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部分中文AZACTAM处方资料（仅供参考）
药物名称：AZACTAM
药物别名：氨曲南，噻肟单酰胺菌素，AZACTAM
英文名称：Aztreonam
说 明：注射用 AZACTAM 每瓶1g（效价）。内含精氨酸0.78g（稳定、助溶用）。
功能作用：抗菌谱主要包括革兰阴性菌，诸如大肠杆菌、克雷白杆菌、沙雷杆菌、奇异变形杆菌、吲哚阳性变形杆菌、枸橼酸杆菌、流感嗜血杆菌、绿脓杆菌及其他假单胞菌、某些肠杆菌属、淋球菌等。
与头孢他定、庆大霉素相比、对产气杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌的作用高于头孢他定，但低于庆大霉素；对绿脓杆菌的作用低于头孢他定、与庆大霉素相近；对于质粒传导的β-内酰胺酶，本品较第3代头孢菌素为稳定。
口服不吸收，肌注1g，1小时血浓度达峰值，约为46μg／ml，t1/2约1.8小时；静注1g，5分钟血药浓度约为125μg／ml，1小时约为49μg／ml，t1/2约1.6小时。
体内分布较广，在脓疱液、心包液、胸水、滑膜液、胆汁、骨组织、肾、肺、皮肤等部位有较高浓度；在前列腺、子宫肌肉、支气管分泌物中也有一定浓度、在脑脊液中浓度低。主要由尿排泄，在尿中原形药物的浓度甚高。在乳汁中的浓度甚低，为血药浓度的1％，平均0.3μg／ml，1日间母乳内总量约0.3mg。
主要用于敏感的革兰阴性留所致的感染、包括肺炎、胸膜炎、腹腔感染、胆道感染、骨和关节感染、皮肤和软组织炎症，尤适用于尿路感染，也用于败血症。由于本品有较好的耐酸性能，因此，当微生物对青霉素类、头孢菌素类、氨基糖苷类等药物不敏感时，应用本品常可有效。
用法用量：一般感染：3～4g／d，分2～3次给予。严重感染：1次2g，1日3～4次。无其他合并症的尿路感染：只需用1g，分成1～2次给予。肌注：药物每1g，加液3～4ml溶解。静注：药物每1g，加液10ml溶解，缓慢推注。静滴：药物1g，加液50ml以上溶解（浓度不超过2％），滴注时间20～60分。
注射时，下列药液可用作本品的溶解-稀释液：灭菌注射用水、等渗氯化钠注射液、林格液、乳酸钠林格液、5％～10％葡萄糖液、葡萄糖氯化钠注射液等。用于肌注时，还可用含苯甲醇的氯化钠注射液作溶剂。
注意事项：
（1）本品与青霉素类之间不存在交叉过敏反应，但对于青霉素过敏者及过敏体质者仍须慎用。
（2）本品对肝脏毒性不大，但对肝功能已受损的病人应观察其动态变化。
（3）不良反应有皮肤症状、如皮疹、紫癜、瘙痒等（共约2％）；消化道症状，如腹泻、恶心、呕吐、味觉改变、黄疸以及药物性肝炎（共约2％）；局部刺激症状，如血栓性静脉炎。注射部位肿胀（共约2.4％）；其他尚有神经系统症状、阴道炎、口腔损害、乏力、眩晕、出血等。
Azactam
Generic Name: aztreonam
Dosage Form: injection, solution
Azactam®
(aztreonam for injection, USP)
Azactam Description
Azactam® (aztreonam for injection, USP) contains the active ingredient aztreonam, a monobactam. It was originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is a synthetic bactericidal antibiotic.
The monobactams, having a unique monocyclic beta-lactam nucleus, are structurally different from other beta-lactam antibiotics (eg, penicillins, cephalosporins, cephamycins). The sulfonic acid substituent in the 1-position of the ring activates the beta-lactam moiety; an aminothiazolyl oxime side chain in the 3-position and a methyl group in the 4-position confer the specific antibacterial spectrum and beta-lactamase stability.
Aztreonam is designated chemically as (Z) - 2 - [[[(2 - amino - 4 - thiazolyl)[[(2S,3S) - 2 - methyl - 4 - oxo - 1 - sulfo - 3 - azetidinyl]carbamoyl]methylene]amino]oxy] - 2 - methylpropionic acid. Structural formula:
Azactam is a sterile, nonpyrogenic, sodium-free, white powder containing approximately 780 mg arginine per gram of aztreonam. Following constitution, the product is for intramuscular or intravenous use. Aqueous solutions of the product have a pH in the range of 4.5 to 7.5.
Azactam - Clinical Pharmacology
Single 30-minute intravenous infusions of 500 mg, 1 g, and 2 g doses of Azactam in healthy subjects produced aztreonam peak serum levels of 54 mcg/mL, 90 mcg/mL, and 204 mcg/mL, respectively, immediately after administration; at 8 hours, serum levels were 1 mcg/mL, 3 mcg/mL, and 6 mcg/mL, respectively (Figure 1). Single 3-minute intravenous injections of the same doses resulted in serum levels of 58 mcg/mL, 125 mcg/mL, and 242 mcg/mL at 5 minutes following completion of injection.
Serum concentrations of aztreonam in healthy subjects following completion of single intramuscular injections of 500 mg and 1 g doses are depicted in Figure 1; maximum serum concentrations occur at about 1 hour. After identical single intravenous or intramuscular doses of Azactam, the serum concentrations of aztreonam are comparable at 1 hour (1.5 hours from start of intravenous infusion) with similar slopes of serum concentrations thereafter.
The serum levels of aztreonam following single 500 mg or 1 g (intramuscular or intravenous) or 2 g (intravenous) doses of Azactam exceed the MIC90 for Neisseria sp., Haemophilus influenzae, and most genera of the Enterobacteriaceae for 8 hours (for Enterobacter sp., the 8-hour serum levels exceed the MIC for 80% of strains). For Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a single 2 g intravenous dose produces serum levels that exceed the MIC90 for approximately 4 to 6 hours. All of the above doses of Azactam result in average urine levels of aztreonam that exceed the MIC90 for the same pathogens for up to 12 hours.
When aztreonam pharmacokinetics were assessed for adult and pediatric patients, they were found to be comparable (down to 9 months old). The serum half-life of aztreonam averaged 1.7 hours (1.5-2.0) in subjects with normal renal function, independent of the dose and route of administration. In healthy subjects, based on a 70 kg person, the serum clearance was 91 mL/min and renal clearance was 56 mL/min; the apparent mean volume of distribution at steady-state averaged 12.6 liters, approximately equivalent to extracellular fluid volume.
In elderly patients, the mean serum half-life of aztreonam increased and the renal clearance decreased, consistent with the age-related decrease in creatinine clearance.1-4 The dosage of Azactam should be adjusted accordingly (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION: Renal Impairment in Adult Patients).
In patients with impaired renal function, the serum half-life of aztreonam is prolonged. (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION: Renal Impairment in Adult Patients.) The serum half-life of aztreonam is only slightly prolonged in patients with hepatic impairment since the liver is a minor pathway of excretion.
Average urine concentrations of aztreonam were approximately 1100 mcg/mL, 3500 mcg/mL, and 6600 mcg/mL within the first 2 hours following single 500 mg, 1 g, and 2 g intravenous doses of Azactam (30-minute infusions), respectively. The range of average concentrations for aztreonam in the 8- to 12-hour urine specimens in these studies was 25 to 120 mcg/mL. After intramuscular injection of single 500 mg and 1 g doses of Azactam, urinary levels were approximately 500 mcg/mL and 1200 mcg/mL, respectively, within the first 2 hours, declining to 180 mcg/mL and 470 mcg/mL in the 6- to 8-hour specimens. In healthy subjects, aztreonam is excreted in the urine about equally by active tubular secretion and glomerular filtration. Approximately 60% to 70% of an intravenous or intramuscular dose was recovered in the urine by 8 hours. Urinary excretion of a single parenteral dose was essentially complete by 12 hours after injection. About 12% of a single intravenous radiolabeled dose was recovered in the feces. Unchanged aztreonam and the inactive beta-lactam ring hydrolysis product of aztreonam were present in feces and urine.
Intravenous or intramuscular administration of a single 500 mg or 1 g dose of Azactam every 8 hours for 7 days to healthy subjects produced no apparent accumulation of aztreonam or modification of its disposition characteristics; serum protein binding averaged 56% and was independent of dose. An average of about 6% of a 1 g intramuscular dose was excreted as a microbiologically inactive open beta-lactam ring hydrolysis product (serum half-life approximately 26 hours) of aztreonam in the 0- to 8-hour urine collection on the last day of multiple dosing.
Renal function was monitored in healthy subjects given aztreonam; standard tests (serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, BUN, urinalysis, and total urinary protein excretion) as well as special tests (excretion of N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase, alanine aminopeptidase, and β2-microglobulin) were used. No abnormal results were obtained.
Aztreonam achieves measurable concentrations in the following body fluids and tissues:
EXTRAVASCULAR CONCENTRATIONS OF AZTREONAM AFTER A SINGLE PARENTERAL DOSE1
| Fluid or Tissue |
Dose
(g) |
Route |
Hours
Post-injection |
Number
of
Patients |
Mean
Concentration
(mcg/mL or mcg/g) |
| 1 Tissue penetration is regarded as essential to therapeutic efficacy, but specific tissue levels have not been correlated with specific therapeutic effects. |
| Fluids |
|
|
|
|
|
| bile |
1 |
IV |
2 |
10 |
39 |
| blister fluid |
1 |
IV |
1 |
6 |
20 |
| bronchial secretion |
2 |
IV |
4 |
7 |
5 |
cerebrospinal fluid
(inflamed meninges) |
2 |
IV |
0.9-4.3 |
16 |
3 |
| pericardial fluid |
2 |
IV |
1 |
6 |
33 |
| pleural fluid |
2 |
IV |
1.1-3.0 |
3 |
51 |
| synovial fluid |
2 |
IV |
0.8-1.9 |
11 |
83 |
| Tissues |
|
|
|
|
|
| atrial appendage |
2 |
IV |
0.9-1.6 |
12 |
22 |
| endometrium |
2 |
IV |
0.7-1.9 |
4 |
9 |
| fallopian tube |
2 |
IV |
0.7-1.9 |
8 |
12 |
| fat |
2 |
IV |
1.3-2.0 |
10 |
5 |
| femur |
2 |
IV |
1.0-2.1 |
15 |
16 |
| gallbladder |
2 |
IV |
0.8-1.3 |
4 |
23 |
| kidney |
2 |
IV |
2.4-5.6 |
5 |
67 |
| large intestine |
2 |
IV |
0.8-1.9 |
9 |
12 |
| liver |
2 |
IV |
0.9-2.0 |
6 |
47 |
| lung |
2 |
IV |
1.2-2.1 |
6 |
22 |
| myometrium |
2 |
IV |
0.7-1.9 |
9 |
11 |
| ovary |
2 |
IV |
0.7-1.9 |
7 |
13 |
| prostate |
1 |
IM |
0.8-3.0 |
8 |
8 |
| skeletal muscle |
2 |
IV |
0.3-0.7 |
6 |
16 |
| skin |
2 |
IV |
0.0-1.0 |
8 |
25 |
| sternum |
2 |
IV |
1 |
6 |
6 |
The concentration of aztreonam in saliva at 30 minutes after a single 1 g intravenous dose (9 patients) was 0.2 mcg/mL; in human milk at 2 hours after a single 1 g intravenous dose (6 patients), 0.2 mcg/mL, and at 6 hours after a single 1 g intramuscular dose (6 patients), 0.3 mcg/mL; in amniotic fluid at 6 to 8 hours after a single 1 g intravenous dose (5 patients), 2 mcg/mL. The concentration of aztreonam in peritoneal fluid obtained 1 to 6 hours after multiple 2 g intravenous doses ranged between 12 mcg/mL and 90 mcg/mL in 7 of 8 patients studied.
Aztreonam given intravenously rapidly reaches therapeutic concentrations in peritoneal dialysis fluid; conversely, aztreonam given intraperitoneally in dialysis fluid rapidly produces therapeutic serum levels.
Concomitant administration of probenecid or furosemide and aztreonam causes clinically insignificant increases in the serum levels of aztreonam. Single-dose intravenous pharmacokinetic studies have not shown any significant interaction between aztreonam and concomitantly administered gentamicin, nafcillin sodium, cephradine, clindamycin, or metronidazole. No reports of disulfiram-like reactions with alcohol ingestion have been noted; this is not unexpected since aztreonam does not contain a methyl-tetrazole side chain.
Microbiology
Aztreonam exhibits potent and specific activity in vitro against a wide spectrum of Gram-negative aerobic pathogens including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The bactericidal action of aztreonam results from the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis due to a high affinity of aztreonam for penicillin binding protein 3 (PBP3). Aztreonam, unlike the majority of beta-lactam antibiotics, does not induce beta-lactamase activity and its molecular structure confers a high degree of resistance to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases (ie, penicillinases and cephalosporinases) produced by most Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens; it is, therefore, usually active against Gram-negative aerobic microorganisms that are resistant to antibiotics hydrolyzed by beta-lactamases. It is active against many strains that are multiply-resistant to other antibiotics, such as certain cephalosporins, penicillin, and aminoglycosides. Aztreonam maintains its antimicrobial activity over a pH range of 6 to 8 in vitro, as well as in the presence of human serum and under anaerobic conditions.
Aztreonam has been shown to be active against most strains of the following microorganisms, both in vitro and in clinical infections as described in the INDICATIONS AND USAGE section.
Aerobic Gram-negative microorganisms:
- Citrobacter species, including C. freundii
-
- Enterobacter species, including E. cloacae
-
- Escherichia coli
-
- Haemophilus influenzae (including ampicillin-resistant and other penicillinase-producing strains)
-
- Klebsiella oxytoca
-
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
-
- Proteus mirabilis
-
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
-
- Serratia species, including S. marcescens
The following in vitro data are available, but their clinical significance is unknown.
Aztreonam exhibits in vitro minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 8 mcg/mL or less against most (≥90%) strains of the following microorganisms; however, the safety and effectiveness of aztreonam in treating clinical infections due to these microorganisms have not been established in adequate and well-controlled clinical trials.
Aerobic Gram-negative microorganisms:
- Aeromonas hydrophila
-
- Morganella morganii
-
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae (including penicillinase-producing strains)
-
- Pasteurella multocida
-
- Proteus vulgaris
-
- Providencia stuartii
-
- Providencia rettgeri
-
- Yersinia enterocolitica
Aztreonam and aminoglycosides have been shown to be synergistic in vitro against most strains of P. aeruginosa, many strains of Enterobacteriaceae, and other Gram-negative aerobic bacilli.
Alterations of the anaerobic intestinal flora by broad spectrum antibiotics may decrease colonization resistance, thus permitting overgrowth of potential pathogens, eg, Candida and Clostridium species. Aztreonam has little effect on the anaerobic intestinal microflora in in vitro studies. Clostridium difficile and its cytotoxin were not found in animal models following administration of aztreonam. (See ADVERSE REACTIONS: Gastrointestinal.)
Susceptibility Tests
Dilution Techniques
Quantitative methods are used to determine antimicrobial MICs. These MICs provide estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The MICs should be determined using a standardized procedure. Standardized procedures are based on a dilution method5 (broth or agar) or equivalent with standardized inoculum concentrations and standardized concentrations of aztreonam powder. The MIC values should be interpreted according to the following criteria:
| a Interpretative criteria applicable only to tests performed by broth microdilution method using Haemophilus Test Medium (HTM).5 |
| b The current absence of data on resistant strains precludes defining any categories other than “Susceptible.” Strains yielding MIC results suggestive of a “nonsusceptible” category should be submitted to a reference laboratory for further testing. |
| For testing aerobic microorganisms other than Haemophilus influenzae: |
| MIC (mcg/mL) |
Interpretation |
| ≤8 |
Susceptible (S) |
| 16 |
Intermediate (I) |
| ≥32 |
Resistant (R) |
| When testing Haemophilus influenzaea: |
| MIC (mcg/mL) |
Interpretationb |
| ≤2 |
Susceptible (S) |
A report of “Susceptible” indicates that the pathogen is likely to be inhibited if the antimicrobial compound in the blood reaches the concentrations usually achievable. A report of “Intermediate” indicates that the result should be considered equivocal, and, if the microorganism is not fully susceptible to alternative, clinically feasible drugs, the test should be repeated. This category implies possible clinical applicability in body sites where the drug is physiologically concentrated or in situations where high dosage of drug can be used. This category also provides a buffer zone which prevents small uncontrolled technical factors from causing major discrepancies in interpretation. A report of “Resistant” indicates that the pathogen is not likely to be inhibited if the antimicrobial compound in the blood reaches the concentrations usually achievable; other therapy should be selected.
Standardized susceptibility test procedures require the use of laboratory control microorganisms to control the technical aspects of the laboratory procedures. Standard aztreonam powder should provide the following MIC values:
| a Range applicable only to tests performed by broth microdilution method using Haemophilus Test Medium (HTM).5 |
| Microorganism |
MIC (mcg/mL) |
| Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 |
0.06-0.25 |
| Haemophilus influenzaea ATCC 49247 |
0.12-0.5 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 |
2.0-8.0 |
Diffusion Techniques
Quantitative methods that require measurement of zone diameters also provide reproducible estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. One such standardized procedure6 requires the use of standardized inoculum concentrations. This procedure uses paper disks impregnated with 30 mcg aztreonam to test the susceptibility of microorganisms to aztreonam.
Reports from the laboratory providing results of the standard single-disk susceptibility test with a 30-mcg aztreonam disk should be interpreted according to the following criteria:
| a Interpretative criteria applicable only to tests performed by disk diffusion method using Haemophilus Test Medium (HTM).6 |
| b The current absence of data on resistant strains precludes defining any categories other than “Susceptible.” Strains yielding zone diameter results suggestive of a “nonsusceptible” category should be submitted to a reference laboratory for further testing. |
| For testing aerobic microorganisms other than Haemophilus influenzae: |
| Zone diameter (mm) |
Interpretation |
| ≥22 |
Susceptible (S) |
| 16-21 |
Intermediate (I) |
| ≤15 |
Resistant (R) |
| When testing Haemophilus influenzaea: |
| Zone diameter (mm) |
Interpretationb |
| ≥26 |
Susceptible (S) |
Interpretation should be as stated above for results using dilution techniques. Interpretation involves correlation of the diameter obtained in the disk test with the MIC for aztreonam.
As with standardized dilution techniques, diffusion methods require the use of laboratory control microorganisms that are used to control the technical aspects of the laboratory procedures. For the diffusion technique, the 30-mcg aztreonam disk should provide the following zone diameters in these laboratory test quality control strains.
| a Range applicable only to tests performed by disk diffusion method using Haemophilus Test Medium (HTM).6 |
| Microorganism |
Zone diameter (mm) |
| Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 |
28-36 mm |
| Haemophilus influenzaea ATCC 49247 |
30-38 mm |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 |
23-29 mm |
Indications and Usage for Azactam
To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of Azactam (aztreonam for injection, USP) and other antibacterial drugs, Azactam should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.
Azactam is indicated for the treatment of the following infections caused by susceptible Gram-negative microorganisms:
Urinary Tract Infections (complicated and uncomplicated), including pyelonephritis and cystitis (initial and recurrent) caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella oxytoca*, Citrobacter species*, and Serratia marcescens*.
Lower Respiratory Tract Infections, including pneumonia and bronchitis caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus influenzae, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter species, and Serratia marcescens*.
Septicemia caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis*, Serratia marcescens*, and Enterobacter species.
Skin and Skin-Structure Infections, including those associated with postoperative wounds, ulcers, and burns caused by Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Citrobacter species*.
Intra-abdominal Infections, including peritonitis caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species including K. pneumoniae, Enterobacter species including E. cloacae*, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Citrobacter species* including C. freundii*, and Serratia species* including S. marcescens*.
Gynecologic Infections, including endometritis and pelvic cellulitis caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae*, Enterobacter species* including E. cloacae*, and Proteus mirabilis*.
Azactam is indicated for adjunctive therapy to surgery in the management of infections caused by susceptible organisms, including abscesses, infections complicating hollow viscus perforations, cutaneous infections, and infections of serous surfaces. Azactam is effective against most of the commonly encountered Gram-negative aerobic pathogens seen in general surgery.
* Efficacy for this organism in this organ system was studied in fewer than 10 infections.
Concurrent Therapy
Concurrent initial therapy with other antimicrobial agents and Azactam is recommended before the causative organism(s) is known in seriously ill patients who are also at risk of having an infection due to Gram-positive aerobic pathogens. If anaerobic organisms are also suspected as etiologic agents, therapy should be initiated using an anti-anaerobic agent concurrently with Azactam (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). Certain antibiotics (eg, cefoxitin, imipenem) may induce high levels of beta-lactamase in vitro in some Gram-negative aerobes such as Enterobacter and Pseudomonas species, resulting in antagonism to many beta-lactam antibiotics including aztreonam. These in vitro findings suggest that such beta-lactamase-inducing antibiotics not be used concurrently with aztreonam. Following identification and susceptibility testing of the causative organism(s), appropriate antibiotic therapy should be continued.
Contraindications
This preparation is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to aztreonam or any other component in the formulation.
Warnings
Both animal and human data suggest that Azactam (aztreonam for injection, USP) is rarely cross-reactive with other beta-lactam antibiotics and weakly immunogenic. Treatment with aztreonam can result in hypersensitivity reactions in patients with or without prior exposure. (See CONTRAINDICATIONS.)
Careful inquiry should be made to determine whether the patient has any history of hypersensitivity reactions to any allergens.
While cross-reactivity of aztreonam with other beta-lactam antibiotics is rare, this drug should be administered with caution to any patient with a history of hypersensitivity to beta-lactams (eg, penicillins, cephalosporins, and/or carbapenems). Treatment with aztreonam can result in hypersensitivity reactions in patients with or without prior exposure to aztreonam. If an allergic reaction to aztreonam occurs, discontinue the drug and institute supportive treatment as appropriate (eg, maintenance of ventilation, pressor amines, antihistamines, corticosteroids). Serious hypersensitivity reactions may require epinephrine and other emergency measures. (See ADVERSE REACTIONS.)
Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including Azactam, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C. difficile.
C. difficile produces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin-producing strains of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibiotic use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over 2 months after the administration of antibacterial agents.
If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibiotic use not directed against C. difficile may need to be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibiotic treatment of C. difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated.
Rare cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis have been reported in association with aztreonam in patients undergoing bone marrow transplant with multiple risk factors including sepsis, radiation therapy, and other concomitantly administered drugs associated with toxic epidermal necrolysis.
Precautions
General
Prescribing Azactam in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection or a prophylactic indication is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria.
In patients with impaired hepatic or renal function, appropriate monitoring is recommended during therapy.
If an aminoglycoside is used concurrently with aztreonam, especially if high dosages of the former are used or if therapy is prolonged, renal function should be monitored because of the potential nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics.
The use of antibiotics may promote the overgrowth of nonsusceptible organisms, including Gram-positive organisms (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecalis) and fungi. Should superinfection occur during therapy, appropriate measures should be taken.
Information for Patients
Patients should be counseled that antibacterial drugs including Azactam should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (eg, the common cold). When Azactam is prescribed to treat a bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by Azactam or other antibacterial drugs in the future.
Diarrhea is a common problem caused by antibiotics which usually ends when the antibiotic is discontinued. Sometimes after starting treatment with antibiotics, patients can develop watery and bloody stools (with or without stomach cramps and fever) even as late as 2 or more months after having taken the last dose of the antibiotic. If this occurs, patients should contact their physician as soon as possible.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
Carcinogenicity studies in animals have not been performed.
Genetic toxicology studies performed in vivo and in vitro with aztreonam in several standard laboratory models revealed no evidence of mutagenic potential at the chromosomal or gene level.
Two-generation reproduction studies in rats at daily doses up to 20 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD), prior to and during gestation and lactation, revealed no evidence of impaired fertility. There was a slightly reduced survival rate during the lactation period in the offspring of rats that received the highest dosage, but not in offspring of rats that received 5 times the MRHD.
Pregnancy
Pregnancy Category B
Aztreonam crosses the placenta and enters the fetal circulation.
Studies in pregnant rats and rabbits, with daily doses up to 15 and 5 times, respectively, the MRHD, revealed no evidence of embryo- or fetotoxicity or teratogenicity. No drug-induced changes were seen in any of the maternal, fetal, or neonatal parameters that were monitored in rats receiving 15 times the MRHD of aztreonam during late gestation and lactation.
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, aztreonam should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Nursing Mothers
Aztreonam is excreted in human milk in concentrations that are less than 1% of concentrations determined in simultaneously obtained maternal serum; consideration should be given to temporary discontinuation of nursing and use of formula feedings.
Pediatric Use
The safety and effectiveness of intravenous Azactam have been established in the age groups 9 months to 16 years. Use of Azactam in these age groups is supported by evidence from adequate and well-controlled studies of Azactam in adults with additional efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetic data from non-comparative clinical studies in pediatric patients. Sufficient data are not available for pediatric patients under 9 months of age or for the following treatment indications/pathogens: septicemia and skin and skin-structure infections (where the skin infection is believed or known to be due to H. influenzae type b). In pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis, higher doses of Azactam may be warranted. (See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, and CLINICAL STUDIES.)
Geriatric Use
Clinical studies of Azactam did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 years and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients.7-10 In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
In elderly patients, the mean serum half-life of aztreonam increased and the renal clearance decreased, consistent with the age-related decrease in creatinine clearance.1-4 Since aztreonam is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, renal function should be monitored and dosage adjustments made accordingly (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION: Renal Impairment in Adult Patients and Dosage in the Elderly).
Azactam contains no sodium.
Adverse Reactions
Local reactions such as phlebitis/thrombophlebitis following intravenous administration, and discomfort/swelling at the injection site following intramuscular administration occurred at rates of approximately 1.9% and 2.4%, respectively.
Systemic reactions (considered to be related to therapy or of uncertain etiology) occurring at an incidence of 1% to 1.3% include diarrhea, nausea and/or vomiting, and rash. Reactions occurring at an incidence of less than 1% are listed within each body system in order of decreasing severity:
Hypersensitivity—anaphylaxis, angioedema, bronchospasm
Hematologic—pancytopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, eosinophilia, leukocytosis, thrombocytosis
Gastrointestinal—abdominal cramps; rare cases of C. difficile-associated diarrhea, including pseudomembranous colitis, or gastrointestinal bleeding have been reported. Onset of pseudomembranous colitis symptoms may occur during or after antibiotic treatment. (See WARNINGS.)
Dermatologic—toxic epidermal necrolysis (see WARNINGS), purpura, erythema multiforme, exfoliative dermatitis, urticaria, petechiae, pruritus, diaphoresis
Cardiovascular—hypotension, transient ECG changes (ventricular bigeminy and PVC), flushing
Respiratory—wheezing, dyspnea, chest pain
Hepatobiliary—hepatitis, jaundice
Nervous System—seizure, confusion, vertigo, paresthesia, insomnia, dizziness
Musculoskeletal—muscular aches
Special Senses—tinnitus, diplopia, mouth ulcer, altered taste, numb tongue, sneezing, nasal congestion, halitosis
Other—vaginal candidiasis, vaginitis, breast tenderness
Body as a Whole—weakness, headache, fever, malaise
Pediatric Adverse Reactions
Of the 612 pediatric patients who were treated with Azactam in clinical trials, less than 1% required discontinuation of therapy due to adverse events. The following systemic adverse events, regardless of drug relationship, occurred in at least 1% of treated patients in domestic clinical trials: rash (4.3%), diarrhea (1.4%), and fever (1.0%). These adverse events were comparable to those observed in adult clinical trials.
In 343 pediatric patients receiving intravenous therapy, the following local reactions were noted: pain (12%), erythema (2.9%), induration (0.9%), and phlebitis (2.1%). In the US patient population, pain occurred in 1.5% of patients, while each of the remaining 3 local reactions had an incidence of 0.5%.
The following laboratory adverse events, regardless of drug relationship, occurred in at least 1% of treated patients: increased eosinophils (6.3%), increased platelets (3.6%), neutropenia (3.2%), increased AST (3.8%), increased ALT (6.5%), and increased serum creatinine (5.8%).
In US pediatric clinical trials, neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count less than 1000/mm3) occurred in 11.3% of patients (8/71) younger than 2 years receiving 30 mg/kg every 6 hours. AST and ALT elevations to greater than 3 times the upper limit of normal were noted in 15% to 20% of patients aged 2 years or above receiving 50 mg/kg every 6 hours. The increased frequency of these reported laboratory adverse events may be due to either increased severity of illness treated or higher doses of Azactam administered.
Adverse Laboratory Changes
Adverse laboratory changes without regard to drug relationship that were reported during clinical trials were:
Hepatic—elevations of AST (SGOT), ALT (SGPT), and alkaline phosphatase; signs or symptoms of hepatobiliary dysfunction occurred in less than 1% of recipients (see above).
Hematologic—increases in prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times, positive Coombs’ test.
Renal—increases in serum creatinine.
Overdosage
If necessary, aztreonam may be cleared from the serum by hemodialysis and/or peritoneal dialysis.
Azactam Dosage and Administration
Dosage in Adult Patients
Azactam may be administered intravenously or by intramuscular injection. Dosage and route of administration should be determined by susceptibility of the causative organisms, severity and site of infection, and the condition of the patient.
The intravenous route is recommended for patients requiring single doses greater than 1 g or those with bacterial septicemia, localized parenchymal abscess (eg, intra-abdominal abscess), peritonitis, or other severe systemic or life-threatening infections.
The duration of therapy depends on the severity of infection. Generally, Azactam should be continued for at least 48 hours after the patient becomes asymptomatic or evidence of bacterial eradication has been obtained. Persistent infections may require treatment for several weeks. Doses smaller than those indicated should not be used.
Renal Impairment in Adult Patients
Prolonged serum levels of aztreonam may occur in patients with transient or persistent renal insufficiency. Therefore, the dosage of Azactam should be halved in patients with estimated creatinine clearances between 10 and 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 after an initial loading dose of 1 g or 2 g.
When only the serum creatinine concentration is available, the following formula (based on sex, weight, and age of the patient) may be used to approximate the creatinine clearance (Clcr). The serum creatinine should represent a steady state of renal function.
weight (kg) × (140−age)
Males: Clcr = ———————————————
72 × serum creatinine (mg/dL)
Females: 0.85 × above value
In patients with severe renal failure (creatinine clearance less than 10 mL/min/1.73 m2), such as those supported by hemodialysis, the usual dose of 500 mg, 1 g, or 2 g should be given initially. The maintenance dose should be one-fourth of the usual initial dose given at the usual fixed interval of 6, 8, or 12 hours. For serious or life-threatening infections, in addition to the maintenance doses, one-eighth of the initial dose should be given after each hemodialysis session.
Dosage in the Elderly
Renal status is a major determinant of dosage in the elderly; these patients in particular may have diminished renal function. Serum creatinine may not be an accurate determinant of renal status. Therefore, as with all antibiotics eliminated by the kidneys, estimates of creatinine clearance should be obtained and appropriate dosage modifications made if necessary.
Dosage in Pediatric Patients
Azactam should be administered intravenously to pediatric patients with normal renal function. There are insufficient data regarding intramuscular administration to pediatric patients or dosing in pediatric patients with renal impairment. (See PRECAUTIONS: Pediatric Use.)
| Azactam DOSAGE GUIDELINES |
| Type of Infection |
Dose |
Frequency
(hours) |
| ADULTS* |
| Urinary tract infections |
500 mg or 1 g |
8 or 12 |
| Moderately severe systemic infections |
1 g or 2 g |
8 or 12 |
| Severe systemic or life-threatening infections |
2 g |
6 or 8 |
| * Maximum recommended dose is 8 g per day. |
| PEDIATRIC PATIENTS** |
| Mild to moderate infections |
30 mg/kg |
8 |
| Moderate to severe infections |
30 mg/kg |
6 or 8 |
| ** Maximum recommended dose is 120 mg/kg/day. |
Because of the serious nature of infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, dosage of 2 g every 6 or 8 hours is recommended, at least upon initiation of therapy, in systemic infections caused by this organism in adults.
Clinical Studies
A total of 612 pediatric patients aged 1 month to 12 years were enrolled in uncontrolled clinical trials of aztreonam in the treatment of serious Gram-negative infections, including urinary tract, lower respiratory tract, skin and skin-structure, and intra-abdominal infections.
Preparation of Parenteral Solutions
General
Upon the addition of the diluent to the container, contents should be shaken immediately and vigorously. Constituted solutions are not for multiple-dose use; should the entire volume in the container not be used for a single dose, the unused solution must be discarded.
Depending upon the concentration of aztreonam and diluent used, constituted Azactam yields a colorless to light straw yellow solution which may develop a slight pink tint on standing (potency is not affected). Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration whenever solution and container permit.
Admixtures with Other Antibiotics
Intravenous infusion solutions of Azactam not exceeding 2% w/v prepared with Sodium Chloride Injection, USP 0.9% or Dextrose Injection, USP 5%, to which clindamycin phosphate, gentamicin sulfate, tobramycin sulfate, or cefazolin sodium have been added at concentrations usually used clinically, are stable for up to 48 hours at room temperature or 7 days under refrigeration. Ampicillin sodium admixtures with aztreonam in Sodium Chloride Injection, USP 0.9% are stable for 24 hours at room temperature and 48 hours under refrigeration; stability in Dextrose Injection, USP 5% is 2 hours at room temperature and 8 hours under refrigeration.
Aztreonam-cloxacillin sodium and aztreonam-vancomycin hydrochloride admixtures are stable in Dianeal 137 (Peritoneal Dialysis Solution) with 4.25% Dextrose for up to 24 hours at room temperature.
Aztreonam is incompatible with nafcillin sodium, cephradine, and metronidazole.
Other admixtures are not recommended since compatibility data are not available.
Intravenous Solutions
For Bolus Injection: The contents of an Azactam 15 mL capacity vial should be constituted with 6 to 10 mL Sterile Water for Injection, USP.
For Infusion: If the contents of a 15 mL capacity vial are to be transferred to an appropriate infusion solution, each gram of aztreonam should be initially constituted with at least 3 mL Sterile Water for Injection, USP. Further dilution may be obtained with one of the following intravenous infusion solutions:
- Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, 0.9%
-
- Ringer’s Injection, USP
-
- Lactated Ringer’s Injection, USP
-
- Dextrose Injection, USP, 5% or 10%
-
- Dextrose and Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, 5%:0.9%, 5%:0.45%, or 5%:0.2%
-
- Sodium Lactate Injection, USP (M/6 Sodium Lactate)
-
- Ionosol® B and 5% Dextrose
-
- Isolyte® E
-
- Isolyte® E with 5% Dextrose
-
- Isolyte® M with 5% Dextrose
-
- Normosol®-R
-
- Normosol®-R and 5% Dextrose
-
- Normosol®-M and 5% Dextrose
-
- Mannitol Injection, USP, 5% or 10%
-
- Lactated Ringer’s and 5% Dextrose Injection
-
- Plasma-Lyte M and 5% Dextrose
Intramuscular Solutions
The contents of an Azactam 15 mL capacity vial should be constituted with at least 3 mL of an appropriate diluent per gram aztreonam. The following diluents may be used:
- Sterile Water for Injection, USP
-
- Sterile Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP (with benzyl alcohol or with methyl- and propylparabens)
-
- Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, 0.9%
-
- Bacteriostatic Sodium Chloride Injection, USP (with benzyl alcohol)
Stability of Intravenous and Intramuscular Solutions
Azactam solutions for intravenous infusion at concentrations not exceeding 2% w/v must be used within 48 hours following constitution if kept at controlled room temperature (59°-86°F/15°-30°C) or within 7 days if refrigerated (36°-46°F/2°-8°C).
Azactam solutions at concentrations exceeding 2% w/v, except those prepared with Sterile Water for Injection, USP or Sodium Chloride Injection, USP, should be used promptly after preparation; the 2 excepted solutions must be used within 48 hours if stored at controlled room temperature or within 7 days if refrigerated.
Intravenous Administration
Bolus Injection: A bolus injection may be used to initiate therapy. The dose should be slowly injected directly into a vein, or the tubing of a suitable administration set, over a period of 3 to 5 minutes (see next paragraph regarding flushing of tubing).
Infusion: With any intermittent infusion of aztreonam and another drug with which it is not pharmaceutically compatible, the common delivery tube should be flushed before and after delivery of aztreonam with any appropriate infusion solution compatible with both drug solutions; the drugs should not be delivered simultaneously. Any Azactam infusion should be completed within a 20- to 60-minute period. With use of a Y-type administration set, careful attention should be given to the calculated volume of aztreonam solution required so that the entire dose will be infused. A volume control administration set may be used to deliver an initial dilution of Azactam (see Preparation of Parenteral Solutions: Intravenous Solutions: For Infusion) into a compatible infusion solution during administration; in this case, the final dilution of aztreonam should provide a concentration not exceeding 2% w/v.
Intramuscular Administration
The dose should be given by deep injection into a large muscle mass (such as the upper outer quadrant of the gluteus maximus or lateral part of the thigh). Aztreonam is well tolerated and should not be admixed with any local anesthetic agent.
How is Azactam Supplied
Azactam® (aztreonam for injection, USP)
Single-dose 15 mL capacity vials:
| 1 g/vial: |
Packages of 10 |
NDC 0003-2560-16 |
| 2 g/vial: |
Packages of 10 |
NDC 0003-2570-16 |
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注：以下产品不同国家上市和不同的价格，购买时请以电话咨询为准！
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产地国家: 希腊
原产地英文商品名:
AZACTAM 1g/20ml/vial
原产地英文药品名:
Aztreonam
中文参考商品译名:
AZACTAM 1克/20毫升/瓶
中文参考药品译名:
氨曲南
生产厂家中文参考译名:
希腊BMS
生产厂家英文名:
BMS
------------------------------------------------------------
产地国家: 美国
原产地英文商品名:
AZACTAM 2g/vial 10vials/box
原产地英文药品名:
Aztreonam
中文参考商品译名:
AZACTAM 2克/瓶 10瓶/盒
中文参考药品译名:
氨曲南
生产厂家中文参考译名:
百时美施贵宝
生产厂家英文名:
BRISTOL MYERS SQUIBB
|
