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英文药名：ZELBORAF(VEMURAFENIB Filmcoated Tablets) 中文药名：威罗菲尼片 维罗菲尼片 生产厂家：罗氏制药
Exposure-dependent QT prolongation was observed in an uncontrolled, open-label phase II study in previously treated patients with metastatic melanoma. Management of QTc prolongation may require specific monitoring measures (see section 4.4). Table 2: Dose modification schedule based on prolongation of the QT interval
Older peopl No special dose adjustment is required in patients aged > 65 years old. Renal impairment Limited data are available in patients with renal impairment. A risk for increased exposure in patients with severe renal impairment cannot be excluded. Patients with severe renal impairment should be closely monitored (see sections 4.4 and 5.2). Hepatic impairment Limited data are available in patients with hepatic impairment. As vemurafenib is cleared by the liver, patients with moderate to severe hepatic impairment may have increased exposure and should be closely monitored (see sections 4.4 and 5.2). Paediatric population The safety and efficacy of vemurafenib has not been yet established in children and adolescents (<18 years). No data are available. Non-Caucasian patients The safety and efficacy of vemurafenib has not been established in non-Caucasian patients. No data are available. Method of administration Vemurafenib tablets are to be swallowed whole with water. Vemurafenib tablets should not be chewed or crushed. 4.3 Contraindications Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1. 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use Before taking vemurafenib, patients must have BRAF V600 mutation-positive tumour status confirmed by a validated test. The efficacy and safety of vemurafenib in patients with tumours expressing rare BRAF V600 mutations other than V600E and V600K have not been convincingly established (see section 5.1). Vemurafenib should not be used in patients with wild type BRAF malignant melanoma. Hypersensitivity reaction Serious hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis have been reported in association with vemurafenib (see sections 4.3 and 4.8). Severe hypersensitivity reactions may include Stevens-Johnson syndrome, generalised rash, erythema or hypotension. In patients who experience severe hypersensitivity reactions, vemurafenib treatment should be permanently discontinued. Dermatologic reactions Severe dermatologic reactions have been reported in patients receiving vemurafenib, including rare cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in the pivotal clinical trial. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) has been reported in association with vemurafenib in the post marketing setting (see section 4.8). In patients who experience a severe dermatologic reaction, vemurafenib treatment should be permanently discontinued. QT prolongation Exposure-dependent QT prolongation was observed in an uncontrolled, open-label phase II study in previously treated patients with metastatic melanoma (see section 4.8). QT prolongation may lead to an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias including Torsade de Pointes. Treatment with vemurafenib is not recommended in patients with uncorrectable electrolyte abnormalities (including magnesium), long QT syndrome or who are taking medicinal products known to prolong the QT interval. Electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrolytes (including magnesium) must be monitored in all patients before treatment with vemurafenib, after one month of treatment and after dose modification. Further monitoring is recommended in particular in patients with moderate to severe hepatic impairment monthly during the first 3 months of treatment followed by every 3 months thereafter or more often as clinically indicated. Initiation of treatment with vemurafenib is not recommended in patients with QTc>500 milliseconds (ms). If during treatment the QTc exceeds 500 ms, vemurafenib treatment should be temporarily interrupted, electrolyte abnormalities (including magnesium) should be corrected, and cardiac risk factors for QT prolongation (e.g. congestive heart failure, bradyarrhythmias) should be controlled. Re-initiation of treatment should occur once the QTc decreases below 500 ms and at a lower dose as described in table 2. Permanent discontinuation of vemurafenib treatment is recommended if the QTc increase meets values of both >500 ms and >60 ms change from pre-treatment values. Ophthalmologic reactions Serious ophthalmologic reactions, including uveitis, iritis and retinal vein occlusion, have been reported. Monitor patients routinely for ophthalmologic reactions. Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (cuSCC) Cases of cuSCC (which include those classified as keratoacanthoma or mixed keratoacanthoma subtype) have been reported in patients treated with vemurafenib (see section 4.8). It is recommended that all patients receive a dermatologic evaluation prior to initiation of therapy and be monitored routinely while on therapy. Any suspicious skin lesions should be excised, sent for dermatopathologic evaluation and treated as per local standard of care. The prescriber should examine the patient monthly during and up to six months after treatment for cuSCC. In patients who develop cuSCC, it is recommended to continue the treatment without dose adjustment. Monitoring should continue for 6 months following discontinuation of vemurafenib or until initiation of another anti-neoplastic therapy. Patients should be instructed to inform their physicians upon the occurrence of any skin changes. Non-Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (non-cuSCC) Cases of non-cuSCC have been reported in clinical trials where patients received vemurafenib. Patients should undergo a head and neck examination, consisting of at least a visual inspection of oral mucosa and lymph node palpation prior to initiation of treatment and every 3 months during treatment. In addition, patients should undergo a chest Computerised Tomography (CT) scan, prior to treatment and every 6 months during treatment. Anal examinations and pelvic examinations (for women) are recommended before and at the end of treatment or when considered clinically indicated. Following discontinuation of vemurafenib, monitoring for non-cuSCC should continue for up to 6 months or until initiation of another anti-neoplastic therapy. Abnormal findings should be managed according to clinical practices. New primary melanoma New primary melanomas have been reported in clinical trials. Cases were managed with excision and patients continued treatment without dose adjustment. Monitoring for skin lesions should occur as outlined above for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Other Malignancies Based on mechanism of action, vemurafenib may cause progression of cancers associated with RAS mutations (see section 4.8). Carefully consider benefits and risks before administering vemurafenib to patients with a prior or concurrent cancer associated with RAS mutation. Pancreatitis Pancreatitis has been reported in vemurafenib-treated subjects. Unexplained abdominal pain should be promptly investigated (including measurement of serum amylase and lipase). Patients should be closely monitored when re-starting vemurafenib after an episode of pancreatitis. Liver injury Liver injury, including cases of severe liver injury, has been reported with vemurafenib (see section 4.8). Liver enzymes (transaminases and alkaline phosphatase) and bilirubin should be monitored before initiation of treatment and monthly during treatment, or as clinically indicated. Laboratory abnormalities should be managed with dose reduction, treatment interruption or with treatment discontinuation (see sections 4.2 and 4.8). Hepatic impairment No adjustment to the starting dose is needed for patients with hepatic impairment. Patients with mild hepatic impairment due to liver metastases without hyperbilirubinaemia may be monitored according to the general recommendations. There are only very limited data available in patients with moderate to severe hepatic impairment. Patients with moderate to severe hepatic impairment may have increased exposure (see section 5.2). Thus close monitoring is warranted especially after the first few weeks of treatment as accumulation may occur over an extended period of time (several weeks). In addition ECG monitoring every month during the first three months is recommended. Renal impairment No adjustment to the starting dose is needed for patients with mild or moderate renal impairment. There are only limited data available in patients with severe renal impairment (see section 5.2). Vemurafenib should be used with caution in patients with severe renal impairment and patients should be closely monitored. Photosensitivity Mild to severe photosensitivity was reported in patients who received vemurafenib in clinical studies (see section 4.8). All patients should be advised to avoid sun exposure while taking vemurafenib. While taking the medicinal product, patients should be advised to wear protective clothing and use a broad spectrum Ultraviolet A (UVA)/Ultraviolet B (UVB) sunscreen and lip balm (Sun Protection Factor ≥ 30) when outdoors to help protect against sunburn. For photosensitivity grade 2 (intolerable) or greater, dose modifications are recommended (see section 4.2). Effects of vemurafenib on other medicinal products Vemurafenib may increase the plasma exposure of medicinal products predominantly metabolised by CYP1A2 and decrease the plasma exposure of medicines predominantly metabolised by CYP3A4, including oral contraceptives. Dose adjustments for medicinal products predominantly metabolised via CYP1A2 or CYP3A4 should be considered based on their therapeutic windows before concomitantly treating with vemurafenib (see sections 4.5 and 4.6). Exercise caution and consider additional INR (International Normalised Ratio) monitoring when vemurafenib is used concomitantly with warfarin. Effect of other medicinal products on vemurafenib Vemurafenib pharmacokinetics could be affected by medicines that inhibit or influence P-gp (e.g. verapamil, clarithromycin, cyclosporine, ritonavir, quinidine, dronedarone, amiodarone, itraconazole, ranolazine) (see section 4.5). Concomitant administration of potent inducers of P-gp, glucuronidation, CYP3A4 (e.g. rifampicin, rifabutin, carbamazepine, phenytoin or St John's Wort [hypericin]) should be avoided when possible (see section 4.5). Alternative treatment with less inducing potential should be considered to maintain the efficacy of vemurafenib. Concurrent administration with ipilimumab In a Phase I trial, asymptomatic grade 3 increases in transaminases (ALT/AST >5 x ULN) and bilirubin (total bilirubin >3x ULN) were reported with concurrent administration of ipilimumab (3 mg/kg) and vemurafenib (960 mg BID or 720 mg BID). Based on these preliminary data, the concurrent administration of ipilimumab and vemurafenib is not recommended. 4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction Effects of vemurafenib on CYP substrates CYP1A2 inhibition was observed when a single dose of caffeine was co-administered after repeat dosing with vemurafenib for 15 days. This resulted in an average 2.5-fold increase (maximum up to 10-fold) in caffeine plasma exposure after vemurafenib treatment. Vemurafenib may increase the plasma exposure of substances predominantly metabolised by CYP1A2 and dose adjustments should be considered. CYP3A4 induction was observed when a single dose of midazolam was co-administered after repeat dosing with vemurafenib for 15 days. This resulted in an average 32% decrease (maximum up to 80%) in midazolam plasma exposure after vemurafenib treatment. Vemurafenib may decrease the plasma exposure of substances predominantly metabolised by CYP3A4. On this basis, the efficacy of contraceptive pills metabolised by CYP3A4 used concomitantly with vemurafenib might be decreased. Dose adjustments for CYP3A4 substrates with narrow therapeutic window should be considered (see sections 4.4 and 4.6). Mild induction of CYP2B6 by vemurafenib was noted in vitro at a vemurafenib concentration of 10 µM. It is currently unknown whether vemurafenib at a plasma level of 100 µM observed in patients at steady state (approximately 50 µg/ml) may decrease plasma concentrations of concomitantly administered CYP2B6 substrates, such as bupropion. When a single dose of warfarin was co-administered after repeat dosing with vemurafenib for 15 days, some patients exhibited increased warfarin exposure (mean 20%) (see section 4.4). Caution should be exercised when vemurafenib is co-administered with warfarin (CYP2C9) in patients with melanoma. Vemurafenib inhibited CYP2C8 in vitro. The in vivo relevance of this finding is unknown, but a risk for a clinically relevant effect on concomitantly administered CYP2C8 substrates cannot be excluded. Due to the long half-life of vemurafenib, the full inhibitory effect of vemurafenib on a concomitant medicinal product might not be observed before 8 days of vemurafenib treatment. After cessation of vemurafenib treatment, a washout of 8 days might be necessary to avoid an interaction with a subsequent treatment. Effects of vemurafenib on substance transport systems In vitro studies have demonstrated that vemurafenib is an inhibitor of the efflux transporters P-gp and BCRP. The clinical relevance of this finding is unknown. It cannot be excluded that vemurafenib may increase the exposure of other medicines transported by P-gp (e.g. aliskiren, colchicine, digoxin, everolimus, fexofenadine) or BCRP (e.g. methotrexate, mitoxantrone, rosuvastatin). Many anticancer drugs are substrates of P-gp and/or BCRP and therefore there is a theoretical risk for an interaction with vemurafenib. The possible effect of vemurafenib on other transporters is currently unknown. Effects of concomitant medicines on vemurafenib In vitro studies suggest that CYP3A4 metabolism and glucuronidation are responsible for the metabolism of vemurafenib. Biliary excretion appears to be another important elimination pathway. There are no clinical data available showing the effect of strong inducers or inhibitors of CYP3A4 and/or transport protein activity on vemurafenib exposure. Vemurafenib should be used with caution in combination with potent inhibitors of CYP3A4, glucuronidation and/or transport proteins (e.g. ritonavir, saquinavir, telithromycin, ketoconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, nefazodone, atazanavir). Concomitant administration of potent inducers of P-gp, glucuronidation, and/or CYP3A4 (e.g. rifampicin, rifabutin, carbamazepine, phenytoin or St John's Wort [Hypericum perforatum]) may lead to suboptimal exposure to vemurafenib and should be avoided. In vitro studies have demonstrated that vemurafenib is a substrate of the efflux transporters P-gp and BCRP. The effects of P-gp and BCRP inducers and inhibitors on vemurafenib exposure are unknown. It cannot be excluded that vemurafenib pharmacokinetics could be affected by medicines that influence P-gp (e.g. verapamil, cyclosporine, ritonavir, quinidine, itraconazole) or BCRP (e.g. cyclosporine, gefitinib). It is currently unknown whether vemurafenib is a substrate also to other transport proteins. 4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation Women of childbearing potential / Contraception in females Women of childbearing potential have to use effective contraception during treatment and for at least 6 months after treatment. Vemurafenib might decrease the efficacy of hormonal contraceptives (see section 4.5). Pregnancy There are no data regarding the use of vemurafenib in pregnant women. Vemurafenib revealed no evidence of teratogenicity in rat or rabbit embryo/foetuses (see section 5.3). In animal studies, vemurafenib was found to cross the placenta. Vemurafenib should not be administered to pregnant women unless the possible benefit to the mother outweighs the possible risk to the foetus. Breast-feeding It is not known whether vemurafenib is excreted in human milk. A risk to the newborns/infants cannot be excluded. A decision must be made whether to discontinue breast-feeding or to discontinue vemurafenib therapy taking into account the benefit of breast-feeding for the child and the benefit of therapy for the woman. Fertility No specific studies with vemurafenib have been conducted in animals to evaluate the effect on fertility. However, in repeat-dose toxicity studies in rats and dogs, no histopathological findings were noted on reproductive organs (see section 5.3). 4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines The effects of vemurafenib on the ability to drive and use machines have not been studied. Patients should be made aware of the potential fatigue or eye problems that could be a reason for not driving. 4.8 Undesirable effects Summary of the safety profile The most common adverse drug reactions (ADR) (> 30%) reported with vemurafenib include arthralgia, fatigue, rash, photosensitivity reaction, nausea, alopecia and pruritus. CuSCC was very commonly reported and was most commonly treated by local excision. Tabulated summary of adverse reactions ADRs which were reported in melanoma patients are listed below by MedDRA body system organ class, frequency and grade of severity. The following convention has been used for the classification of frequency: Very common ≥ 1/10 Common ≥ 1/100 to < 1/10 Uncommon ≥ 1/1,000 to < 1/100 Rare ≥ 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000 Very rare < 1/10,000 In this section, ADRs are based on results in 468 patients from a phase III randomised open label study in adult patients with BRAF V600 mutation-positive unresectable or stage IV melanoma, as well as a phase II single-arm study in patients with BRAF V600 mutation-positive stage IV melanoma who had previously failed at least one prior systemic therapy (see section 5.1). In addition ADRs originating from safety reports across all clinical trials and post-marketing sources are reported. All terms included are based on the highest percentage observed among phase II and phase III clinical trials. Within each frequency grouping, ADRs are presented in order of decreasing severity and were reported using NCI-CTCAE v 4.0 (common toxicity criteria) for assessment of toxicity. Table 3: ADRs occurring in patients treated with vemurafenib in the phase II or phase III study and events originating from safety reports across all trials* and post-marketing sources#.
Events originating from post-marketing sources. Progression of pre-existing chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia with NRAS mutation. + A causal relationship between the medicinal product and the adverse event is at least a reasonable possibility. Description of selected adverse reactions Hepatic enzyme increase (b) Liver enzyme abnormalities reported in the phase III clinical study are expressed below as the proportion of patients who experienced a shift from baseline to a grade 3 or 4 liver enzyme abnormalities: • Very common: GGT • Common: ALT, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin • Uncommon: AST There were no increases to Grade 4 ALT, alkaline phosphatase or bilirubin. Liver injury (f) Based on the criteria for drug induced liver injury developed by an international expert working group of clinicians and scientists, liver injury was defined as any one of the following laboratory abnormalities: • ≥ 5x ULN ALT • ≥ 2x ULN ALP (without other cause for ALP elevation) • ≥ 3x ULN ALT with simultaneous elevation of bilirubin concentration > 2x ULN Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (c) (cuSCC) Cases of cuSCC have been reported in patients treated with vemurafenib. The incidence of cuSCC in vemurafenib-treated patients across studies was approximately 20%. The majority of the excised lesions reviewed by an independent central dermatopathology laboratory were classified as SCC-keratoacanthoma subtype or with mixed-keratoacanthoma features (52%). Most lesions classified as “other” (43%) were benign skin lesions (e.g. verruca vulgaris, actinic keratosis, benign keratosis, cyst/benign cyst). CuSCC usually occurred early in the course of treatment with a median time to the first appearance of 7 to 8 weeks. Of the patients who experienced cuSCC, approximately 33% experienced > 1 occurrence with median time between occurrences of 6 weeks. Cases of cuSCC were typically managed with simple excision, and patients generally continued on treatment without dose modification (see sections 4.2 and 4.4). Non-cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (non-cuSCC) Cases of non-cuSCC have been reported in patients receiving vemurafenib while enrolled in clinical trials. Surveillance for non-cuSCC should occur as outlined in section 4.4. New primary melanoma New primary melanomas have been reported in clinical trials. These cases were managed with excision, and patients continued treatment without dose adjustment. Monitoring for skin lesions should occur as outlined in section 4.4. Hypersensitivity reactions (d) Serious hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis have been reported in association with vemurafenib. Severe hypersensitivity reactions may include Stevens-Johnson syndrome, generalised rash, erythema or hypotension. In patients who experience severe hypersensitivity reactions, vemurafenib treatment should be permanently discontinued (see section 4.4). Dermatologic Reactions (e) Severe dermatologic reactions have been reported in patients receiving vemurafenib, including rare cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in the pivotal clinical trial. In patients who experience a severe dermatologic reaction, vemurafenib treatment should be permanently discontinued. QT prolongation Analysis of centralised ECG data from an open-label uncontrolled phase II QT sub-study in 132 patients dosed with vemurafenib 960 mg twice daily (NP22657) showed an exposure-dependent QTc prolongation. The mean QTc effect remained stable between 12-15 ms beyond the first month of treatment, with the largest mean QTc prolongation (15.1 ms; upper 95% CI: 17.7 ms) observed within the first 6 months (n=90 patients). Two patients (1.5%) developed treatment-emergent absolute QTc values >500 ms (CTC Grade 3), and only one patient (0.8%) exhibited a QTc change from baseline of >60 ms (see section 4.4). Special populations Older people In the phase III study, ninety-four (28%) of 336 patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma treated with vemurafenib were ≥ 65 years. Older patients (≥ 65 years) may be more likely to experience adverse reactions, including cuSCC, decreased appetite, and cardiac disorders. Gender During clinical trials with vemurafenib, grade 3 adverse reactions reported more frequently in females than males were rash, arthralgia and photosensitivity. Reporting of suspected adverse reactions Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions (see details below). Ireland HPRA Pharmacovigilance Earlsfort Terrace IRL - Dublin 2 Tel: +353 1 6764971 Fax: +353 1 6762517 Website: www.hpra.ie e-mail: medsafety@hpra.ie Malta ADR Reporting Website: www.medicinesauthority.gov.mt/adrportal United Kingdom Yellow Card Scheme Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard 4.9 Overdose There is no specific antidote for overdose of vemurafenib. Patients who develop adverse reactions should receive appropriate symptomatic treatment. No cases of overdose have been observed with vemurafenib in clinical trials. In case of suspected overdose, vemurafenib should be withheld and supportive care initiated. 5. Pharmacological properties 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antineoplastic agents, protein kinase inhibitor, ATC code: L01XE15 Mechanism of action and pharmacodynamic effects Vemurafenib is a low molecular weight, orally available, inhibitor of BRAF serine-threonine kinase. Mutations in the BRAF gene which substitute the valine at amino acid position 600 result in constitutively activated BRAF proteins, which can cause cell proliferation in the absence of growth factors that would normally be required for proliferation. Preclinical data generated in biochemical assays demonstrated that vemurafenib can potently inhibit BRAF kinases with activating codon 600 mutations (table 4). Table 4: Kinase inhibitory activity of vemurafenib against different BRAF kinases
This inhibitory effect was confirmed in the ERK phosphorylation and cellular anti-proliferation assays in available melanoma cell lines expressing V600-mutant BRAF. In cellular anti-proliferation assays the IC50 against V600 mutated cell lines (V600E, V600R, V600D and V600K mutated cell lines) ranged from 0.016 to 1.131 μM whereas the inhibitory concentration 50 against BRAF wild type cell lines were 12.06 and 14.32 μM, respectively. Determination of BRAF mutation status Before taking vemurafenib, patients must have BRAF V600 mutation-positive tumour status confirmed by a validated test. In the phase II and phase III clinical trials, eligible patients were identified using a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay (the cobas 4800 BRAF V600 Mutation Test). This test has CE marking and is used to assess the BRAF mutation status of DNA isolated from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumour tissue. It was designed to detect the predominant BRAF V600E mutation with high sensitivity (down to 5% V600E sequence in a background of wild type sequence from FFPE-derived DNA). Non-clinical and clinical studies with retrospective sequencing analyses have shown that the test also detects the less common BRAF V600D mutations and V600K mutations with lower sensitivity. Of the specimens available from the non-clinical and clinical studies (n=920), that were mutation-positive by the cobas test and additionally analyzed by sequencing, no specimen was identified as being wild type by both Sanger and 454 sequencing. Clinical efficacy and safety The efficacy of vemurafenib has been evaluated in 336 patients from a phase III clinical trial (NO25026) and 132 patients from a phase II clinical trial (NP 22657). All patients were required to have advanced melanoma with BRAF V600 mutations according to the cobas 4800 BRAF V600 Mutation Test. Results from the Phase III study (NO25026) in previously untreated patients An open-label, multicentre, international, randomised phase III study supports the use of vemurafenib in previously untreated patients with BRAF V600E mutation-positive unresectable or metastatic melanoma. Patients were randomised to treatment with vemurafenib (960 mg twice daily) or dacarbazine (1000 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks). A total of 675 patients were randomised to vemurafenib (n=337) or dacarbazine (n=338). Most patients were male (56%) and Caucasian (99%), the median age was 54 years (24% were ≥ 65 years), all patients had ECOG performance status of 0 or 1, and the majority of patients had stage M1c disease (65%). The co-primary efficacy endpoints of the study were overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). At the pre-specified interim analysis with a December 30, 2010 data cut-off, significant improvements in the co-primary endpoints of OS (p<0.0001) and PFS (p<0.0001) (unstratified log-rank test) were observed. Upon Data Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) recommendation, those results were released in January 2011 and the study was modified to permit dacarbazine patients to cross over to receive vemurafenib. Post-hoc survival analyses were undertaken thereafter as described in table 5. Table 5: Overall survival in previously untreated patients with BRAF V600 mutation-positive melanoma by study cut-off date (N=338 dacarbazine, N=337 vemurafenib)
Non-censored results at time of cross-over: March 31 2011: HR (95% CI) = 0.47 (0.35, 0.62); October 3 2011: HR (95% CI) = 0.67 (0.54, 0.84); February 1 2012: HR (95% CI) = 0.76 (0.63, 0.93); December 20 2012: HR (95% CI) = 0.79 (0.66, 0.95) Figure 1: Kaplan-Meier curves of overall survival – previously untreated patients (December 20, 2012 cut-off)
Table 6 shows the treatment effect for all pre-specified stratification variables which are established as prognostic factors.
Table 7 shows the overall response rate and progression-free survival in previously untreated patients with BRAF V600 mutation-positive melanoma. Table 7: Overall response rate and progression-free survival in previously untreated patients with BRAF V600 mutation-positive melanoma
(i) As of December 30, 2010, a total of 549 patients were evaluable for PFS and 439 patients were evaluable for overall response rate. (j) As of February 01, 2012, a total of 675 patients were evaluable for the post-hoc analysis update of PFS. A total of 57 patients out of 673 whose tumours were analysed retrospectively by sequencing were reported to have BRAF V600K mutation-positive melanoma in NO25026. Although limited by the low number of patients, efficacy analyses among these patients with V600K-positive tumours suggested similar treatment benefit of vemurafenib in terms of OS, PFS and confirmed best overall response. No data are available in patients with melanoma harbouring rare BRAF V600 mutations other than V600E and V600K. Results from the phase II study (NP22657) in patients who failed at least one prior therapy A phase II single-arm, multi-centre, multinational study was conducted in 132 patients who had BRAF V600E mutation-positive metastatic melanoma according to the cobas 4800 BRAF V600 Mutation Test and had received at least one prior therapy. The median age was 52 years with 19% of patients being older than 65 years. The majority of patients was male (61%), Caucasian (99%), and had stage M1c disease (61%). Forty-nine percent of patients failed ≥ 2 prior therapies. With a median follow-up of 12.9 months (range, 0.6 to 20.1), the primary endpoint of confirmed best overall response rate (CR + PR) as assessed by an independent review committee (IRC) was 53% (95% CI: 44%, 62%). Median overall survival was 15.9 months (95% CI: 11.6, 18.3). The overall survival rate at 6 months was 77% (95% CI: 70%, 85%) and at 12 months was 58% (95% CI: 49%, 67%). Nine of the 132 patients enrolled into NP22657 had V600K mutation-positive tumours according to retrospective Sanger sequencing. Amongst these patients, 3 had a PR, 3 had SD, 2 had PD and one was not evaluable. 5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties Vemurafenib is a Class IV substance (low solubility and permeability), using the criteria described in the Biopharmaceutics Classification System. The pharmacokinetic parameters for vemurafenib were determined using non-compartmental analysis in a phase I and phase III studies (20 patients after 15 days of dosing at 960 mg twice daily, and 204 patients in steady state day 22) as well as by population PK analysis using pooled data from 458 patients. Among these patients, 457 were Caucasians. Absorption The absolute bioavailability of the vemurafenib 240 mg tablet is unknown. Vemurafenib at 960 mg twice daily is absorbed with a median Tmax of approximately 4 hours. Vemurafenib exhibits high inter-patient variability. In the phase II study, AUC0-8h and Cmax at day 1 were 22.1 ± 12.7 µg·h/mL and 4.1 ± 2.3 µg/mL. Accumulation occurs upon multiple twice daily dosing of vemurafenib. In the non-compartmental analysis, after dosing with 960 mg vemurafenib twice daily the Day 15 / Day 1 ratio ranged from 15- to 17-fold for AUC, and 13- to 14-fold for Cmax, yielding AUC0-8h and Cmax of 380.2 ± 143.6 µg·h/mL and 56.7 ± 21.8 µg/mL, respectively, under steady-state conditions. Food (high fat meal) increases the relative bioavailability of a single 960 mg dose of vemurafenib. The geometric mean ratios between the fed and fasted states for Cmax and AUC were 2.6 and 4.7 fold, respectively. The median Tmax was increased from 4 to 8 hours when a single vemurafenib dose was taken with food. The effect of food on steady state vemurafenib exposure is currently unknown. Consistent intake of vemurafenib on an empty stomach may lead to significantly lower steady state exposure than consistent intake of vemurafenib with or a short time after a meal. Occasional intake of vemurafenib on an empty stomach is expected to have limited influence on steady state exposure due to the high accumulation of vemurafenib at steady state. Safety and efficacy data from pivotal studies were collected from patients taking vemurafenib with or without food. Variability in exposure may also occur due to differences in gastro-intestinal fluid content, volumes, pH, motility and transition time and bile composition. At steady state, the mean vemurafenib exposure in plasma is stable during the 24-hour interval as indicated by the mean ratio of 1.13 between the plasma concentrations before and 2-4 hours after the morning dose. Following oral dosing, the absorption rate constant for the population of metastatic melanoma patients is estimated to be 0.19 hr-1 (with 101% between patient variability). Distribution The population apparent volume of distribution for vemurafenib in metastatic melanoma patients is estimated to be 91 L (with 64.8% between patient variability). It is highly bound to human plasma proteins in vitro (>99%). Biotransformation The relative proportions of vemurafenib and its metabolites were characterised in a human mass balance study with a single dose of 14C-labeled vemurafenib administered orally. CYP3A4 is the primary enzyme responsible for the metabolism of vemurafenib in vitro. Conjugation metabolites (glucuronidation and glycosylation) were also identified in humans. However, the parent compound was the predominant component (95%) in plasma. Although metabolism does not appear to result in a relevant amount of metabolites in plasma, the importance of metabolism for excretion cannot be excluded Elimination The population apparent clearance of vemurafenib in patients with metastatic melanoma is estimated to be 29.3 L/day (with 31.9% between patient variability). The population elimination half-life estimated by the population PK analysis for vemurafenib is 51.6 hours (the 5th and 95th percentile range of the individual half-life estimates is 29.8 - 119.5 hours). In the human mass balance study with vemurafenib administered orally, on average 95% of the dose was recovered within 18 days. The majority of vemurafenib-related material (94%) was recovered in faeces, and <1% in urine. Biliary excretion of unchanged compound may be an important route of elimination. However, due to the unknown absolute bioavailability, the importance of hepatic and renal excretion for the clearance of parent vemurafenib is uncertain. Vemurafenib is a substrate and inhibitor of P-gp in vitro. Special populations Older people Based on the population PK analysis, age has no statistically significant effect on vemurafenib pharmacokinetics. Gender The population pharmacokinetic analysis indicated a 17% greater apparent clearance (CL/F) and a 48% greater apparent volume of distribution (V/F) in males than in females. It is unclear whether this is a gender or a body size effect. However, the differences in exposure are not large enough to warrant dose adjustment based on body size or gender. Renal impairment In the population pharmacokinetic analysis using data from clinical trials in patients with metastatic melanoma, mild and moderate renal impairment did not influence the apparent clearance of vemurafenib (creatinine clearance >40 ml/min). There are no data in patients with severe renal impairment (see sections 4.2 and 4.4). Hepatic impairment Based on preclinical data and the human mass balance study, major part of vemurafenib is eliminated via the liver. In the population pharmacokinetic analysis using data from clinical trials in patients with metastatic melanoma, increases in AST and ALT up to three times the upper limit of normal did not influence the apparent clearance of vemurafenib. Data are insufficient to determine the effect of metabolic or excretory hepatic impairment on vemurafenib pharmacokinetics (see sections 4.2 and 4.4). Paediatric population No studies have been conducted to investigate the pharmacokinetics of vemurafenib in paediatric patients. 5.3 Preclinical safety data The preclinical safety profile of vemurafenib was assessed in rats, dogs, and rabbits. Repeat-dose toxicology studies identified the liver and bone marrow as target organs in the dog. Reversible toxic effects (hepatocellular necrosis and degeneration) in the liver at exposures below the anticipated clinical exposure (based on AUC comparisons) were noted in the 13-week dog study. Focal bone marrow necrosis was noted in one dog in a prematurely terminated 39-week BID dog study at exposures similar to the anticipated clinical exposure (based on AUC comparisons). In an in vitro bone marrow cytotoxicity study, slight cytotoxicity was observed in some lympho-haematopoietic cell populations of rat, dog and human at clinically relevant concentrations. Vemurafenib was shown to be phototoxic, in vitro, on cultured murine fibroblasts after UVA irradiation, but not in vivo in a rat study at doses up to 450 mg/kg/day (at exposures below the anticipated clinical exposure (based on AUC comparison). No specific studies with vemurafenib have been conducted in animals to evaluate the effect on fertility. However, in repeat-dose toxicity studies, no histopathological findings were noted on reproductive organs in males and females in rats and dogs at doses up to 450 mg/kg/day (at exposures below the anticipated clinical exposure based on AUC comparison). No teratogenicity was observed in embryofoetal development studies in rats and rabbits at doses up to respectively 250 mg/kg/day and 450 mg/kg/day leading to exposures below the anticipated clinical exposure (based on AUC comparison). However, exposures in the embryofoetal development studies were below the clinical exposure based on AUC comparison, it is therefore difficult to define to what extent these results can be extrapolated to humans. Therefore an effect of vemurafenib on the foetus cannot be excluded. No studies were performed regarding pre- and postnatal development. No signs of genotoxicity were identified in in vitro assays (bacterial mutation [AMES Assay], human lymphocyte chromosome aberration) nor in the in vivo rat bone marrow micronucleus test conducted with vemurafenib. Carcinogenicity studies have not been conducted with vemurafenib. 6. Pharmaceutical particulars 6.1 List of excipients Core Croscarmellose sodium Colloidal anhydrous silica Magnesium stearate Hydroxypropylcellulose Film-coating Polyvinyl alcohol Titanium dioxide (E171) Macrogol 3350 Talc Iron oxide red (E172） 6.2 Incompatibilities Not applicable. 6.3 Shelf life 3 years. 6.4 Special precautions for storage Store in the original package in order to protect from moisture. 6.5 Nature and contents of container Aluminium / Aluminium perforated unit dose blisters Pack-size: 56 x 1 film-coated tablets (7 blisters of 8 x 1 tablet) 6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements. 7. Marketing authorisation holder Roche Registration Limited 6 Falcon Way Shire Park Welwyn Garden City AL7 1TW United Kingdom 8. Marketing authorisation number(s) EU/1/12/751/001 9. Date of first authorisation/renewal of the authorisation Date of first authorisation: 17 February 2012 10. Date of revision of the text 16 April 2015 Detailed information on this medicinal product is available on the website of the European Medicines Agency http://www.ema.europa.eu. FDA批准Zelboraf（vemurafenib）用于治疗晚期或不能够切除的黑色素瘤患者 8月17日，美国食品和药物管理局批准Zelboraf（vemurafenib）用于治疗晚期或不能够切除（无法通过手术摘除）的黑色素瘤患者，黑色素瘤为最危险的皮肤癌类型。 Zelboraf特定的适应症为肿瘤细胞表达一种称为BRAF V600E基因突变的黑色素瘤患者。该药物还没有在通过FDA批准的诊断该突变阴性的黑色素瘤患者中进行研究。 Zelboraf被批准时还批准了首个称为cobas 4800 BRAF V600的突变检测，这是一种帮助确定患者的黑色素瘤细胞是否有BRAF V600E突变的同伴诊断。 BRAF蛋白的作用通常包括调节细胞的生长，但大约有一半的晚期黑色素瘤患者有该变异。Zelboraf是一种能够阻止V600E-突变BRAF蛋白的功能的BRAF抑制剂。 FDA药物评价和研究中心肿瘤药物产品部办公室主任Richard Pazdur博士表示，这是晚期黑色素瘤患者重要的一年。Zelboraf是显示可改善整体存活率的批准的第二个新的抗肿瘤药物。今年3月，我们批准了Yervoy （ipilimumab），另一种显示接受其治疗的晚期黑色素瘤患者存活的时间更长的药物。 Zelboraf经优先审查程序进行审核。Zelboraf和同伴诊断BRAF V600E检测的批准先于预期的日期，Zelboraf的目标日期为2011年10月28日，同伴诊断的目标日期为2011年11月12日。 单个纳入675例先前没有接受过治疗的BRAF V600E变异的晚期黑色素瘤患者的国际试验确定了Zelboraf的安全性和有效性。这些患者被随机分配接受Zelbora或另一种抗肿瘤药物达卡巴嗪。该试验的目的是测量总生存期（患者开始治疗至死亡之间的时间）。 接受Zelboraf治疗的患者的生存中值（治疗后患者存活的时间长度）尚未达到（77％的患者仍然存活），而接受dacarbazine治疗的患者的生存中值为8个月。 FDA器械和辐射健康中心体外诊断设备评估和安全办公室主任Alberto Gutierrez博士说，近日Zelboraf和同伴诊断的批准是很好的例子，这表明该如何开发和使用同伴诊断，确保患者以安全的方式暴露于高效和更加个性化的治疗。 FDA批准COBAS 4800 BRAF V600突变检测是基于还评估Zelboraf安全性和有效性的临床研究数据。收集患者的黑色素瘤组织样本用于检测基因突变。 接受Zelboraf治疗的患者报告的最常见的副作用包括关节痛、皮疹、脱发、乏力、恶心和暴露在阳光下的皮肤敏感。26％的患者患有被称为皮肤鳞状细胞癌的皮肤相关癌症，可通过手术进行治疗。接受Zelboraf治疗的患者应尽量避免阳光曝晒。 Zelboraf被批准时有用药指导，告知卫生保健专业人员和患者Zelboraf的潜在风险。 2011年7月，FDA发布了一个新的指导原则草案，以方便同伴诊断的发展和审核。 黑色素瘤是由于皮肤疾病死亡的主要原因。国家癌症研究所估计，美国在2010年期间大约新确诊68130例黑色素瘤患者；大约8700人死于该种疾病。 Zelboraf由罗氏集团的成员、位于南旧金山的基因泰克公司销售。cobas 4800 BRAF V600突变检测由加利福尼亚州普莱森顿罗氏分子系统生产。 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
