【英文名称】CarboprostTromethamine 【别名】欣母沛。Hemabate。 【用法用量】 （1）流产和适应症1~4项：起始剂量为1ml欣母沛无菌溶液（含相当于250ug的卡前列素），用结核菌注射器做深部肌肉注射。此后依子宫反应，间隔1.5至3.5小时再次注射250ug的剂量。开始时亦可使用选择性的测试剂量100ug（0.4ml）。数次注射250ug（1ml）剂量后子宫收缩力仍不足时，剂量可增至500ug（2ml）。卡前列素氨丁三醇的总剂量不得超过12mg，且不建议连续使用超过两天以上。 （2）难治性产后子宫出血：起始剂量为250ug欣母沛无菌溶液（1ml欣母沛），做深部肌肉注射。临床实验显示，大部分成功的病例（73%）对单次注射即有反应。然而在某些选择性的病例中，间隔15至90分钟多次注射，也可得到良好的疗效。而注射次数和间隔的需要，应由专职医师根据病情而定，总剂量不得超过2mg（8次剂量）。 【功能主治】适用于妊娠期为13周至20周的流产，此妊娠期从正常末次月经的第一天算起，亦适用于下述与中期流产有关的情况： 1.其他方法不能将胎儿排出； 2.采用宫内方法时，由于胎膜早破导致药物流失，子宫收缩乏力； 3.需要进行子宫内药物重复滴注的流产； 4.尚无生存活力的胎儿出现意外的或自发性胎膜早破，但无力将胎儿排出。适用于常规处理方法无效的子宫收缩弛缓引起的产后出血现象。 【副作用】欣母沛无菌溶液的副作用一般为暂时性的，治疗结束后可恢复。最常见的不良反应多与它对平滑肌的收缩作用有关。试验患者中约2/3表现出呕吐和腹泻，1/3有恶心，1/8体温上升超过2℉，1/4出现潮红。 【注意事项】对欣母沛无菌溶液过敏的患者；急性盆腔炎的患者；有活动性心肺肾肝疾病的患者禁用。欣母沛无菌溶液与其他强力缩宫剂一样，必须严格遵循推荐剂量使用。 【原产地英文商品名】HEMABATE 250mcg/ml/Ampul/vial 【原产地英文药品名】CARBOPROST TROMETHAMINE 【中文参考商品译名】欣母沛 250微克/毫升/安醅/瓶 【中文参考药品译名】卡前列素氨丁三醇 【生产厂家中文参考译名】法玛西亚－普强 【生产厂家英文名】PHARMACIA AND UPJOHN Hemabate® carboprost tromethamine injection, USP Hemabate Description  Hemabate Sterile Solution, an oxytocic, contains the tromethamine salt of the (15S)-15 methyl analogue of naturally occurring prostaglandin F2α in a solution suitable for intramuscular injection. Carboprost tromethamine is the established name for the active ingredient in Hemabate. Four other chemical names are: (15S)-15-methyl prostaglandin F2α tromethamine salt 7 - (3α,5α - dihydroxy - 2β - [(3S) - 3 - hydroxy - 3 - methyl - trans - 1 - octenyl] - 1α - cyclopentyl] - cis - 5 - heptenoic acid compound with 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol (15S)-9α,11α,15-trihydroxy-15-methylprosta-cis-5, trans-13-dienoic acid tromethamine salt (15S)-15-methyl PGF2α-THAM The structural formula is represented below: The molecular formula is C25H47O8N. The molecular weight of carboprost tromethamine is 489.64. It is a white to slightly off-white crystalline powder. It generally melts between 95° and 105° C, depending on the rate of heating. Carboprost tromethamine dissolves readily in water at room temperature at a concentration greater than 75 mg/mL. Each mL of Hemabate Sterile Solution contains carboprost tromethamine equivalent to 250 mcg of carboprost, 83 mcg tromethamine, 9 mg sodium chloride, and 9.45 mg benzyl alcohol added as preservative. When necessary, pH is adjusted with sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid. The solution is sterile. Hemabate - Clinical Pharmacology Carboprost tromethamine administered intramuscularly stimulates in the gravid uterus myometrial contractions similar to labor contractions at the end of a full term pregnancy. Whether or not these contractions result from a direct effect of carboprost on the myometrium has not been determined. Nonetheless, they evacuate the products of conception from the uterus in most cases. Postpartum, the resultant myometrial contractions provide hemostasis at the site of placentation. Carboprost tromethamine also stimulates the smooth muscle of the human gastrointestinal tract. This activity may produce the vomiting or diarrhea or both that is common when carboprost tromethamine is used to terminate pregnancy and for use postpartum. In laboratory animals and also in humans carboprost tromethamine can elevate body temperature. With the clinical doses of carboprost tromethamine used for the termination of pregnancy, and for use postpartum, some patients do experience transient temperature increases. In laboratory animals and in humans large doses of carboprost tromethamine can raise blood pressure, probably by contracting the vascular smooth muscle. With the doses of carboprost tromethamine used for terminating pregnancy, this effect has not been clinically significant. In laboratory animals and also in humans carboprost tromethamine can elevate body temperature. With the clinical doses of carboprost tromethamine used for the termination of pregnancy, some patients do experience temperature increases. In some patients, carboprost tromethamine may cause transient bronchoconstriction. Drug plasma concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay in peripheral blood samples collected by different investigators from 10 patients undergoing abortion. The patients had been injected intramuscularly with 250 micrograms of carboprost at two hour intervals. Blood levels of drug peaked at an average of 2060 picograms/mL one-half hour after the first injection then declined to an average concentration of 770 picograms/mL two hours after the first injection just before the second injection. The average plasma concentration one-half hour after the second injection was slightly higher (2663 picograms/mL) than that after the first injection and decreased again to an average of 1047 picograms/mL by two hours after the second injection. Plasma samples were collected from 5 of these 10 patients following additional injections of the prostaglandin. The average peak concentrations of drug were slightly higher following each successive injection of the prostaglandin, but always decreased to levels less than the preceding peak values by two hours after each injection. Five women who had delivery spontaneously at term were treated immediately postpartum with a single injection of 250 micrograms of carboprost tromethamine. Peripheral blood samples were collected at several times during the four hours following treatment and carboprost tromethamine levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. The highest concentration of carboprost tromethamine was observed at 15 minutes in two patients (3009 and 2916 picograms/mL), at 30 minutes in two patients (3097 and 2792 picograms/mL), and at 60 minutes in one patient (2718 picograms/mL). Indications and Usage for Hemabate Hemabate Sterile Solution is indicated for aborting pregnancy between the 13th and 20th weeks of gestation as calculated from the first day of the last normal menstrual period and in the following conditions related to second trimester abortion: Failure of expulsion of the fetus during the course of treatment by another method; Premature rupture of membranes in intrauterine methods with loss of drug and insufficient or absent uterine activity; Requirement of a repeat intrauterine instillation of drug for expulsion of the fetus; Inadvertent or spontaneous rupture of membranes in the presence of a previable fetus and absence of adequate activity for expulsion. Hemabate is indicated for the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage due to uterine atony which has not responded to conventional methods of management. Prior treatment should include the use of intravenously administered oxytocin, manipulative techniques such as uterine massage and, unless contraindicated, intramuscular ergot preparations. Studies have shown that in such cases, the use of Hemabate has resulted in satisfactory control of hemorrhage, although it is unclear whether or not ongoing or delayed effects of previously administered ecbolic agents have contributed to the outcome. In a high proportion of cases, Hemabate used in this manner has resulted in the cessation of life threatening bleeding and the avoidance of emergency surgical intervention. Contraindications Hypersensitivity to Hemabate Sterile Solution Acute pelvic inflammatory disease Patients with active cardiac, pulmonary, renal or hepatic disease  Warnings Hemabate Sterile Solution (carboprost tromethamine), like other potent oxytocic agents, should be used only with strict adherence to recommended dosages. Hemabate should be used by medically trained personnel in a hospital which can provide immediate intensive care and acute surgical facilities. Hemabate does not appear to directly affect the fetoplacental unit. Therefore, the possibility does exist that the previable fetus aborted by Hemabate could exhibit transient life signs. Hemabate is not indicated if the fetus in utero has reached the stage of viability. Hemabate should not be considered a feticidal agent. Evidence from animal studies has suggested that certain other prostaglandins have some teratogenic potential. Although these studies do not indicate that Hemabate is teratogenic, any pregnancy termination with Hemabate that fails should be completed by some other means. This product contains benzyl alcohol. Benzyl alcohol has been reported to be associated with a fatal "Gasping Syndrome" in premature infants. Precautions General Animal studies lasting several weeks at high doses have shown that prostaglandins of the E and F series can induce proliferation of bone. Such effects have also been noted in newborn infants who have received prostaglandin E1 during prolonged treatment. There is no evidence that short term administration of Hemabate Sterile Solution can cause similar bone effects. In patients with a history of asthma, hypo- or hypertension, cardiovascular, renal, or hepatic disease, anemia, jaundice, diabetes, or epilepsy, Hemabate should be used cautiously. As with any oxytocic agent, Hemabate should be used with caution in patients with compromised (scarred) uteri. Abortion As with spontaneous abortion, a process which is sometimes incomplete, abortion induced by Hemabate may be expected to be incomplete in about 20% of cases. Although the incidence of cervical trauma is extremely small, the cervix should always be carefully examined immediately post-abortion. Use of Hemabate is associated with transient pyrexia that may be due to its effect on hypothalamic thermoregulation. Temperature elevations exceeding 2° F (1.1° C) were observed in approximately one-eighth of the patients who received the recommended dosage regimen. In all cases, temperature returned to normal when therapy ended. Differentiation of post-abortion endometritis from drug-induced temperature elevations is difficult, but with increasing clinical experience, the distinctions become more obvious and are summarized below:    Endometritis pyrexia Pyrexia induced by Hemabate 1. Time of onset: Typically, on third post-abortional day (38° C or higher). Within 1 to 16 hours after the first injection. 2. Duration: Untreated pyrexia and infection continue and may give rise to other pelvic infections. Temperatures revert to pretreatment levels after discontinuation of therapy without any other treatment. 3. Retention: Products of conception are often retained in the cervical os or uterine cavity. Temperature elevation occurs whether or not tissue is retained. 4. Histology: Endometrium is infiltrated with lymphocytes and some areas are necrotic and hemorrhagic. Although the endometrial stroma may be edematous and vascular, it is not inflamed. 5. The uterus: Often remains boggy and soft with tenderness over the fundus, and pain on moving the cervix on bimanual examination. Uterine involution normal and uterus is not tender. 6. Discharge: Often associated with foul-smelling lochia and leukorrhea. Lochia normal. 7. Cervical culture: The culture of pathological organisms from the cervix or uterine cavity after abortion alone does not warrant the diagnosis of septic abortion in the absence of clinical evidence of sepsis. Pathogens have been cultured soon after abortion in patients with no infections. Persistent positive culture with clear clinical signs of infections are significant in the differential diagnosis. 8. Blood count: Leukocytosis and differential white cell counts do not distinguish between endometritis and hyperthermia caused by Hemabate since total WBC's may increase during infection and transient leukocytosis may also be drug-induced. Fluids should be forced in patients with drug-induced fever and no clinical or bacteriological evidence of intrauterine infection. Any other simple empirical measures for temperature reduction are unnecessary because all fevers induced by Hemabate have been transient or self-limiting. Postpartum Hemorrhage Increased blood pressure. In the postpartum hemorrhage series, 5/115 (4%) of patients had an increase of blood pressure reported as a side effect. The degree of hypertension was moderate and it is not certain as to whether this was in fact due to a direct effect of Hemabate or a return to a status of pregnancy associated hypertension manifest by the correction of hypovolemic shock. In any event the cases reported did not require specific therapy for the elevated blood pressure. Use in patients with chorioamnionitis. During the clinical trials with Hemabate, chorioamnionitis was identified as a complication contributing to postpartum uterine atony and hemorrhage in 8/115 (7%) of cases, 3 of which failed to respond to Hemabate. This complication during labor may have an inhibitory effect on the uterine response to Hemabate similar to what has been reported for other oxytocic agents.1 Drug Interactions Hemabate may augment the activity of other oxytocic agents. Concomitant use with other oxytocic agents is not recommended. Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Carcinogenic bioassay studies have not been conducted in animals with Hemabate due to the limited indications for use and short duration of administration. No evidence of mutagenicity was observed in the Micronucleus Test or Ames Assay. Pregnancy Teratogenic Effects Pregnancy Category C Animal studies do not indicate that Hemabate is teratogenic, however, it has been shown to be embryotoxic in rats and rabbits and any dose which produces increased uterine tone could put the embryo or fetus at risk. Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established. Adverse Reactions The adverse effects of Hemabate Sterile Solution are generally transient and reversible when therapy ends. The most frequent adverse reactions observed are related to its contractile effect on smooth muscle. In patients studied, approximately two-thirds experienced vomiting and diarrhea, approximately one-third had nausea, one-eighth had a temperature increase greater than 2° F, and one-fourteenth experienced flushing. The pretreatment or concurrent administration of antiemetic and antidiarrheal drugs decreases considerably the very high incidence of gastrointestinal effects common with all prostaglandins used for abortion. Their use should be considered an integral part of the management of patients undergoing abortion with Hemabate. Of those patients experiencing a temperature elevation, approximately one-sixteenth had a clinical diagnosis of endometritis. The remaining temperature elevations returned to normal within several hours after the last injection. Adverse effects observed during the use of Hemabate for abortion and for hemorrhage, not all of which are clearly drug related, in decreasing order of frequency include: Vomiting Diarrhea Nausea Flushing or hot flashes Chills or shivering Coughing Headaches Endometritis Hiccough Dysmenorrhea-like     pain Paresthesia Backache Muscular pain Breast tenderness Eye pain Drowsiness Dystonia Asthma Injection site pain Tinnitus Vertigo Vaso-vagal syndrome Dryness of mouth Hyperventilation Respiratory distress Hematemesis Taste alterations Urinary tract infection Septic shock Torticollis Lethargy Hypertension Tachycardia Pulmonary edema Endometritis from     IUCD Nervousness Nosebleed Sleep disorders Dyspnea Tightness in chest Wheezing Posterior cervical     perforation Weakness Diaphoresis Dizziness Blurred vision Epigastric pain Excessive thirst Twitching eyelids Gagging, retching Dry throat Sensation of choking Thyroid storm Syncope Palpitations Rash Upper respiratory     infection Leg cramps Perforated uterus Anxiety Chest pain Retained placental     fragment Shortness of breath Fullness of throat Uterine sacculation Faintness, light-     headedness Uterine rupture The most common complications when Hemabate was utilized for abortion requiring additional treatment after discharge from the hospital were endometritis, retained placental fragments, and excessive uterine bleeding, occurring in about one in every 50 patients. Hemabate Dosage and Administration 1. Abortion and Indications 1–4 An initial dose of 1 mL of Hemabate Sterile Solution (containing the equivalent of 250 micrograms of carboprost) is to be administered deep in the muscle with a tuberculin syringe. Subsequent doses of 250 micrograms should be administered at 1½ to 3½ hour intervals depending on uterine response. An optional test dose of 100 micrograms (0.4 mL) may be administered initially. The dose may be increased to 500 micrograms (2 mL) if uterine contractility is judged to be inadequate after several doses of 250 micrograms (1 mL). The total dose administered of carboprost tromethamine should not exceed 12 milligrams and continuous administration of the drug for more than two days is not recommended. 2. For Refractory Postpartum Uterine Bleeding An initial dose of 250 micrograms of Hemabate Sterile Solution (1 mL of Hemabate) is to be given deep, intramuscularly. In clinical trials it was found that the majority of successful cases (73%) responded to single injections. In some selected cases, however, multiple dosing at intervals of 15 to 90 minutes was carried out with successful outcome. The need for additional injections and the interval at which these should be given can be determined only by the attending physicians as dictated by the course of clinical events. The total dose of Hemabate should not exceed 2 milligrams (8 doses). Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. How is Hemabate Supplied Hemabate Sterile Solution is available in the following packages: 1 mL ampoules                    NDC 0009-0856-05 10 × 1 mL ampoules           NDC 0009-0856-08 Each mL of Hemabate contains carboprost tromethamine equivalent to 250 mcg of carboprost. Hemabate must be refrigerated at 2° to 8° C (36° to 46° F).