glycyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-glutamyl-L-glutamyl-L-isoleucyl-L-prolyl-L-glutamyl-L-glutamyl-L-tyrosyl-L-leucine trifluoroacetate (salt) hydrate (Figure 1). The molecular weight of Angiomax is 2180 daltons (anhydrous free base peptide). Angiomax is supplied in single-use vials as a white lyophilized cake, which is sterile. Each vial contains 250 mg bivalirudin, 125 mg mannitol, and sodium hydroxide to adjust the pH to 5-6 (equivalent of approximately 12.5 mg sodium). When reconstituted with Sterile Water for Injection the product yields a clear to opalescent, colorless to slightly yellow solution, pH 5-6.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
General:
Angiomax directly inhibits thrombin by specifically binding both to the catalytic site and to the anion-binding exosite of circulating and clot-bound thrombin. Thrombin is a serine proteinase that plays a central role in the thrombotic process, acting to cleave fibrinogen into fibrin monomers and to activate Factor XIII to Factor XIIIa, allowing fibrin to develop a covalently cross-linked framework which stabilizes the thrombus; thrombin also activates Factors V and VIII, promoting further thrombin generation, and activates platelets, stimulating aggregation and granule release. The binding of Angiomax to thrombin is reversible as thrombin slowly cleaves the Angiomax-Arg 3 -Pro 4 bond, resulting in recovery of thrombin active site functions.
In in vitro studies, Angiomax inhibited both soluble (free) and clot-bound thrombin, was not neutralized by products of the platelet release reaction, and prolonged the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), thrombin time (TT), and prothrombin time (PT) of normal human plasma in a concentration-dependent manner. The clinical relevance of these findings is unknown.
Pharmacokinetics:
Angiomax exhibits linear pharmacokinetics following intravenous (IV) administration to patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA). In these patients, a mean steady state Angiomax concentration of 12.3 ± 1.7 mcg/mL is achieved following an IV bolus of 1 mg/kg and a 4-hour 2.5 mg/kg/h IV infusion. Angiomax is cleared from plasma by a combination of renal mechanisms and proteolytic cleavage, with a half-life in patients with normal renal function of 25 min. The disposition of Angiomax was studied in PTCA patients with mild and moderate renal impairment and in patients with severe renal impairment. Drug elimination was related to glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Total body clearance was similar for patients with normal renal function and with mild renal impairment (60-89 mL/min). Clearance was reduced approximately 20% in patients with moderate and severe renal impairment and was reduced approximately 80% in dialysis-dependent patients. See Table 1 for pharmacokinetic parameters. For patients with renal impairment the activated clotting time (ACT) should be monitored. For dosing instructions, refer to the DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION section. Angiomax is hemodialyzable. Approximately 25% is cleared by hemodialysis.
Angiomax does not bind to plasma proteins (other than thrombin) or to red blood cells.

Table 1. PK Parameters in Patients with Renal Impairment *

Renal Function (GFR, mL/min)	Clearance (mL/min/kg)	Half-life (minutes)
Normal renal function   (>/=90 mL/min)	3.4	25
Mild renal impairment   (60-89 mL/min)	3.4	22
Moderate renal impairment   (30-59 mL/min)	2.7	34
Severe renal impairment   (10-29 mL/min)	2.8	57
Dialysis-dependent    patients (off dialysis)	1.0	3.5 hours
* The ACT should be monitored in renally-impaired patients

Pharmacodynamics:
In healthy volunteers and patients (with >/= 70% vessel occlusion undergoing routine angioplasty), Angiomax exhibits linear dose- and concentration-dependent anticoagulant activity as evidenced by prolongation of the ACT, aPTT, PT, and TT. Intravenous administration of Angiomax produces an immediate anticoagulant effect. Coagulation times return to baseline approximately 1 hour following cessation of Angiomax administration.
In 291 patients with >/= 70% vessel occlusion undergoing routine angioplasty, a positive correlation was observed between the dose of Angiomax and the proportion of patients achieving ACT values of 300 sec or 350 sec. At an Angiomax dose of 1.0 mg/kg IV bolus plus 2.5 mg/kg/h IV infusion for 4 hours, followed by 0.2 mg/kg/h, all patients reached maximal ACT values > 300 sec.
CLINICAL TRIALS
Angiomax has been evaluated in five randomized, controlled interventional cardiology trials reporting 11,422 patients. Stents were deployed in 6062 of the patients in these trials - mainly in trials performed since 1995. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), atherectomy or other procedures were performed in the remaining patients.
REPLACE-2 Trial
This was a randomized double-blind multicenter study reporting 6002 (intent-to-treat) patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Patients were randomized to treatment with Angiomax® (bivalirudin) with the "provisional" use of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor (GPI) or heparin plus planned use of GPI. GPIs were added on a "provisional" basis to patients who were randomized to Angiomax in the following circumstances:
decreased TIMI flow (0 to 2) or slow reflow;
dissection with decreased flow;
new or suspected thrombus;
persistent residual stenosis;
distal embolization;
unplanned stent;
suboptimal stenting;
side branch closure;
abrupt closure; clinical instability; and
prolonged ischemia.
During the study, one or more of these circumstances occurred in 12.7% of patients in the Angiomax with provisional GPI arm. GPIs were administered to 7.2% of patients in the Angiomax with provisional GPI arm (62.2% of eligible patients).
Patients ranged in age from 25-95 years (median, 63); weight ranged from 35-199 kg (median 85.5): 74.4% were male and 25.6% were female. Indications for included unstable angina (35% of patients), myocardial infarction within 7 days prior to intervention (8% of patients), stable angina (25%) and positive ischemic stress test (24%). Stents were deployed in 85% of patients. Ninety-nine percent of patients received aspirin and 86% received thienopyridines prior to study treatment.
Angiomax was administered as a 0.75 mg/kg bolus followed by a 1.75 mg/kg/h infusion for the duration of the procedure. At investigator discretion, the infusion could be continued the procedure for up to 4 hours. The median infusion duration was 44 min. Heparin was administered as a 65 U/kg bolus. GPIs (either abciximab or eptifibatide) were given according to manufacturers' instructions. Both randomized groups could be given "provisional" treatments during the PCI at investigator discretion, but under double-blind conditions. "Provisional" treatment with GPI was requested in 5.2% of patients randomized to heparin plus GPI (they were given placebo) and 7.2% patients randomized to Angiomax with provisional GPI (they were given abciximab or eptifibatide according to pre-randomization investigator choice and patient stratification).
The activated clotting time (ACT - measured by a Hemochron® device) was measured 5 min after the first bolus of study medication. The percent of patients reaching protocol-specified levels of anticoagulation was greater in the Angiomax with provisional GPI group than in the heparin plus GPI group. For patients randomized to Angiomax with provisional GPI, the median 5 min ACT was 358 sec (interquartile range 320-400 sec) and the ACT was <225 sec in 3%. For patients randomized to heparin plus GPI, the median 5 min ACT was 317 sec (interquartile range 263-373 sec) and the ACT was <225 sec in 12%. At the end of the procedure, median ACT values were 334 sec (Angiomax group) and 276 sec (heparin plus GPI group).
For the composite endpoint of death, MI, or urgent revascularization adjudicated under double-blind conditions, the frequency was higher (7.6%) (95% confidence interval 6.7%-8.6%) in the Angiomax with "provisional" GPI arm when compared to the heparin plus GPI arm (7.1%) (95% confidence interval 6.1%-8.0%). However, major hemorrhage was reported significantly less frequently in the Angiomax with provisional GPI arm (2.4%) compared to the heparin plus GPI arm (4.1%). Study outcomes are shown in Table 2.
At 12 months follow-up, mortality was 1.9% among patients randomized to Angiomax with "provisional" GPIs and 2.5% among patients randomized to heparin plus GPI.

Table 2. Incidences of Clinical Endpoints at 30 Days for REPLACE-2,
a Randomized Double-blind Clinical Trial

Intent-to-treat Population	ANGIOMAX® with " Provisional " GPI n=2994	HEPARIN + GPI n=3008
Efficacy Endpoints:
Death, MI, or urgent revascularization	7.6%	7.1%
Death	0.2%	0.4%
MI	7.0%	6.2%
Urgent revascularization	1.2%	1.4%
Safety Endpoint:
Major hemorrhage 1 , 2	2.4%	4.1%
1 Defined as intracranial bleeding, retroperitoneal bleeding, a transfusion of >/=2 units of blood/blood products, a fall in hemoglobin >4 g/dL, whether or not bleeding site is identified, spontaneous or non-spontaneous blood loss with a decrease in hemoglobin >3 g/dL.
2 p-value <0.001 between groups.

Bivalirudin Angioplasty Trial (BAT):
Angiomax was evaluated in patients with unstable angina undergoing PTCA in two randomized, double-blind, multicenter studies with identical protocols. Patients must have had unstable angina defined as: (1) a new onset of severe or accelerated angina or rest pain within the month prior to study entry or (2) angina or ischemic rest pain which developed between four hours and two weeks after an acute myocardial infarction (MI). Overall, 4312 patients with unstable angina, including 741 (17%) patients with post-MI angina, were treated in a 1:1 randomized fashion with Angiomax or heparin. Patients ranged in age from 29-90 (median 63) years, their weight was a median of 80 kg (39-120 kg), 68% were male, and 91% were Caucasian. Twenty-three percent of patients were treated with heparin within one hour prior to randomization. All patients were administered aspirin 300-325 mg prior to PTCA and daily thereafter. Patients randomized to Angiomax were started on an intravenous infusion of Angiomax (2.5 mg/kg/h). Within 5 min after starting the infusion, and prior to PTCA, a 1 mg/kg loading dose was administered as an intravenous bolus. The infusion was continued for 4 hours, then the infusion was changed under double-blinded conditions to Angiomax (0.2 mg/kg/h) for up to an additional 20 hours (patients received this infusion for an average of 14 hours). The ACT was checked at 5 min and at 45 min following commencement. If on either occasion the ACT was <350 sec, an additional double-blinded bolus of placebo was administered. The Angiomax dose was not titrated to ACT. Median ACT values were: ACT in sec (5 th percentile-95 th percentile): 345 sec (240-595 sec) at 5 min and 346 sec (range 269-583 sec) at 45 min after initiation of dosing. Patients randomized to heparin were given a loading dose (175 IU/kg) as an intravenous bolus 5 min before the planned procedure, with immediate commencement of an infusion of heparin (15 IU/kg/h). The infusion was continued for 4 hours. After 4 hours of infusion, the heparin infusion was changed under double-blinded conditions to heparin (15 IU/kg/h) for up to 20 additional hours. The ACT was checked at 5 min and at 45 min following commencement. If on either occasion the ACT was <350 sec, an additional double-blind bolus of heparin (60 IU/kg) was administered. Once the target ACT was achieved for heparin patients, no further ACT measurements were performed. All ACTs were determined with the Hemochron® device. The protocol allowed use of open-label heparin at the discretion of the investigator after discontinuation of blinded study medication, whether or not an endpoint event (procedural failure) had occurred. The use of open-label heparin was similar between Angiomax and heparin treatment groups (about 20% in both groups).
The studies were designed to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of Angiomax in patients undergoing PTCA as a treatment for unstable angina as compared with a control group of similar patients receiving heparin during and up to 24 hours after initiation of PTCA. The primary protocol endpoint was a composite endpoint called procedural failure, which included both clinical and angiographic elements measured during hospitalization. The clinical elements were: the occurrence of death, MI, or urgent revascularization, adjudicated under double-blind conditions. The angiographic elements were: impending or abrupt vessel closure. The protocol-specified safety endpoint was major hemorrhage.
The median duration of hospitalization was 4 days for both the Angiomax and the heparin treatment groups. The rates of procedural failure were similar in the Angiomax and heparin treatment groups. Study outcomes are shown in Table 3.

Table 3. Incidences of In-hospital Clinical Endpoints In BAT Trial Occurring within 7 Days

All Patients	ANGIOMAX n=2161	HEPARIN n=2151
Efficacy Endpoints:
Procedural failure 1	7.9%	9.3%
Death, MI,    revascularization	6.2%	7.9%
Death	0.2%	0.2%
MI 2	3.3%	4.2%
Revascularization 3	4.2%	5.6%
Safety Endpoint:
Major hemorrhage 4	3.5%	9.3%
1 The protocol specified primary endpoint (a composite of death or MI or clinical deterioration of cardiac origin requiring revascularization or placement of an aortic balloon pump or angiographic evidence of abrupt vessel closure).
2 Defined as: Q-wave MI; CK-MB elevation >/=2 × ULN, new ST- or T-wave abnormality, and chest pain >/=30 min; OR new LBBB with chest pain >/=30 min and/or elevated CK-MB enzymes; OR elevated CK-MB and new ST- or T-wave abnormality without chest pain; OR elevated CK-MB.
3 Defined as: any revascularization procedure, including angioplasty, CABG, stenting, or placement of an intra-aortic balloon pump.
4 Defined as the occurrence of any of the following: intracranial bleeding, retroperitoneal bleeding, clinically overt bleeding with a decrease in hemoglobin >/=3 g/dL or leading to a transfusion of >/=2 units of blood.

INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Angiomax® (bivalirudin) is indicated for use as an anticoagulant in patients with unstable angina undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA).
Angiomax with provisional use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor (GPI) as listed in the CLINICAL TRIAL REPLACE-2 section is indicated for use as an anticoagulant in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
Angiomax is intended for use with aspirin and has been studied only in patients receiving concomitant aspirin (see CLINICAL TRIALS and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION ).
The safety and effectiveness of Angiomax have not been established in patients with acute coronary syndromes who are not undergoing PTCA or PCI.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Angiomax is contraindicated in patients with:
-active major bleeding;
-hypersensitivity to Angiomax or its components.
WARNINGS
Angiomax is not intended for intramuscular administration. Although most bleeding associated with the use of Angiomax in PCI occurs at the site of arterial puncture, hemorrhage can occur at any site. An unexplained fall in blood pressure or hematocrit, or any unexplained symptom, should lead to serious consideration of a hemorrhagic event and cessation of Angiomax administration.
An increased risk of thrombus formation has been associated with the use of Angiomax in gamma brachytherapy, including fatal outcomes.
There is no known antidote to Angiomax. Angiomax is hemodialyzable (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY , Pharmacokinetics ).
PRECAUTIONS
General:
Clinical trials have provided limited information for use of Angiomax in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia/heparin-induced thrombocytopenia-thrombosis syndrome (HIT/HITTS) undergoing PTCA. The number of HIT/HITTS patients treated is inadequate to reliably assess efficacy and safety in these patients undergoing PCI. Angiomax was administered to a small number of patients with a history of HIT/HITTS or active HIT/HITTS and undergoing PCI in an uncontrolled, open-label study and in an emergency treatment program and appeared to provide adequate anticoagulation in these patients. In in vitro studies Angiomax exhibited no platelet aggregation response against sera from patients with a history of HIT/HITTS.
Caution should be used when Angiomax is used as the anti-thrombin during brachytherapy procedures. Operators are advised to maintain meticulous catheter technique, with frequent aspiration and flushing, paying special attention to minimizing conditions of stasis within the catheter or vessels (see WARNINGS and Post-marketing Events ).
Drug Interactions:
Angiomax does not exhibit binding to plasma proteins (other than thrombin) or red blood cells.
In clinical trials in patients undergoing PTCA/PCI, co-administration of Angiomax with heparin, warfarin, thrombolytics or glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors was associated with increased risks of major bleeding events compared to patients not receiving these concomitant medications. There is no experience with co-administration of Angiomax and plasma expanders such as dextran. Angiomax should be used with caution in patients with disease states associated with an increased risk of bleeding.
Pediatric Use:
The safety and effectiveness of Angiomax in pediatric patients have not been established.
Immunogenicity/Re-exposure:
Among 494 subjects who received Angiomax in clinical trials and were tested for antibodies, 2 subjects had treatment-emergent positive bivalirudin antibody tests. Neither subject demonstrated clinical evidence of allergic or anaphylactic reactions and repeat testing was not performed. Nine additional patients who had initial positive tests were negative on repeat testing.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, and Impairment of Fertility:
No long-term studies in animals have been performed to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of Angiomax. Angiomax displayed no genotoxic potential in the in vitro bacterial cell reverse mutation assay (Ames test), the in vitro Chinese hamster ovary cell forward gene mutation test (CHO/HGPRT), the in vitro human lymphocyte chromosomal aberration assay, the in vitro rat hepatocyte unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) assay, and the in vivo rat micronucleus assay. Fertility and general reproductive performance in rats were unaffected by subcutaneous doses of Angiomax up to 150 mg/kg/day, about 1.6 times the dose on a body surface area basis (mg/m 2 ) of a 50 kg person given the maximum recommended dose of 15 mg/kg/day.
Pregnancy:
Angiomax is intended for use with aspirin (see INDICATIONS AND USAGE ). Because of possible adverse effects on the neonate and the potential for increased maternal bleeding, particularly during the third trimester, Angiomax and aspirin should be used together during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Pregnancy Category B:
Teratogenicity studies have been performed in rats at subcutaneous doses up to 150 mg/kg/day, (1.6 times the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area) and rabbits at subcutaneous doses up to 150 mg/kg/day (3.2 times the maximum recommended human dose based on body surface area). These studies revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus attributable to Angiomax. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Nursing Mothers:
It is not known whether Angiomax is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when Angiomax is administered to a nursing woman.
Geriatric Patients:
In studies of patients undergoing PCI, 44% were >/=65 years of age, and 12% were >75 years old. Elderly patients experienced more bleeding events than younger patients. Patients treated with Angiomax experienced fewer bleeding events in each age stratum, compared to heparin.
ADVERSE REACTIONS
Bleeding:
In 6010 patients undergoing PCI treated in the REPLACE-2 trial, Angiomax patients exhibited statistically significantly lower rates of bleeding, transfusions, and thrombocytopenia as noted in Table 4.

Table 4. Major Hematologic Outcomes REPLACE-2 Study (Safety Population)

	ANGIOMAX® with " Provisional " GPI 1 (n=2914)	HEPARIN + GPI (n=2987)	p-value
Protocol defined major hemorrhage 2 (%)	2.3%	4.0%	<0.001
Protocol defined minor hemorrhage 3 (%)	13.6%	25.8%	<0.001
TIMI defined bleeding 4
-Major	0.6%	0.9%	0.259
-Minor	1.3%	2.9%	<0.001
Non-access site bleeding
-Retroperitoneal bleeding	0.2%	0.5%	0.069
-Intracranial bleeding	<0.1%	0.1%	1.0
Access site bleeding
-Sheath site bleeding	0.9%	2.4%	<0.001
Thrombocytopenia 5
<100,000/mm 3	0.7%	1.7%	<0.001
<50,000/mm 3	0.3%	0.6%	0.039
Transfusions
-RBC	1.3%	1.9%	0.08
-Platelets	0.3%	0.6%	0.095
1 GPIs were administered to 7.2% of patients in the Angiomax with provisional GPI group.
2 Defined as the occurrence of any of the following: intracranial bleeding, retroperitoneal bleeding, a transfusion of >/=2 units of blood/blood products, a fall in hemoglobin >4 g/dL, whether or not bleeding site is identified, spontaneous or non-spontaneous blood loss with a decrease in hemoglobin >3 g/dL.
3 Defined as observed bleeding that does not meet the criteria for major hemorrhage.
4 TIMI major bleeding is defined as: intracranial, or a fall in adjusted Hgb >5 g/dL or Hct of >15%; TIMI minor bleeding is defined as a fall in adjusted Hgb of 3 to <5 g/dL or a fall in adjusted Hct of 9 to <15%, with a bleeding site such as hematuria, hematemesis, hematomas, retroperitoneal bleeding or a decrease in Hgb of >4 g/dL with no bleeding site.
5 If <100,000 and >25% reduction from baseline, or <50,000.

In 4312 patients undergoing PTCA for treatment of unstable angina in 2 randomized, double-blind studies comparing Angiomax® (bivalirudin) to heparin, Angiomax patients exhibited lower rates of major bleeding and lower requirements for blood transfusions. The incidence of major bleeding is presented in Table 5. The incidence of major bleeding was lower in the Angiomax group than in the heparin group.

Table 5. Major Bleeding and Transfusions in BAT Trial: All Patients ¹

No. (%) Patients with Major Hemorrhage 2	ANGIOMAX® n=2161	HEPARIN n=2151
	79 (3.7)	199 (9.3)
- with >/=3g/dL fall in Hgb	41 (1.9)	124 (5.8)
- with >/=5g/dL fall in Hgb	14 (0.6)	47 (2.2)
- Retroperitoneal bleeding	5 (0.2)	15 (0.7)
- Intracranial bleeding	1 (<0.1)	2 (<0.1)
- Required transfusion	43 (2.0)	123 (5.7)
1 No monitoring of ACT (or PTT) was done after a target ACT was achieved.
2 Major hemorrhage was defined as the occurrence of any of the following: intracranial bleeding, retroperitoneal bleeding, clinically overt bleeding with a decrease in hemoglobin >/=3 g/dL or leading to a transfusion of >/=2 units of blood. This table includes data from the entire hospitalization period.

Other Adverse Events:
Adverse events observed in clinical trials are similar between the Angiomax-treated patients and the control groups. Adverse events seen are those typical of PCI trials, see Tables 6 and 7. Table

Table 6. Adverse Events Other Than Bleeding Occurring in >/=5% of Patients In Either Treatment Group In BAT Trial

EVENT	Treatment Group
	ANGIOMAX N=2161	HEPARIN N=2151
	Number of Patients (%)
Cardiovascular
Hypotension	262 (12)	371 (17)
Hypertension	135 (6)	115 (5)
Bradycardia	118 (5)	164 (8)
Gastrointestinal
Nausea	318 (15)	347 (16)
Vomiting	138 (6)	169 (8)
Dyspepsia	100 (5)	111 (5)
Genitourinary
Urinary retention	89 (4)	98 (5)
Miscellaneous
Back pain	916 (42)	944 (44)
Pain	330 (15)	358 (17)
Headache	264 (12)	225 (10)
Injection site pain	174 (8)	274 (13)
Insomnia	142 (7)	139 (6)
Pelvic pain	130 (6)	169 (8)
Anxiety	127 (6)	140 (7)
Abdominal pain	103 (5)	104 (5)
Fever	103 (5)	108 (5)
Nervousness	102 (5)	87 (4)

Serious, non-bleeding adverse events were experienced in 2% of 2161 Angiomax-treated patients and 2% of 2151 heparin-treated patients. The following individual serious non-bleeding adverse events were rare (>0.1% to <1%) and similar in incidence between Angiomax- and heparin-treated patients. These events are listed by body system: Body as a Whole: fever, infection, sepsis; Cardiovascular: hypotension, syncope, vascular anomaly, ventricular fibrillation; Nervous: cerebral ischemia, confusion, facial paralysis; Respiratory: lung edema; Urogenital: kidney failure, oliguria.
In the double-blind, randomized REPLACE-2 trial comparing Angiomax with "provisional" GPI to Heparin plus GPI described above similar adverse events were reported in both treatment groups:

Table 7. Adverse Events Other Than Bleeding Occurring in >/=2% of Patients in Either Treatment Group in REPLACE-2

EVENT	Treatment Group
	ANGIOMAX with " provisional " GPI n=2914	HEPARIN + GPI n=2987
	Number of Patients (%)
Cardiovascular
Hypotension	91 (3.1)	120 (4.0)
Angina Pectoris	155 (5.3)	156 (5.2)
Gastrointestinal
Nausea	86 (3.0)	96 (3.2)
Miscellaneous
Back pain	268 (9.2)	263 (8.8)
Pain	98 (3.4)	72 (2.4)
Chest pain	68 (2.3)	69 (2.3)
Headache	75 (2.6)	83 (2.8)
Injection site pain	80 (2.7)	80 (2.7)

Post-marketing Events:
The following events have been reported: fatal bleeding; hypersensitivity and allergic reactions including very rare reports of anaphylaxis; thrombus formation during PCI with and without intracoronary brachytherapy, including reports of fatal outcomes.
OVERDOSAGE
Single bolus doses of Angiomax up to 7.5 mg/kg have been reported without associated bleeding or other adverse events.Discontinuation of Angiomax leads to a gradual reduction in anticoagulant effects due to metabolism of the drug. In cases of overdosage, treatment with Angiomax should be immediately discontinued and the patient monitored closely for signs of bleeding. Angiomax is hemodialyzable (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY , Pharmacokinetics ). There is no known antidote to Angiomax.
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
The recommended dose of Angiomax is an intravenous (IV) bolus dose of 0.75 mg/kg. This should be followed by an infusion of 1.75 mg/kg/h for the duration of the PCI procedure. Five min after the bolus dose has been administered, an ACT should be performed and an additional bolus of 0.3 mg/kg should be given if needed. GPI administration should be considered in the event any of the conditions listed in CLINICAL TRIALS -REPLACE-2 is present.
Continuation of the infusion for up to 4 hours post-procedure is optional, at the discretion of the treating physician. After 4 hours, an additional IV infusion of Angiomax may be initiated at a rate of 0.2 mg/kg/h for up to 20 hours, if needed. Angiomax is intended for use with aspirin (300-325 mg daily) and has been studied only in patients receiving concomitant aspirin.
SPECIAL POPULATIONS
Renal Impairment:
The infusion dose of Angiomax may need to be reduced, and anticoagulant status monitored in patients with renal impairment. Patients with moderate renal impairment (30-59 mL/min) should receive 1.75 mg/kg/h. If the creatinine clearance is less than 30 mL/min, reduction of the infusion rate to 1.0 mg/kg/h should be considered. If a patient is on hemodialysis, the infusion should be reduced to 0.25 mg/kg/h. No reduction in the bolus dose is needed. See Table 1 in CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY for details regarding the half-life in patients with renal impairment.
Instructions for Administration:
Angiomax® (bivalirudin) is intended for intravenous injection and infusion after dilution. To each 250 mg vial add 5 mL of Sterile Water for Injection, USP. Gently swirl until all material is dissolved. Each reconstituted vial should be further diluted in 50 mL of 5% Dextrose in Water or 0.9% Sodium Chloride for Injection to yield a final concentration of 5 mg/mL (e.g., 1 vial in 50 mL; 2 vials in 100 mL; 5 vials in 250 mL). The dose to be administered is adjusted according to the patient's weight, see Table 8.
If the low-rate infusion is used after the initial infusion, a lower concentration bag should be prepared. In order to prepare this bag, reconstitute the 250 mg vial with 5 mL of Sterile Water for Injection, USP. Gently swirl until all material is dissolved. Each reconstituted vial should be further diluted in 500 mL of 5% Dextrose in Water or 0.9% Sodium Chloride for Injection to yield a final concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. The infusion rate to be administered should be selected from the right-hand column in Table 8.

Table 8. Dosing Table

Weight	Using 5 mg/mL Concentration		Using 0.5 mg/mL Concentration
	Bolus (0.75 mg/kg)	Infusion (1.75 mg/kg/hr)	Subsequent Low-rate Infusion (0.2 mg/kg/hr)
(kg)	(mL)	(mL/hr)	(mL/hr)
43-47	7	16	18
48-52	7.5	17.5	20
53-57	8	19	22
58-62	9	21	24
63-67	10	23	26
68-72	10.5	24.5	28
73-77	11	26	30
78-82	12	28	32
83-87	13	30	34
88-92	13.5	31.5	36
93-97	14	33	38
98-102	15	35	40
103-107	16	37	42
108-112	16.5	38.5	44
113-117	17	40	46
118-122	18	42	48
123-127	19	44	50
128-132	19.5	45.5	52
133-137	20	47	54
138-142	21	49	56
143-147	22	51	58
148-152	22.5	52.5	60

Angiomax should be administered via an intravenous line. No incompatibilities have been observed with glass bottles or polyvinyl chloride bags and administration sets. The following drugs should not be administered in the same intravenous line with Angiomax, since they resulted in haze formation, microparticulate formation, or gross precipitation when mixed with Angiomax: alteplase, amiodarone HCl, amphotericin B, chlorpromazine HCl, diazepam, prochlorperazine edisylate, reteplase, streptokinase, and vancomycin HCl. Dobutamine was compatible at concentrations up to 4 mg/mL but incompatible at a concentration of 12.5 mg/mL.
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration. Preparations of Angiomax containing particulate matter should not be used. Reconstituted material will be a clear to slightly opalescent, colorless to slightly yellow solution.
Storage after Reconstitution:
Do not freeze reconstituted or diluted Angiomax. Reconstituted material may be stored at 2-8°C for up to 24 hours. Diluted Angiomax with a concentration of between 0.5 mg/mL and 5 mg/mL is stable at room temperature for up to 24 hours. Discard any unused portion of reconstituted solution remaining in the vial.
HOW SUPPLIED
Angiomax® (bivalirudin) is supplied as a sterile, lyophilized product in single-use, glass vials. After reconstitution, each vial delivers 250 mg of Angiomax.
Store Angiomax dosage units at 20-25°C (68-77°F). Excursions to 15-30°C permitted. [See USP Controlled Room Temperature.]
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包装规格：
美国商标名：Angiomax
250mg/瓶*10瓶/盒

欧洲商标名：Angiox
250mg/瓶*10瓶/盒

CHMP核准Angiox® (比伐卢定)用于接受急诊心脏手术的心脏病发作患者
-该核准基于具有里程碑意义的HORIZONS-AMI 试验的数据-
新泽西州PARSIPPANY -- (美国商业资讯) - Medicines公司(NASDAQ:MDCO)今天宣布，人用药品委员会(CHMP)已核准，Angiox (比伐卢定)的适应证可扩大至接受一种名为经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的急诊心脏手术的心脏病发作(即所谓ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI))患者，该核准适用于欧盟/欧洲经济区的所有成员国。该核准的依据是具有里程碑意义的HORIZONS-AMI研究，该试验首次阐明，药物可降低接受PCI的患者心脏病发作的死亡率。该试验显示，与目前主流的治疗即肝素联合一种血小板糖蛋白IIb/IIIa抑制剂(GPI)相比，接受Angiox治疗的患者生存率更高、严重出血更少。
法国巴黎Bichat医疗中心的Gabriel Steg教授评论道："与标准治疗相比，比伐卢定在直接PCI治疗期间持续降低全因死亡率和心血管死亡率，为直接PCI时换用比伐卢定作为优选抗凝剂提供了有力的例证。"
HORIZONS-AMI试验
HORIZONS-AMI试验比较Angiox与肝素联合一种GPI治疗3,602例接受急诊(直接)PCI且心脏病发作症状表现最严重的患者(其中57%从欧洲募集)。
30天时的结果显示，与对照治疗相比，Angiox：
•显著降低总体死亡率，其中心脏相关死亡率降低38% (1.8% vs. 2.9%, p=0.03)。
•显著降低重大出血发生率42% (5.1% vs. 8.8%, p< 0.0001)。
•显著降低纯临床不良事件(心脏重大不良事件或重大出血构成的复合指标)发生率26% (9.3% vs. 12.7%, p = 0.0015)。
•心脏重大不良事件发生率相当(5.4% vs. 5.5%, p = 0.8901)。
HORIZONS-AMI试验的长期结果数据近期已发表，其中，1年数据近期发表于《柳叶刀》杂志，2年数据近期在2009年度经导管心血管治疗(TCT)大会上呈报，这些数据显示，30天时心脏病死亡率显著降低38%，1年时维持于43%，2年时维持于41%，这证实了30天死亡率的效益。
法国Pitié-Salpêtrière医院的Gilles Montalescot教授说："HORIZONS-AMI试验证实，Angiox可作为接受直接PCI的急性心肌梗死患者的备选抗凝剂。比伐卢定的安全性优于普通肝素联合GPIIb/IIIa抑制剂，在当前这个循证医学的时代，该结果对于介入心脏病学而言是实在的贡献。"
既往研究已显示，血管成形术患者重大出血越少，长期生存率越高。迄今为止已有27,000多例患者在各项临床试验中接受过比伐卢定。在因稳定型心绞痛、不稳定型心绞痛和非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)而接受血管成形术的患者中，与肝素联合GPI 相比，Angiox治疗组出血更少，而复合缺血发生率相似。
关于ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)
STEMI是心脏病发作中最严重的类型，死亡率和致残率极高。STEMI可造成心肌损伤，其表征是心电图显著异常即ST段抬高。根据诊疗指南建议，STEMI患者应及早进行机械或药物再通，以防止心脏进一步受损。据估计，欧盟每年进行1百万台PCI，其中150,000台是治疗STEMI患者的直接PCI。
STEMI属于急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)谱系，由冠状动脉基础疾病急性恶化所致。ACS还包括非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(NSTEMI)和不稳定型心绞痛(UA)。NSTEMI通常由冠状动脉不完全阻塞引起的心肌局部受损所致。UA表现为静息或劳力时胸痛，系心肌缺血所致。稳定型心绞痛表现为劳力时可预期的胸痛，静息时可缓解，不属于ACS。
关于Angiox
Angiox是一种凝血酶直接抑制剂，其作用机制具有自然可逆性，半衰期为25分钟。临床试验显示，在接受PCI的患者中，与肝素联合GPI相比，Angiox治疗可显著降低重大出血发生率，并在数值上降低1年死亡率，因此，Angiox可改善接受PCI的患者所有风险谱系的临床转归。
Angiox目前在欧洲获准用于接受PCI的成人患者的抗凝治疗以及用于治疗拟行急诊或早期介入治疗的不稳定型心绞痛/非ST段抬高型心肌梗死(UA/NSTEMI)成人患者。Angiox必须与阿司匹林和氯吡格雷一起给药。
临床试验中Angiox最常见的不良事件是出血和出血相关事件。任何无法解释的血压或红细胞压积下降，均应高度疑诊为出血事件，并停用Angiox。完整处方信息请参阅www.angiox.com.
Angiox是美国和其他地区的商品名为Angiomax。