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EVIPLERA Tablet(替诺福韦酯/恩曲他滨/盐酸利匹韦林复合片)

2015-09-18 13:13:32  作者:新特药房  来源:互联网  浏览次数:11  文字大小:【】【】【
简介: 英文药名:EVIPLERA(emtricitabine/rilpivirine hydrochloride/tenofovir disoproxil fixed-dose tablet) 中文药名:替诺福韦酯/恩曲他滨/盐酸利匹韦林组成的复合片 生产厂家:Gilead药品说明通用 ...

英文药名:EVIPLERA(emtricitabine/rilpivirine hydrochloride/tenofovir disoproxil fixed-dose tablet)

中文药名:替诺福韦酯/恩曲他滨/盐酸利匹韦林组成的复合片

生产厂家:Gilead
药品说明
通用名:恩曲他滨/利匹韦林/富马酸替诺福韦
活性物质:Emtricitabina,Rilpivirina,Tenofovir disoproxil fumarato
治疗领域:艾滋病毒感染
标准成人剂量:1丸,每日一次(而不是批准人年龄小于18岁)
药物治疗组:抗病毒药物全身使用

Eviplera  200mg/25mg/245mg film coated tablets
1. Name of the medicinal product
Eviplera 200 mg/25 mg/245 mg film-coated tablets
2. Qualitative and quantitative composition
Each film-coated tablet contains 200 mg of emtricitabine, 25 mg of rilpivirine (as hydrochloride) and 245 mg of tenofovir disoproxil (as fumarate).
Excipients with known effect:
Each film-coated tablet contains 277 mg lactose monohydrate and 4 micrograms sunset yellow aluminium lake (E110).
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3. Pharmaceutical form
Film-coated tablet.
Purplish-pink, capsule-shaped, film-coated tablet of dimensions 19 mm x 8.5 mm, debossed on one side with “GSI” and plain on the other side.
4. Clinical particulars
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Eviplera is indicated for the treatment of adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) without known mutations associated with resistance to the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) class, tenofovir or emtricitabine, and with a viral load ≤ 100,000 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL (see sections 4.2, 4.4 and 5.1).
As with other antiretroviral medicinal products, genotypic resistance testing and/or historical resistance data should guide the use of Eviplera (see sections 4.4 and 5.1).
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Therapy should be initiated by a physician experienced in the management of HIV infection.
Posology
Adults: The recommended dose of Eviplera is one tablet, taken orally, once daily. Eviplera must be taken with food (see section 5.2).
Where discontinuation of therapy with one of the components of Eviplera is indicated or where dose modification is necessary, separate preparations of emtricitabine, rilpivirine hydrochloride and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate are available. Please refer to the Summary of Product Characteristics for these medicinal products.
If a patient misses a dose of Eviplera within 12 hours of the time it is usually taken, the patient should take Eviplera with food as soon as possible and resume the normal dosing schedule. If a patient misses a dose of Eviplera by more than 12 hours, the patient should not take the missed dose and simply resume the usual dosing schedule.
If a patient vomits within 4 hours of taking Eviplera another Eviplera tablet should be taken with food. If a patient vomits more than 4 hours after taking Eviplera they do not need to take another dose of Eviplera until the next regularly scheduled dose.
Dose adjustment: If Eviplera is co-administered with rifabutin, an additional 25 mg tablet of rilpivirine per day is recommended to be taken concomitantly with Eviplera, for the duration of the rifabutin co-administration (see section 4.5).
Special populations
Older people: Eviplera has not been studied in patients over the age of 65 years. Eviplera should be administered with caution to older patients (see sections 4.4 and 5.2).
Renal impairment: Treatment with Eviplera resulted in an early small increase of mean serum creatinine levels which remained stable over time and is not considered clinically relevant (see section 4.8).
Limited data from clinical studies support once daily dosing of Eviplera in patients with mild renal impairment (creatinine clearance 50-80 mL/min). However, long-term safety data for the emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate components of Eviplera have not been evaluated in patients with mild renal impairment. Therefore, in patients with mild renal impairment Eviplera should only be used if the potential benefits of treatment outweigh the potential risks (see sections 4.4 and 5.2).
Eviplera is not recommended for patients with moderate or severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 50 mL/min). Patients with moderate or severe renal impairment require a dose interval adjustment of emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate that cannot be achieved with the combination tablet (see sections 4.4 and 5.2).
Hepatic impairment: There is limited information regarding the use of Eviplera in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh-Turcotte (CPT) Score A or B). No dose adjustment of Eviplera is required in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment. Eviplera should be used with caution in patients with moderate hepatic impairment. Eviplera has not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment (CPT Score C). Therefore, Eviplera is not recommended in patients with severe hepatic impairment (see sections 4.4 and 5.2).
If Eviplera is discontinued in patients co-infected with HIV and hepatitis B virus (HBV), these patients should be closely monitored for evidence of exacerbation of hepatitis (see section 4.4).
Paediatric population: The safety and efficacy of Eviplera in children under the age of 18 years have not been established. Currently available data are described in section 5.2, but no recommendation on a posology can be made.
Method of administration
Eviplera must be taken orally, once daily with food (see section 5.2). It is recommended that Eviplera be swallowed whole with water. The film-coated tablet should not be chewed or crushed as it may impact the absorption of Eviplera.
4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substances or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
Eviplera should not be co-administered with the following medicinal products as significant decreases in rilpivirine plasma concentrations may occur (due to CYP3A enzyme induction or gastric pH increase), which may result in loss of therapeutic effect of Eviplera:
• the anticonvulsants carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin
• the antimycobacterials rifampicin, rifapentine
• proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole, esomeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole
• the systemic glucocorticoid dexamethasone, except as a single dose treatment
• St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum).
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
While effective viral suppression with antiretroviral therapy has been proven to substantially reduce the risk of sexual transmission, a residual risk cannot be excluded. Precautions to prevent transmission should be taken in accordance with national guidelines.
Virologic failure and development of resistance
Eviplera has not been evaluated in patients with previous virologic failure to any other antiretroviral therapy. There is not sufficient data to justify the use in patients with prior NNRTI failure. Resistance testing and/or historical resistance data should guide the use of Eviplera (see section 5.1).
In the pooled efficacy analysis from the two Phase III clinical studies (C209 [ECHO] and C215 [THRIVE]) through 96 weeks, patients treated with emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate + rilpivirine with a baseline viral load > 100,000 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL had a greater risk of virologic failure (17.6% with rilpivirine versus 7.6% with efavirenz) compared to patients with a baseline viral load ≤ 100,000 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL (5.9% with rilpivirine versus 2.4% with efavirenz). The virologic failure rate in patients treated with emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate + rilpivirine at week 48 and week 96 was 9.5% and 11.5% respectively, and 4.2% and 5.1% in the emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate + efavirenz arm. The difference in the rate of new virologic failures from the week 48 to week 96 analysis between rilpivirine and efavirenz arms was not statistically significant. Patients with a baseline viral load > 100,000 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL who experienced virologic failure exhibited a higher rate of treatment emergent resistance to the NNRTI class. More patients who failed virologically on rilpivirine than who failed virologically on efavirenz developed lamivudine/emtricitabine associated resistance (see section 5.1).
Cardiovascular
At supra-therapeutic doses (75 mg and 300 mg once daily), rilpivirine has been associated with prolongation of the QTc interval of the electrocardiogram (ECG) (see sections 4.5, 4.8, and 5.2). Rilpivirine at the recommended dose of 25 mg once daily is not associated with a clinically relevant effect on QTc. Eviplera should be used with caution when co-administered with medicinal products with a known risk of Torsade de Pointes.
Co-administration of other medicinal products
Eviplera should not be administered concomitantly with other medicinal products containing emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate or other cytidine analogues, such as lamivudine (see section 4.5). Eviplera should not be administered concomitantly with rilpivirine hydrochloride unless needed for dose adjustment with rifabutin (see sections 4.2 and 4.5). Eviplera should not be administered concomitantly with adefovir dipivoxil.
Co-administration of Eviplera and didanosine: is not recommended since exposure to didanosine is significantly increased following co-administration with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate that may increase the risk of didanosine-related adverse reactions (see section 4.5). Rarely, pancreatitis and lactic acidosis, sometimes fatal, have been reported.
Renal impairment
Eviplera is not recommended for patients with moderate or severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 50 mL/min). Patients with moderate or severe renal impairment require a dose interval adjustment of emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate that cannot be achieved with the combination tablet (see sections 4.2 and 5.2). Use of Eviplera should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic medicinal product (see section 4.5). If concomitant use of Eviplera and nephrotoxic agents is unavoidable, renal function must be monitored weekly (see section 4.5).
Cases of acute renal failure after initiation of high dose or multiple non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been reported in patients treated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and with risk factors for renal dysfunction. If Eviplera is co-administered with an NSAID, renal function should be monitored adequately.
Renal failure, renal impairment, elevated creatinine, hypophosphataemia and proximal tubulopathy (including Fanconi syndrome) have been reported with the use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in clinical practice (see section 4.8).
It is recommended that creatinine clearance is calculated in all patients prior to initiating therapy with Eviplera and renal function (creatinine clearance and serum phosphate) is also monitored after two to four weeks of treatment, after three months of treatment and every three to six months thereafter in patients without renal risk factors. In patients at risk for renal impairment, a more frequent monitoring of renal function is required.
If serum phosphate is < 1.5 mg/dL (0.48 mmol/L) or creatinine clearance is decreased to < 50 mL/min in any patient receiving Eviplera, renal function should be re-evaluated within one week, including measurements of blood glucose, blood potassium and urine glucose concentrations (see section 4.8, proximal tubulopathy). Since Eviplera is a combination product and the dosing interval of the individual components cannot be altered, treatment with Eviplera must be interrupted in patients with confirmed creatinine clearance decreased to < 50 mL/min or decreases in serum phosphate to < 1.0 mg/dL (0.32 mmol/L). Interrupting treatment with Eviplera should also be considered in case of progressive decline of renal function when no other cause has been identified. Where discontinuation of therapy with one of the components of Eviplera is indicated or where dose modification is necessary, separate preparations of emtricitabine, rilpivirine hydrochloride and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate are available.
Bone effects
A dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) substudy for both the Phase III studies (C209 and C215) investigated the effect of rilpivirine as compared with control, overall and by background regimen on changes in whole body bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) at week 48 and week 96. DEXA substudies showed that small but statistically significant decreases from baseline in whole body BMD and BMC were similar for rilpivirine and control at week 48 and week 96. There was no difference in the change from baseline in whole body BMD or BMC for rilpivirine compared with control, in the overall population or in those patients treated with a backbone regimen including tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.
In a 144-week controlled clinical study that compared tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with stavudine in combination with lamivudine and efavirenz in antiretroviral-naïve patients, small decreases in BMD of the hip and spine were observed in both treatment groups. Decreases in BMD of spine and changes in bone biomarkers from baseline were significantly greater in the tenofovir disoproxil fumarate treatment group at 144 weeks. Decreases in BMD of hip were significantly greater in this group until 96 weeks. However, there was no increased risk of fractures or evidence for clinically relevant bone abnormalities over 144 weeks.
Bone abnormalities (infrequently contributing to fractures) may be associated with proximal renal tubulopathy (see section 4.8). If bone abnormalities are suspected then appropriate consultation should be obtained.
Patients with HIV and hepatitis B or C virus co-infection
Patients with chronic hepatitis B or C treated with antiretroviral therapy are at an increased risk for severe and potentially fatal hepatic adverse reactions.
Physicians should refer to current HIV treatment guidelines for the optimal management of HIV infection in patients co-infected with HBV.
In case of concomitant antiviral therapy for hepatitis B or C, please refer also to the relevant Summary of Product Characteristics for these medicinal products.
The safety and efficacy of Eviplera have not been established for the treatment of chronic HBV infection. Emtricitabine and tenofovir individually and in combination have shown activity against HBV in pharmacodynamic studies (see section 5.1).
Discontinuation of Eviplera therapy in patients co-infected with HIV and HBV may be associated with severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis. Patients co-infected with HIV and HBV who discontinue Eviplera should be closely monitored with both clinical and laboratory follow-up for at least several months after stopping treatment. If appropriate, resumption of hepatitis B therapy may be warranted. In patients with advanced liver disease or cirrhosis, treatment discontinuation is not recommended since post-treatment exacerbation of hepatitis may lead to hepatic decompensation.
Liver disease
The safety and efficacy of Eviplera have not been established in patients with significant underlying liver disorders. The pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine have not been studied in patients with hepatic impairment. Emtricitabine is not significantly metabolised by liver enzymes, so the impact of liver impairment should be limited. No dose adjustment is required for rilpivirine hydrochloride in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment (CPT Score A or B). Rilpivirine hydrochloride has not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment (CPT Score C). The pharmacokinetics of tenofovir have been studied in patients with hepatic impairment and no dose adjustment is required in these patients.
It is unlikely that a dose adjustment would be required for Eviplera in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment (see sections 4.2 and 5.2). Eviplera should be used with caution in patients with moderate hepatic impairment (CPT Score B) and is not recommended in patients with severe hepatic impairment (CPT Score C).
Patients with pre-existing liver dysfunction, including chronic active hepatitis, have an increased frequency of liver function abnormalities during combination antiretroviral therapy (CART) and should be monitored according to standard practice. If there is evidence of worsening liver disease in such patients, interruption or discontinuation of treatment must be considered.
Lipodystrophy
CART has been associated with the redistribution of body fat (lipodystrophy) in HIV patients. The long-term consequences of these events are currently unknown. Knowledge about the mechanism is incomplete. A connection between visceral lipomatosis and protease inhibitors and lipoatrophy and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors has been hypothesised. A higher risk of lipodystrophy has been associated with individual factors such as older age, and with drug related factors such as longer duration of antiretroviral treatment and associated metabolic disturbances. Clinical examination should include evaluation for physical signs of fat redistribution. Consideration should be given to the measurement of fasting serum lipids and blood glucose. Lipid disorders should be managed as clinically appropriate (see section 4.8).
Mitochondrial dysfunction
Nucleoside and nucleotide analogues have been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo to cause a variable degree of mitochondrial damage. There have been reports of mitochondrial dysfunction in HIV negative infants exposed in utero and/or postnatally to nucleoside analogues. The main adverse reactions reported are haematological disorders (anaemia, neutropenia) and metabolic disorders (hyperlactataemia, hyperlipasaemia). These events are often transitory. Some late-onset neurological disorders have been reported (hypertonia, convulsion, abnormal behaviour). Whether the neurological disorders are transient or permanent is currently unknown. Any child exposed in utero to nucleoside and nucleotide analogues, even HIV negative children, should have clinical and laboratory follow-up and should be fully investigated for possible mitochondrial dysfunction in case of relevant signs or symptoms. These findings do not affect current national recommendations to use antiretroviral therapy in pregnant women to prevent vertical transmission of HIV.
Immune Reactivation Syndrome
In HIV infected patients with severe immune deficiency at the time of institution of CART, an inflammatory reaction to asymptomatic or residual opportunistic pathogens may arise and cause serious clinical conditions, or aggravation of symptoms. Typically, such reactions have been observed within the first few weeks or months of initiation of CART. Relevant examples are cytomegalovirus retinitis, generalised and/or focal mycobacterial infections, and Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. Any inflammatory symptoms should be evaluated and treatment instituted when necessary.
Autoimmune disorders (such as Graves' disease) have also been reported to occur in the setting of immune reactivation; however, the reported time to onset is more variable and these events can occur many months after initiation of treatment.
Osteonecrosis
Although the aetiology is considered to be multifactorial (including corticosteroid use, alcohol consumption, severe immunosuppression, higher body mass index), cases of osteonecrosis have been reported particularly in patients with advanced HIV disease and/or long-term exposure to CART. Patients should be advised to seek medical advice if they experience joint aches and pain, joint stiffness or difficulty in movement.
Older people
Eviplera has not been studied in patients over the age of 65 years. Older patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, therefore caution should be exercised when treating older patients with Eviplera (see sections 4.2 and 5.2).
Excipients
Eviplera contains lactose monohydrate. Consequently, patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency, or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicinal product.
Eviplera contains a colourant called sunset yellow aluminium lake (E110), which may cause allergic reactions in some people.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
No drug interaction studies have been conducted using Eviplera. As Eviplera contains emtricitabine, rilpivirine hydrochloride and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, any interactions that have been identified with these agents individually may occur with Eviplera. Interaction studies with these agents have only been performed in adults.
Rilpivirine is primarily metabolised by cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A. Medicinal products that induce or inhibit CYP3A may thus affect the clearance of rilpivirine (see section 5.2).
Concomitant use contraindicated
Co-administration of Eviplera and medicinal products that induce CYP3A has been observed to decrease the plasma concentrations of rilpivirine which could potentially lead to loss of therapeutic effect of Eviplera (see section 4.3).
Co-administration of Eviplera with proton pump inhibitors has been observed to decrease the plasma concentrations of rilpivirine (due to an increase in gastric pH) which could potentially lead to loss of therapeutic effect of Eviplera (see section 4.3).
Concomitant use not recommended
As a fixed combination, Eviplera should not be administered concomitantly with other medicinal products containing emtricitabine or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Eviplera should not be administered concomitantly with rilpivirine hydrochloride unless needed for dose adjustment with rifabutin (see section 4.2).
Due to similarities with emtricitabine, Eviplera should not be administered concomitantly with other cytidine analogues, such as lamivudine (see section 4.4). Eviplera should not be administered concomitantly with adefovir dipivoxil.
Didanosine: The co-administration of Eviplera and didanosine is not recommended (see section 4.4 and Table 1).
Renally eliminated medicinal products: Since emtricitabine and tenofovir are primarily eliminated by the kidneys, co-administration of Eviplera with medicinal products that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular secretion (e.g. cidofovir) may increase serum concentrations of emtricitabine, tenofovir and/or the co-administered medicinal products.
Use of Eviplera should be avoided with concurrent or recent use of a nephrotoxic medicinal product. Some examples include, but are not limited to, aminoglycosides, amphotericin B, foscarnet, ganciclovir, pentamidine, vancomycin, cidofovir or interleukin-2 (also called aldesleukin).
Other NNRTIs: It is not recommended to co-administer Eviplera with other NNRTIs.
Concomitant use where caution is recommended
Cytochrome P450 enzyme inhibitors: Co-administration of Eviplera with medicinal products that inhibit CYP3A enzyme activity has been observed to increase rilpivirine plasma concentrations.
QT prolonging medicinal products: Eviplera should be used with caution when co-administered with a medicinal product with a known risk of Torsade de Pointes. There is limited information available on the potential for a pharmacodynamic interaction between rilpivirine and medicinal products that prolong the QTc interval of the electrocardiogram. In a study of healthy subjects, supratherapeutic doses of rilpivirine (75 mg once daily and 300 mg once daily) have been shown to prolong the QTc interval of the ECG (see section 5.1).
P-glycoprotein substrates: Rilpivirine inhibits P-glycoprotein in vitro (IC50 is 9.2 μM). In a clinical study rilpivirine did not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of digoxin. However, it may not be completely excluded that rilpivirine can increase the exposure to other drugs transported by P-glycoprotein that are more sensitive to intestinal P-glycoprotein inhibition (e.g. dabigatran etexilate).
Rilpivirine is an in vitro inhibitor of the transporter MATE-2K with an IC50 of < 2.7 nM. The clinical implications of this finding are currently unknown.
Other interactions
Interactions between the components of Eviplera and co-administered medicinal products are listed in Table 1 below (increase is indicated as “↑”, decrease as “↓” and no change as “↔”).
Table 1: Interactions between the individual components of Eviplera and other medicinal products

Medicinal product by therapeutic areas

Effects on drug levels

Mean percent change in AUC, Cmax, Cmin

Recommendation concerning co-administration with Eviplera

ANTI-INFECTIVES

Antiretrovirals

Nucleoside or Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs/N[t]RTIs)

Didanosine/Emtricitabine

Interaction not studied.

Co-administration of Eviplera and didanosine is not recommended (see section 4.4).

Didanosine (400 mg once daily) /Rilpivirine1

Didanosine:

AUC: ↑ 12%

Cmin: NA

Cmax: ↔

Rilpivirine:

AUC: ↔

Cmin: ↔

Cmax: ↔

Didanosine/Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate

Co-administration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and didanosine results in a 40-60% increase in systemic exposure to didanosine that may increase the risk of didanosine-related adverse reactions. Rarely, pancreatitis and lactic acidosis, sometimes fatal, have been reported.

Co-administration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and didanosine at a dose of 400 mg daily has been associated with a significant decrease in CD4 cell count, possibly due to an intracellular interaction increasing phosphorylated (i.e. active) didanosine. A decreased dosage of 250 mg didanosine co-administered with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate therapy has been associated with reports of high rates of virological failure within several tested combinations for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.

Protease Inhibitors (PI) - Boosted (with co-administration of low-dose ritonavir)

Atazanavir/Ritonavir/Emtricitabine

Interaction not studied.

Concomitant use of Eviplera with ritonavir boosted PIs causes an increase in the plasma concentrations of rilpivirine (inhibition of CYP3A enzymes).

No dose adjustment is required.

Atazanavir/Ritonavir/Rilpivirine

Interaction not studied.

Atazanavir (300 mg once daily)/ Ritonavir (100 mg once daily)/ Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (300 mg once daily)

Atazanavir:

AUC: ↓ 25%

Cmax: ↓ 28%

Cmin: ↓ 26%

Tenofovir:

AUC: ↑ 37%

Cmax: ↑ 34%

Cmin: ↑ 29%

Darunavir/Ritonavir/Emtricitabine

Interaction not studied.

Darunavir (800 mg once daily)/ Ritonavir (100 mg once daily)/ Rilpivirine1

Darunavir:

AUC: ↔

Cmin: ↓ 11%

Cmax: ↔

Rilpivirine:

AUC: ↑ 130%

Cmin: ↑ 178%

Cmax: ↑ 79%

Darunavir (300 mg once daily)/ Ritonavir (100 mg once daily)/ Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate

(300 mg once daily)

Darunavir:

AUC: ↔

Cmin: ↔

Tenofovir:

AUC: ↑ 22%

Cmin: ↑ 37%

Lopinavir/Ritonavir/Emtricitabine

Interaction not studied.

Lopinavir (400 mg twice daily)/ Ritonavir (100 mg twice daily)/ Rilpivirine1

(soft capsule)

Lopinavir:

AUC: ↔

Cmin: ↓ 11%

Cmax: ↔

Rilpivirine:

AUC: ↑ 52%

Cmin: ↑ 74%

Cmax: ↑ 29%

Lopinavir (400 mg twice daily)/ Ritonavir (100 mg twice daily)/ Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate(300 mg once daily)

Lopinavir/Ritonavir:

AUC: ↔

Cmax: ↔

Cmin: ↔

Tenofovir:

AUC: ↑ 32%

Cmax: ↔

Cmin: ↑ 51%

CCR5 Antagonists

Maraviroc/Emtricitabine

Interaction not studied.

No clinically relevant drug-drug interaction is expected.

No dose adjustment is required.

Maraviroc/Rilpivirine

Interaction not studied.

Maraviroc (300 mg twice daily)/ Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (300 mg once daily)

AUC: ↔

Cmax: ↔

Tenofovir concentrations not measured, no effect is expected

Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors

Raltegravir/ Emtricitabine

Interaction not studied.

No clinically relevant drug-drug interaction is expected.

No dose adjustment is required.

Raltegravir/ Rilpivirine

Raltegravir:

AUC: ↑ 9%

Cmin: ↑ 27%

Cmax: ↑ 10%

Rilpivirine:

AUC: ↔

Cmin: ↔

Cmax: ↔

Raltegravir (400 mg twice daily)/ Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate

Raltegravir:

AUC: ↑ 49%

C12h: ↑ 3%

Cmax: ↑ 64%

(mechanism of interaction unknown)

Tenofovir:

AUC: ↓ 10%

C12h: ↓ 13%

Cmax: ↓ 23%

Other Antiviral Agents

Ribavirin

Interaction not studied with any components of Eviplera.

No clinically relevant drug-drug interaction is expected.

No dose adjustment is required.

Telaprevir (750 mg every 8 hours)/ Rilpivirine

Telaprevir:

AUC: ↓ 5%

Cmin: ↓ 11%

Cmax: ↓ 3%

Rilpivirine:

AUC: ↑ 78%

Cmin: ↑ 93%

Cmax: ↑ 49%

No dose adjustment is required.

Antifungals

Ketoconazole/Emtricitabine

Interaction not studied.

Concomitant use of Eviplera with azole antifungal agents may cause an increase in the plasma concentrations of rilpivirine (inhibition of CYP3A enzymes).

At a dose of 25 mg of rilpivirine, no dose adjustment is required.

Ketoconazole (400 mg once daily)/ Rilpivirine1

Ketoconazole:

AUC: ↓ 24%

Cmin: ↓ 66%

Cmax: ↔

Fluconazole2

Itraconazole2

Posaconazole2

Voriconazole2

Rilpivirine:

AUC: ↑ 49%

Cmin: ↑ 76%

Cmax: ↑ 30%

Ketoconazole/Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate

Interaction not studied.

Antimycobacterials

Rifabutin/Emtricitabine

Interaction not studied.

Co-administration is likely to cause significant decreases in rilpivirine plasma concentrations (induction of CYP3A enzymes). When Eviplera is co-administered with rifabutin, an additional 25 mg tablet of rilpivirine per day is recommended to be taken concomitantly with Eviplera, for the duration of the rifabutin co-administration.

Rifabutin (300 mg once daily)/ Rilpivirine3

Rifabutin:

AUC: ↔

Cmin: ↔

Cmax: ↔

25-O-desacetyl-rifabutin:

AUC: ↔

Cmin: ↔

Cmax: ↔

Rifabutin (300 mg once daily)/ Rilpivirine (25 mg once daily)

Rilpivirine:

AUC: ↓ 42%

Cmin: ↓ 48%

Cmax: ↓ 31%

Rifabutin (300 mg once daily)/ Rilpivirine (50 mg once daily)

Rilpivirine:

AUC: ↑ 16%*

Cmin: ↔ *

Cmax: ↑ 43%*

*compared to 25 mg once daily rilpivirine alone

Rifabutin/Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate

Interaction not studied.

Rifampicin/Emtricitabine

Interaction not studied.

Eviplera must not be used in combination with rifampicin as co-administration is likely to cause significant decreases in rilpivirine plasma concentrations (induction of CYP3A enzymes). This may result in loss of therapeutic effect of Eviplera.

Rifampicin (600 mg once daily)/ Rilpivirine1

Rifampicin:

AUC: ↔

Cmin: NA

Cmax: ↔

25-desacetyl-rifampicin:

AUC: ↓ 9%

Cmin: NA

Cmax: ↔

Rilpivirine:

AUC: ↓ 80%

Cmin: ↓ 89%

Cmax: ↓ 69%

Rifampicin (600 mg once daily)/ Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (300 mg once daily)

Rifampicin:

AUC: ↔

Cmax: ↔

Tenofovir:

AUC: ↔

Cmax: ↔

Rifapentine2

Interaction not studied with any components of Eviplera.

Eviplera must not be used in combination with rifapentine as co-administration is likely to cause significant decreases in rilpivirine plasma concentrations (induction of CYP3A enzymes). This may result in loss of therapeutic effect of Eviplera.

Macrolide antibiotics

Clarithromycin

Erythromycin

Interaction not studied with any components of Eviplera.

The combination of Eviplera with these macrolide antibiotics may cause an increase in the plasma concentrations of rilpivirine (inhibition of CYP3A enzymes).

Where possible, alternatives such as azithromycin should be considered.

ANTICONVULSANTS

Carbamazepine

Oxcarbazepine

Phenobarbital

Phenytoin

Interaction not studied with any components of Eviplera.

Eviplera must not be used in combination with these anticonvulsants as co-administration may cause significant decreases in rilpivirine plasma concentrations (induction of CYP3A enzymes). This may result in loss of therapeutic effect of Eviplera.

GLUCOCORTICOIDS

Dexamethasone (systemic, except for single dose use)

Interaction not studied with any components of Eviplera.

Eviplera should not be used in combination with systemic dexamethasone (except as a single dose) as co-administration may cause significant dose dependent decreases in rilpivirine plasma concentrations (induction of CYP3A enzymes). This may result in loss of therapeutic effect of Eviplera.

Alternatives should be considered, particularly for long-term use.

PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS

Omeprazole/Emtricitabine

Interaction not studied.

Eviplera must not be used in combination with proton pump inhibitors as co-administration is likely to cause significant decreases in rilpivirine plasma concentrations (reduced absorption, increase in gastric pH). This may result in loss of therapeutic effect of Eviplera.

Omeprazole (20 mg once daily)/ Rilpivirine1

Omeprazole:

AUC: ↓ 14%

Cmin: NA

Cmax: ↓ 14%

Lansoprazole2

Rabeprazole2

Pantoprazole2

Esomeprazole2

Rilpivirine:

AUC: ↓ 40%

Cmin: ↓ 33%

Cmax: ↓ 40%

Omeprazole/Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate

Interaction not studied.

H2-RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS

Famotidine/Emtricitabine

Interaction not studied.

The combination of Eviplera and H2-receptor antagonists should be used with particular caution as co-administration may cause significant decreases in rilpivirine plasma concentrations (reduced absorption, increase in gastric pH). Only H2-receptor antagonists that can be dosed once daily should be used. A strict dosing schedule with intake of the H2-receptor antagonists at least 12 hours before or at least 4 hours after Eviplera should be used.

Famotidine (40 mg single dose taken 12 hours before rilpivirine)/ Rilpivirine1

Cimetidine2

Nizatidine2

Ranitidine2

Rilpivirine:

AUC: ↓ 9%

Cmin: NA

Cmax: ↔

Famotidine (40 mg single dose taken 2 hours before rilpivirine)/ Rilpivirine1

Rilpivirine:

AUC: ↓ 76%

Cmin: NA

Cmax: ↓ 85%

Famotidine (40 mg single dose taken 4 hours after rilpivirine)/ Rilpivirine1

Rilpivirine:

AUC: ↑ 13%

Cmin: NA

Cmax: ↑ 21%

Famotidine/Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate

Interaction not studied.

ANTACIDS

Antacids (e.g. aluminium or magnesium hydroxide, calcium carbonate)

Interaction not studied with any of the components of Eviplera.

The combination of Eviplera and antacids should be used with caution as co-administration may cause significant decreases in rilpivirine plasma concentrations (reduced absorption, gastric pH increase). Antacids should only be administered either at least 2 hours before or at least 4 hours after Eviplera.

NARCOTIC ANALGESICS

Methadone/Emtricitabine

Interaction not studied.

No dose adjustments are required when initiating co-administration of methadone with Eviplera. However, clinical monitoring is recommended as methadone maintenance therapy may need to be adjusted in some patients.

Methadone (60-100 mg once daily, individualised dose)/ Rilpivirine

R(-) methadone:

AUC: ↓ 16%

Cmin: ↓ 22%

Cmax: ↓ 14%

Rilpivirine:

AUC: ↔*

Cmin: ↔*

Cmax: ↔*

*based on historic controls

Methadone/Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate

Methadone:

AUC: ↔

Cmin: ↔

Cmax: ↔

Tenofovir:

AUC: ↔

Cmin: ↔

Cmax: ↔

ANALGESICS

Paracetamol/Emtricitabine

Interaction not studied.

No dose adjustment is required.

Paracetamol (500 mg single dose)/ Rilpivirine1

Paracetamol:

AUC: ↔

Cmin: NA

Cmax: ↔

Rilpivirine:

AUC: ↔

Cmin: ↑ 26%

Cmax: ↔

Paracetamol/Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate

Interaction not studied.

ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES

Ethinylestradiol/Norethindrone/Emtricitabine

Interaction not studied.

No dose adjustment is required.

Ethinylestradiol (0.035 mg once daily)/ Rilpivirine

Ethinylestradiol:

AUC: ↔

Cmin: ↔

Cmax: ↑ 17%

Norethindrone (1 mg once daily)/ Rilpivirine

Norethindrone:

AUC: ↔

Cmin: ↔

Cmax: ↔

Rilpivirine:

AUC: ↔*

Cmin: ↔*

Cmax: ↔*

*based on historic controls

Ethinylestradiol/Norethindrone/Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate

Ethinylestradiol:

AUC: ↔

Cmax: ↔

Tenofovir:

AUC: ↔

Cmax: ↔

ANTIARRHYTHMICS

Digoxin/Emtricitabine

Interaction not studied.

No dose adjustment is required.

Digoxin/Rilpivirine

Digoxin:

AUC: ↔

Cmin: NA

Cmax: ↔

Digoxin/Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate

Interaction not studied.

ANTICOAGULANTS

Dabigatran etexilate

Interaction not studied with any of the components of Eviplera.

A risk for increases in dabigatran plasma concentrations cannot be excluded (inhibition of intestinal P-glycoprotein).

The combination of Eviplera and dabigatran etexilate should be used with caution.

ANTIDIABETICS

Metformin/Emtricitabine

Interaction not studied.

No dose adjustment is required.

Metformin (850 mg single dose)/ Rilpivirine

Metformin:

AUC: ↔

Cmin: NA

Cmax: ↔

Metformin/Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate

Interaction not studied.

HERBAL PRODUCTS

St John's wort

(Hypericum perforatum)

Interaction not studied with any of the components of Eviplera.

Eviplera must not be used in combination with products containing St John's wort as co-administration may cause significant decreases in rilpivirine plasma concentrations. This may result in loss of therapeutic effect of Eviplera.

HMG CO-A REDUCTASE INHIBITORS

Atorvastatin/Emtricitabine

Interaction not studied.

No dose adjustment is required.

Atorvastatin (40 mg once daily)/ Rilpivirine1

Atorvastatin:

AUC: ↔

Cmin: ↓ 15%

Cmax: ↑ 35%

Rilpivirine:

AUC: ↔

Cmin: ↔

Cmax: ↓ 9%

Atorvastatin/Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate

Interaction not studied.

PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE 5 (PDE-5) INHIBITORS

Sildenafil/Emtricitabine

Interaction not studied.

No dose adjustment is required.

Sildenafil (50 mg single dose)/ Rilpivirine1

Sildenafil:

AUC: ↔

Cmin: NA

Cmax: ↔

Vardenafil2

Tadalafil2

Rilpivirine:

AUC: ↔

Cmin: ↔

Cmax: ↔

Sildenafil/Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate

Interaction not studied.

1 This interaction study has been performed with a dose higher than the recommended dose for rilpivirine hydrochloride assessing the maximal effect on the co-administered medicinal product. The dosing recommendation is applicable to the recommended dose of rilpivirine of 25 mg once daily.
2 These are drugs within class where similar interactions could be predicted.
3 This interaction study has been performed with a dose higher than the recommended dose for rilpivirine hydrochloride assessing the maximal effect on the co-administered medicinal product.
Studies conducted with other medicinal products
Emtricitabine: In vitro, emtricitabine did not inhibit metabolism mediated by any of the following human CYP450 isoforms: 1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6 and 3A4. Emtricitabine did not inhibit the enzyme responsible for glucuronidation.
There are no clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions when emtricitabine is co-administered with indinavir, zidovudine, stavudine or famciclovir.
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: Co-administration of lamivudine, indinavir, efavirenz, nelfinavir or saquinavir (ritonavir boosted), ribavirin or adefovir dipivoxil with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate did not result in any clinically significant pharmacokinetic interaction.
Emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate fixed dose combination: Co-administration of tacrolimus with emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate did not result in any clinically significant pharmacokinetic interaction.
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Women of childbearing potential / contraception in males and females
The use of Eviplera must be accompanied by the use of effective contraception (see section 4.5).
Pregnancy
There are no clinical data with Eviplera in pregnant women. However, a moderate amount of data in pregnant women (between 300-1,000 pregnancy outcomes) indicate no malformations or foetal/neonatal toxicity associated with emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.
Studies in animals have shown no reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3) with the components of Eviplera. Studies in animals have shown limited placenta passage of rilpivirine. It is not known whether placental transfer of rilpivirine occurs in pregnant women. There was no teratogenicity with rilpivirine in rats and rabbits.
Eviplera should not be used during pregnancy unless clearly needed.
Breast-feeding
Emtricitabine and tenofovir have been shown to be excreted in human milk. It is not known whether rilpivirine is excreted in human milk. There is insufficient information on the effects of all of the components of Eviplera in newborns/infants. Therefore Eviplera should not be used during breast-feeding.
In order to avoid transmission of HIV to the infant it is recommended that HIV infected women do not breast-feed their infants under any circumstances.
Fertility
No human data on the effect of Eviplera on fertility are available. Animal studies do not indicate harmful effects of emtricitabine, rilpivirine hydrochloride or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate on fertility.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Eviplera has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines. No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed. However, patients should be informed that fatigue, dizziness and somnolence have been reported during treatment with the components of Eviplera (see section 4.8). This should be considered when assessing a patient's ability to drive or operate machinery.
4.8 Undesirable effects
Summary of the safety profile
The combination of emtricitabine, rilpivirine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate has been studied as the component products in treatment-naïve patients (Phase III studies C209 and C215). The single-tablet regimen (STR), Eviplera, has been studied in virologically suppressed patients who switched from a regimen containing a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor (Phase III study GS-US-264-0106) or from efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Phase IIb study GS-US-264-0111). In treatment-naïve patients, the most frequently reported adverse reactions considered possibly or probably related to rilpivirine hydrochloride and emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate were nausea (9%), dizziness (8%), abnormal dreams (8%), headache (6%), diarrhoea (5%) and insomnia (5%) (pooled data from the Phase III clinical studies C209 and C215, see section 5.1). No new adverse reaction terms were identified between 48 weeks and 96 weeks. In virologically suppressed patients switching to Eviplera, the most frequently reported adverse reactions considered possibly or probably related to Eviplera were fatigue (3%), diarrhoea (3%), nausea (2%) and insomnia (2%) (48 week data from the Phase III study GS-US-264-0106). No new adverse reactions to Eviplera were identified in virologically suppressed patients switching to Eviplera in clinical studies GS-US-264-0106 and GS-US-264-0111. The safety profile of emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in these studies was consistent with the previous experience with these agents when each was administered with other antiretroviral agents.
In patients receiving tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, rare events of renal impairment, renal failure and proximal renal tubulopathy (including Fanconi syndrome) sometimes leading to bone abnormalities (infrequently contributing to fractures) have been reported. Monitoring of renal function is recommended for patients receiving Eviplera (see section 4.4).
Lipodystrophy is associated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine (see sections 4.4 and 4.8 Description of selected adverse reactions).
Discontinuation of Eviplera therapy in patients co-infected with HIV and HBV may be associated with severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis (see section 4.4).
Tabulated summary of adverse reactions
The adverse reactions considered at least possibly related to treatment with the components of Eviplera from clinical study and post-marketing experience are listed in Table 2, below, by body system organ class and frequency. Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness. Frequencies are defined as very common (≥ 1/10), common (≥ 1/100 to < 1/10), uncommon (≥ 1/1,000 to < 1/100) or rare (≥ 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000).
Table 2: Tabulated summary of adverse reactions associated with the individual components of Eviplera based on clinical study and post-marketing experience

Frequency

Emtricitabine

Rilpivirine hydrochloride

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate

Blood and lymphatic system disorders:

Common:

neutropenia

decreased white blood cell count, decreased haemoglobin, decreased platelet count

 

Uncommon:

anaemia2

   

Immune system disorders:

Common:

allergic reaction

   

Uncommon:

 

immune reactivation syndrome

 

Metabolism and nutrition disorders:

Very common:

 

increased total cholesterol (fasted), increased LDL cholesterol (fasted)

hypophosphataemia1

Common:

hyperglycaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia

decreased appetite, increased triglycerides (fasted)

 

Uncommon:

   

hypokalaemia1

Rare:

   

lactic acidosis

Psychiatric disorders:

Very common:

 

insomnia

 

Common:

insomnia, abnormal dreams

depression, abnormal dreams, sleep disorders, depressed mood

 

Nervous system disorders:

Very common:

headache

headache, dizziness

dizziness

Common:

dizziness

somnolence

headache

Gastrointestinal disorders:

Very common:

diarrhoea, nausea

nausea, increased pancreatic amylase

diarrhoea, vomiting, nausea

Common:

elevated amylase including elevated pancreatic amylase, elevated serum lipase, vomiting, abdominal pain, dyspepsia

abdominal pain, vomiting, increased lipase, abdominal discomfort, dry mouth

abdominal pain, abdominal distension, flatulence

Uncommon:

   

pancreatitis

Hepatobiliary disorders:

Very common:

 

increased transaminases (AST and/or ALT)

 

Common:

elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and/or elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), hyperbilirubinaemia

increased bilirubin

increased transaminases (AST and/or ALT)

Rare:

   

hepatic steatosis, hepatitis

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders:

Very common:

   

rash

Common:

vesiculobullous rash, pustular rash, maculopapular rash, rash, pruritus, urticaria, skin discolouration (increased pigmentation)2

rash

 

Uncommon:

angioedema3

   

Rare:

   

angioedema3

Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders:

Very common:

elevated creatine kinase

   

Uncommon:

   

rhabdomyolysis1, muscular weakness1

Rare:

   

osteomalacia (manifested as bone pain and infrequently contributing to fractures)1,3, myopathy1

Renal and urinary disorders:

Uncommon:

   

increased creatinine, proteinuria

Rare:

   

renal failure (acute and chronic), acute tubular necrosis, proximal renal tubulopathy including Fanconi syndrome, nephritis (including acute interstitial nephritis)3, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

General disorders and administration site conditions:

Very common:

   

asthenia

Common:

pain, asthenia

fatigue

 
1 This adverse reaction may occur as a consequence of proximal renal tubulopathy. It is not considered to be causally associated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in the absence of this condition.
2 Anaemia was common and skin discolouration (increased pigmentation) was very common when emtricitabine was administered to paediatric patients.
3 This adverse reaction was identified through post-marketing surveillance but not observed in randomised controlled clinical studies in adults or paediatric HIV clinical studies for emtricitabine or in randomised controlled clinical studies or the tenofovir disoproxil fumarate expanded access program for tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. The frequency category was estimated from a statistical calculation based on the total number of patients exposed to emtricitabine in randomised controlled clinical studies (n = 1,563) or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in randomised controlled clinical studies and the expanded access program (n = 7,319).
Laboratory abnormalities
Lipids: At 96 weeks in the pooled Phase III C209 and C215 trials of treatment-naïve patients, in the rilpivirine arm the mean change from baseline in total cholesterol (fasted) was 5 mg/dL, in HDL cholesterol (fasted) 4 mg/dL, in LDL cholesterol (fasted) 1 mg/dL, and in triglycerides (fasted) -7 mg/dL. At 48 weeks in Phase III study GS-US-264-0106 of virologically suppressed patients switching to Eviplera from a regimen containing a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor, the mean change from baseline in total cholesterol (fasted) was -24 mg/dL, in HDL cholesterol (fasted) -2 mg/dL, in LDL cholesterol (fasted) -16 mg/dL, and in triglycerides (fasted) -64 mg/dL.
Creatinine: The pooled data from the Phase III C209 and C215 trials of treatment-naïve patients also demonstrate that serum creatinine increased and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decreased over 96 weeks of treatment with rilpivirine. Most of this increase in creatinine and decrease in eGFR occurred within the first four weeks of treatment. Over 96 weeks of treatment with rilpivirine mean changes of 0.1 mg/dL (range: -0.3 mg/dL to 0.6 mg/dL) for creatinine and -13.3 mL/min/1.73 m2 (range: -63.7 mL/min/1.73 m2 to 40.1 mL/min/1.73 m2) for eGFR were observed. In patients who entered the studies with mild or moderate renal impairment, the serum creatinine increase observed was similar to that seen in patients with normal renal function. These changes are not considered to be clinically relevant since they do not reflect a change in actual glomerular filtration rate. Changes in creatinine and eGFR observed at 48 weeks in Phase III study GS-US-264-0106 of virologically suppressed patients switching to Eviplera from a regimen containing a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor were consistent with those observed in studies C209 and C215.
Cortisol: In the pooled Phase III C209 and C215 trials of treatment-naïve patients, at week 96, there was an overall mean change from baseline in basal cortisol of -19.1 (-30.85; -7.37) nmol/L in the rilpivirine arm and of -0.6 (-13.29; 12.17) nmol/L in the efavirenz arm. At week 96, the mean change from baseline in ACTH-stimulated cortisol levels was lower in the rilpivirine arm (+18.4 ± 8.36 nmol/L) than in the efavirenz arm (+54.1 ± 7.24 nmol/L). Mean values for the rilpivirine arm for both basal and ACTH-stimulated cortisol at week 96 were within the normal range. These changes in adrenal safety parameters were not clinically relevant. There were no clinical signs or symptoms suggestive of adrenal or gonadal dysfunction in adults.
Description of selected adverse reactions
Renal impairment: As Eviplera may cause renal damage, monitoring of renal function is recommended (see sections 4.4 and 4.8 Summary of the safety profile). Proximal renal tubulopathy generally resolved or improved after tenofovir disoproxil fumarate discontinuation. However, in some patients, declines in creatinine clearance did not completely resolve despite tenofovir disoproxil fumarate discontinuation. Patients at risk of renal impairment (such as patients with baseline renal risk factors, advanced HIV disease, or patients receiving concomitant nephrotoxic medications) are at increased risk of experiencing incomplete recovery of renal function despite tenofovir disoproxil fumarate discontinuation (see section 4.4).
Interaction with didanosine: Co-administration of Eviplera and didanosine is not recommended as it results in a 40-60% increase in systemic exposure to didanosine that may increase the risk of didanosine-related adverse reactions (see section 4.5). Rarely, pancreatitis and lactic acidosis, sometimes fatal, have been reported.
Lipids, lipodystrophy and metabolic abnormalities: CART has been associated with metabolic abnormalities such as hypertriglyceridaemia, hypercholesterolaemia, insulin resistance, hyperglycaemia and hyperlactataemia (see section 4.4).
CART has been associated with redistribution of body fat (lipodystrophy) in HIV infected patients including the loss of peripheral and facial subcutaneous fat, increased intra-abdominal and visceral fat, breast hypertrophy and dorsocervical fat accumulation (buffalo hump) (see section 4.4).
Immune Reactivation Syndrome: In HIV infected patients with severe immune deficiency at the time of initiation of CART, an inflammatory reaction to asymptomatic or residual opportunistic infections may arise. Autoimmune disorders (such as Graves' disease) have also been reported; however, the reported time to onset is more variable and these events can occur many months after initiation of treatment (see section 4.4).
Osteonecrosis: Cases of osteonecrosis have been reported, particularly in patients with generally acknowledged risk factors, advanced HIV disease or long-term exposure to CART. The frequency of this is unknown (see section 4.4).
Paediatric population
Insufficient safety data are available for children under the age of 18 years. Eviplera is not recommended in this population (see section 4.2).
Other special population(s)
Older people: Eviplera has not been studied in patients over the age of 65 years. Older patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, therefore caution should be exercised when treating older patients with Eviplera (see section 4.4).
Patients with renal impairment: Since tenofovir disoproxil fumarate can cause renal toxicity, close monitoring of renal function is recommended in any patient with renal impairment treated with Eviplera (see sections 4.2, 4.4 and 5.2).
HIV/HBV or HCV co-infected patients: The adverse reaction profile of emtricitabine, rilpivirine hydrochloride and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in patients co-infected with HIV/HBV or HIV/HCV was similar to that observed in patients infected with HIV without co-infection. However, as would be expected in this patient population, elevations in AST and ALT occurred more frequently than in the general HIV infected population.
Exacerbations of hepatitis after discontinuation of treatment: In HIV infected patients co-infected with HBV, clinical and laboratory evidence of hepatitis have occurred after discontinuation of treatment (see section 4.4).
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system:
United Kingdom
Yellow Card Scheme
Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard
Ireland
HPRA Pharmacovigilance
Earlsfort Terrace
IRL - Dublin 2
Tel: +353 1 6764971
Fax: +353 1 6762517
Website: www.hpra.ie
e-mail: medsafety@hpra.ie
Malta
ADR Reportin
Website: www.medicinesauthority.gov.mt/adrportal
4.9 Overdose
If overdose occurs the patient must be monitored for evidence of toxicity (see section 4.8), and standard supportive treatment applied as necessary including observation of the clinical status of the patient and monitoring of vital signs and ECG (QT interval).
There is no specific antidote for overdose with Eviplera. Up to 30% of the emtricitabine dose and approximately 10% of the tenofovir dose can be removed by haemodialysis. It is not known whether emtricitabine or tenofovir can be removed by peritoneal dialysis. Since rilpivirine is highly protein bound, dialysis is unlikely to result in significant removal of the active substance.
Administration of activated charcoal may also be used to aid in removal of unabsorbed rilpivirine hydrochloride.
5. Pharmacological properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antiviral for systemic use; antivirals for treatment of HIV infections, combinations. ATC code: J05AR08.
Mechanism of action and pharmacodynamic effects
Emtricitabine is a nucleoside analogue of cytidine. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is converted in vivo to tenofovir, a nucleoside monophosphate (nucleotide) analogue of adenosine monophosphate. Both emtricitabine and tenofovir have activity that is specific to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1 and HIV-2) and hepatitis B virus.
Rilpivirine is a diarylpyrimidine NNRTI of HIV-1. Rilpivirine activity is mediated by non-competitive inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT).
Emtricitabine and tenofovir are phosphorylated by cellular enzymes to form emtricitabine triphosphate and tenofovir diphosphate, respectively. In vitro studies have shown that both emtricitabine and tenofovir can be fully phosphorylated when combined together in cells. Emtricitabine triphosphate and tenofovir diphosphate competitively inhibit HIV-1 RT, resulting in DNA chain termination.
Both emtricitabine triphosphate and tenofovir diphosphate are weak inhibitors of mammalian DNA polymerases and there was no evidence of toxicity to mitochondria in vitro and in vivo. Rilpivirine does not inhibit the human cellular DNA polymerases α, β and mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ.
Antiviral activity in vitro
The triple combination of emtricitabine, rilpivirine, and tenofovir demonstrated synergistic antiviral activity in cell culture.
The antiviral activity of emtricitabine against laboratory and clinical isolates of HIV-1 was assessed in lymphoblastoid cell lines, the MAGI-CCR5 cell line, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The 50% effective concentration (EC50) values for emtricitabine were in the range of 0.0013 to 0.64 µM.
Emtricitabine displayed antiviral activity in cell culture against HIV-1 subtype A, B, C, D, E, F, and G (EC50 values ranged from 0.007 to 0.075 µM) and showed strain specific activity against HIV-2 (EC50 values ranged from 0.007 to 1.5 µM).
In drug combination studies of emtricitabine with NRTIs (abacavir, didanosine, lamivudine, stavudine, tenofovir, and zidovudine), NNRTIs (delavirdine, efavirenz, nevirapine, and rilpivirine), and PIs (amprenavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir), additive to synergistic effects were observed.
Rilpivirine exhibited activity against laboratory strains of wild-type HIV-1 in an acutely infected T-cell line with a median EC50 value for HIV-1/IIIB of 0.73 nM (0.27 ng/mL). Although rilpivirine demonstrated limited in vitro activity against HIV-2 with EC50 values ranging from 2,510 to 10,830 nM (920 to 3,970 ng/mL), treatment of HIV-2 infection with rilpivirine hydrochloride is not recommended in the absence of clinical data.
Rilpivirine also demonstrated antiviral activity against a broad panel of HIV-1 group M (subtype A, B, C, D, F, G, H) primary isolates with EC50 values ranging from 0.07 to 1.01 nM (0.03 to 0.37 ng/mL) and group O primary isolates with EC50 values ranging from 2.88 to 8.45 nM (1.06 to 3.10 ng/mL).
The antiviral activity of tenofovir against laboratory and clinical isolates of HIV-1 was assessed in lymphoblastoid cell lines, primary monocyte/macrophage cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes. The EC50 values for tenofovir were in the range of 0.04 to 8.5 µM.
Tenofovir displayed antiviral activity in cell culture against HIV-1 subtype A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and O (EC50 values ranged from 0.5 to 2.2 µM) and strain specific activity against HIV-2 (EC50 values ranged from 1.6 µM to 5.5 µM).
In drug combination studies of tenofovir with NRTIs (abacavir, didanosine, emtricitabine, lamivudine, stavudine, and zidovudine), NNRTIs (delavirdine, efavirenz, nevirapine, and rilpivirine), and PIs (amprenavir, indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, and saquinavir), additive to synergistic effects were observed.
Resistance
Considering all of the available in vitro data and data generated in previously untreated patients, the following resistance-associated mutations in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, when present at baseline, may affect the activity of Eviplera: K65R, K70E, K101E, K101P, E138A, E138G, E138K, E138Q, E138R, V179L, Y181C, Y181I, Y181V, M184I, M184V, Y188L, H221Y, F227C, M230I, M230L and the combination of L100I and K103N.
A negative impact by NNRTI mutations other than those listed above (e.g. mutations K103N or L100I as single mutations) cannot be excluded, since this was not studied in vivo in a sufficient number of patients.
As with other antiretroviral medicinal products, resistance testing and/or historical resistance data should guide the use of Eviplera (see section 4.4).
In cell culture
Resistance to emtricitabine or tenofovir has been seen in vitro and in some HIV-1 infected patients due to the development of the M184V or M184I substitution in RT with emtricitabine, or the K65R substitution in RT with tenofovir. In addition, a K70E substitution in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase has been selected by tenofovir and results in low-level reduced susceptibility to abacavir, emtricitabine, tenofovir and lamivudine. No other pathways of resistance to emtricitabine or tenofovir have been identified. Emtricitabine-resistant viruses with the M184V/I mutation were cross-resistant to lamivudine, but retained sensitivity to didanosine, stavudine, tenofovir, zalcitabine and zidovudine. The K65R mutation can also be selected by abacavir or didanosine and results in reduced susceptibility to these agents plus to lamivudine, emtricitabine, and tenofovir. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate should be avoided in patients with HIV-1 harbouring the K65R mutation. The K65R, M184V, and K65R+M184V mutants of HIV-1 remain fully susceptible to rilpivirine.
Rilpivirine-resistant strains were selected in cell culture starting from wild-type HIV-1 of different origins and subtypes as well as NNRTI resistant HIV-1. The most commonly observed resistance-associated mutations that emerged included L100I, K101E, V108I, E138K, V179F, Y181C, H221Y, F227C and M230I.
In treatment-naïve HIV-1 infected patients
For the resistance analyses, a broader definition of virologic failure was used than in the primary efficacy analysis. In the cumulative week 96 pooled resistance analysis for patients receiving rilpivirine in combination with emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, a greater risk of virologic failure for patients in the rilpivirine arm was observed within the first 48 weeks of these trials (11.5% in the rilpivirine arm and 4.2% in the efavirenz arm) while low rates of virologic failure, similar between the treatment arms, were observed from the week 48 to week 96 analysis (15 patients or 2.7% in the rilpivirine arm and 14 patients or 2.6% in the efavirenz arm). Of these virologic failures 5/15 (rilpivirine) and 5/14 (efavirenz) were in patients with a baseline viral load of ≤ 100,000 copies/mL.
In the week 96 pooled resistance analysis for patients receiving emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate + rilpivirine hydrochloride in the Phase III clinical studies C209 and C215, there were 78 virologic failure patients with genotypic resistance information available for 71 of those patients. In this analysis, the NNRTI resistance-associated mutations that developed most commonly in these patients were: V90I, K101E, E138K/Q, V179I, Y181C, V189I, H221Y and F227C. The most common mutations were the same in the week 48 and week 96 analyses. In the studies, the presence of the mutations V90I and V189I at baseline did not affect the response. The E138K substitution emerged most frequently during rilpivirine treatment, commonly in combination with the M184I substitution. 52% of patients with virologic failure in the rilpivirine arm developed concomitant NNRTI and NRTI mutations. The mutations associated with NRTI resistance that developed in 3 or more patients were: K65R, K70E, M184V/I and K219E during the treatment period.
Through week 96, fewer patients in the rilpivirine arm with baseline viral load ≤ 100,000 copies/mL had emerging resistance-associated substitutions and/or phenotypic resistance to rilpivirine (7/288) than patients with baseline viral load > 100,000 copies/mL (30/262). Among those patients who developed resistance to rilpivirine, 4/7 patients with baseline viral load ≤ 100,000 copies/mL and 28/30 patients with baseline viral load > 100,000 copies/mL had cross-resistance to other NNRTIs.
In virologically suppressed HIV-1 infected patients
Study GS-US-264-0106: Of the 469 Eviplera-treated patients [317 patients who switched to Eviplera at baseline (Eviplera arm) and 152 patients who switched at week 24 (Delayed Switch arm)], a total of 7 patients were analysed for resistance development and all had genotypic and phenotypic data available. Through week 24, two patients who switched to Eviplera at baseline (2 of 317 patients, 0.6%) and one patient who maintained their ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor-based regimen [Stayed on Baseline Regimen (SBR) arm] (1 of 159 patients, 0.6%) developed genotypic and/or phenotypic resistance to study drugs. After week 24, the HIV-1 from 2 additional patients in the Eviplera arm developed resistance by week 48 (total of 4 of 469 patients, 0.9%). The remaining 3 Eviplera-treated patients did not have emergent resistance.
The most common emergent resistance mutations in Eviplera-treated patients were M184V/I and E138K in reverse transcriptase. All patients remained susceptible to tenofovir. Of the 24 patients treated with Eviplera that had the NNRTI-associated K103N substitution pre-existing at baseline in their HIV-1, 17 of 18 patients in the Eviplera arm and 5 of 6 patients in the SBR arm maintained virologic suppression after switching to Eviplera through 48 weeks and 24 weeks of treatment, respectively. One patient with pre-existing K103N at baseline had virologic failure with additional emergent resistance by week 48.
Study GS-US-264-0111: Through week 48, no emergent resistance developed in the 2 patients that failed virologically among patients that switched to Eviplera from efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil (0 of 49 patients).
Cross-resistance
No significant cross-resistance has been demonstrated between rilpivirine-resistant HIV-1 variants and emtricitabine or tenofovir, or between emtricitabine- or tenofovir-resistant variants and rilpivirine.
In cell culture
Emtricitabine: Emtricitabine-resistant viruses with the M184V/I substitution were cross-resistant to lamivudine, but retained sensitivity to didanosine, stavudine, tenofovir, and zidovudine.
Viruses harbouring substitutions conferring reduced susceptibility to stavudine and zidovudine-thymidine analogue-associated mutations-TAMs (M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F, K219Q/E), or didanosine (L74V) remained sensitive to emtricitabine. HIV-1 containing the K103N substitution or other substitutions associated with resistance to rilpivirine and other NNRTIs was susceptible to emtricitabine.
Rilpivirine hydrochloride: In a panel of 67 HIV-1 recombinant laboratory strains with one resistance-associated mutation at RT positions associated with NNRTI resistance, including the most commonly found K103N and Y181C, rilpivirine showed antiviral activity against 64 (96%) of these strains. The single resistance-associated mutations associated with a loss of susceptibility to rilpivirine were: K101P and Y181V/I. The K103N substitution alone did not result in reduced susceptibility to rilpivirine, but the combination of K103N and L100I resulted in a 7-fold reduced susceptibility to rilpivirine. In another study, the Y188L substitution resulted in a reduced susceptibility to rilpivirine of 9-fold for clinical isolates and 6-fold for site-directed mutants.
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: The K65R and also the K70E substitution result in reduced susceptibility to abacavir, didanosine, lamivudine, emtricitabine, and tenofovir, but retain sensitivity to zidovudine.
Patients with HIV-1 expressing three or more TAMs that included either the M41L or L210W reverse transcriptase substitution showed reduced response to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate.
Virologic response to tenofovir disoproxil fumarate was not reduced in patients with HIV-1 that expressed the abacavir/emtricitabine/lamivudine resistance-associated M184V substitution.
HIV-1 containing the K103N, Y181C, or rilpivirine-associated substitutions with resistance to NNRTIs were susceptible to tenofovir.
In treatment-naïve patients
Resistance outcomes, including cross resistance to other NNRTIs, in patients receiving rilpivirine hydrochloride in combination with emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in Phase III studies (C209 and C215 pooled data) and experiencing virological failure, are shown in Table 3 below.
Table 3: Phenotypic resistance and cross-resistance outcomes from studies C209 and C215 (pooled data) for patients receiving rilpivirine hydrochloride in combination with emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate at week 96 (based on resistance analysis)

In patients with phenotypic data (n = 66)

In patients with BL VL1 ≤ 100,000 copies/mL (n = 22)

In patients with BL VL1 > 100,000 copies/mL (n = 44)

Resistance to rilpivirine2

Cross resistance3 to

etravirine

efavirenz

nevirapine

31/66 

28/31 

27/31

13/31

4/22 

3/4 

3/4

1/4

27/44 

25/27 

24/27

12/27

Resistance to emtricitabine/lamivudine (M184I/V)

40/66

9/22

31/44

Resistance to tenofovir (K65R)

2/66

0/22

2/44

1 BL VL = Baseline viral load.
2 Phenotypic resistance to rilpivirine (> 3.7-fold change compared to control).
3 Phenotypic resistance (Antivirogram).
In virologically suppressed HIV-1 infected patients
In study GS-US-264-0106, 4 of the 469 patients who switched from a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor-based regimen to Eviplera had HIV-1 with reduced susceptibility to at least one component of Eviplera through week 48. De novo resistance to emtricitabine/lamivudine was seen in 4 cases, and also to rilpivirine in 2 cases, with a consequent cross resistance to efavirenz (2/2), nevirapine (2/2) and etravirine (1/2).
Effects on electrocardiogram
The effect of rilpivirine hydrochloride at the recommended dose of 25 mg once daily on the QTcF interval was evaluated in a randomised, placebo and active (moxifloxacin 400 mg once daily) controlled crossover study in 60 healthy adults, with 13 measurements over 24 hours at steady-state. Rilpivirine hydrochloride at the recommended dose of 25 mg once daily is not associated with a clinically relevant effect on QTc.
When supratherapeutic doses of 75 mg once daily and 300 mg once daily of rilpivirine hydrochloride were studied in healthy adults, the maximum mean time-matched (95% upper confidence bound) differences in QTcF interval from placebo after baseline correction were 10.7 (15.3) and 23.3 (28.4) ms, respectively. Steady-state administration of rilpivirine hydrochloride 75 mg once daily and 300 mg once daily resulted in a mean Cmax approximately 2.6-fold and 6.7-fold, respectively, higher than the mean steady-state Cmax observed with the recommended 25 mg once daily dose of rilpivirine hydrochloride.
Clinical experience
Treatment-naïve HIV-1 infected patients
The efficacy of Eviplera is based on the analyses of 96 week data from two randomised, double-blind, controlled studies C209 and C215. Antiretroviral treatment-naïve HIV-1 infected patients were enrolled (n = 1,368) who had a plasma HIV-1 RNA ≥ 5,000 copies/mL and were screened for susceptibility to N(t)RTI and for absence of specific NNRTI resistance-associated mutations. The studies are identical in design with the exception of the background regimen (BR). Patients were randomised in a 1:1 ratio to receive either rilpivirine hydrochloride 25 mg (n = 686) once daily or efavirenz 600 mg (n = 682) once daily in addition to a BR. In study C209 (n = 690), the BR was emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. In study C215 (n = 678), the BR consisted of 2 investigator selected N(t)RTIs: emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (60%, n = 406) or lamivudine/zidovudine (30%, n = 204) or abacavir plus lamivudine (10%, n = 68).
In the pooled analysis for C209 and C215 of patients who received a background regimen of emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, demographic and baseline characteristics were balanced between the rilpivirine and efavirenz arm. Table 4 displays selected demographic and baseline disease characteristics. Median plasma HIV-1 RNA was 5.0 and 5.0 log10 copies/mL and median CD4 count was 247 x 106 cells/L and 261 x 106 cells/L for patients randomised to rilpivirine and efavirenz arm, respectively.
Table 4: Demographic and baseline characteristics of antiretroviral treatment-naïve HIV-1 infected adult patients in studies C209 and C215 (pooled data for patients receiving rilpivirine hydrochloride or efavirenz in combination with emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) at week 96

Rilpivirine + Emtricitabine/Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate

n = 550

Efavirenz + Emtricitabine/Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate

n = 546

Demographic Characteristics

Median age (range), years

36.0

(18-78)

36.0

(19-69)

Sex

   

Male

78%

79%

Female

22%

21%

Ethnicity

   

White

64%

61%

Black/African American

25%

23%

Asian

10%

13%

Other

1%

1%

Not allowed to ask per local regulations

1%

1%

Baseline disease characteristics

Median baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA (range), log10 copies/mL

5.0

(2-7)

5.0

(3-7)

Median baseline CD4+ cell count (range), x 106 cells/L

247

(1-888)

261

(1-857)

Percentage of patients with hepatitis B/C virus co-infection

7.7%

8.1%

A subgroup analysis of the virologic response (< 50 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL) at both 48 weeks and 96 weeks, and virologic failure by baseline viral load (pooled data from the two Phase III clinical studies, C209 and C215, for patients receiving the emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate background regimen) is presented in Table 5. The response rate (confirmed undetectable viral load < 50 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL) at week 96 was comparable between the rilpivirine arm and the efavirenz arm. The incidence of virologic failure was higher in the rilpivirine arm than in the efavirenz arm at week 96; however, most of the virologic failures occurred within the first 48 weeks of treatment. Discontinuations due to adverse events were higher in the efavirenz arm at week 96 than in the rilpivirine arm.
Table 5: Virologic outcomes of randomised treatment of studies C209 and C215 (pooled data for patients receiving rilpivirine hydrochloride or efavirenz in combination with emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) at week 48 (primary) and week 96

Rilpivirine + Emtricitabine/ Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate

n = 550

Efavirenz + Emtricitabine/ Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate

n = 546

Rilpivirine + Emtricitabine/ Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate

n = 550

Efavirenz + Emtricitabine/ Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate

n = 546

 

Week 48

Week 96

Overall Response

(HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL (TLOVRa))b

83.5% (459/550)

(80.4, 86.6)

82.4% (450/546)

(79.2, 85.6)

76.9% (423/550)

77.3% (422/546)

By baseline viral load (copies/mL)

≤ 100,000

89.6% (258/288)

(86.1, 93.1)

84.8% (217/256)

(80.4, 89.2)

83.7% (241/288)

80.8% (206/255)

> 100,000

76.7% (201/262)

(71.6, 81.8)

80.3% (233/290)

(75.8, 84.9)

69.5% (182/262)

74.2% (216/291)

By baseline CD4 count (x 106 cells/L)

< 50

51.7% (15/29)

(33.5, 69.9)

79.3% (23/29)

(64.6, 94.1)

48.3%

(28.9, 67.6)

72.4%

(55.1, 89.7)

≥ 50-200

80.9% (123/152)

(74.7, 87.2)

80.7% (109/135)

(74.1, 87.4)

71.1%

(63.8, 78.3)

72.6%

(65.0, 80.2)

≥ 200-350

86.3% (215/249)

(82.1, 90.6)

82.3% (205/249)

(77.6, 87.1)

80.7%

(75.8, 85.7)

78.7%

(73.6, 83.8)

≥ 350

89.1% (106/119)

(83.5, 94.7)

85.0% (113/133)

(78.9, 91.0)

84.0%

(77.4, 90.7)

80.5%

(73.6, 87.3)

Non-response

Virologic Failure (all patients)

9.5% (52/550)

4.2% (23/546)

11.5% (63/550)c

5.1% (28/546)d

By baseline viral load (copies/mL)

≤ 100,000

4.2% (12/288)

2.3% (6/256)

5.9% (17/288)

2.4% (6/255)

> 100,000

15.3% (40/262)

5.9% (17/290)

17.6% (46/262)

7.6% (22/291)

Death

0

0.2% (1/546)

0

0.7% (4/546)

Discontinued due to adverse event (AE)

2.2% (12/550)

7.1% (39/546)

3.6% (20/550)

8.1% (44/546)

Discontinued for non-AE reasone

4.9% (27/550)

6.0% (33/546)

8% (44/550)

8.8% (48/546)

n = total number of patients per treatment group.
a ITT TLOVR = Intention to treat time to loss of virologic response.
b The difference of response rate is 1% (95% confidence interval -3% to 6%) using normal approximation.
c There were 17 new virologic failures between the week 48 primary analysis and week 96 (6 patients with baseline viral load ≤ 100,000 copies/mL and 11 patients with baseline viral load > 100,000 copies/mL). There were also reclassifications in the week 48 primary analysis with the most common being reclassification from virologic failure to discontinued for non-AE reasons.
d There were 10 new virologic failures between the week 48 primary analysis and week 96 (3 patients with baseline viral load ≤ 100,000 copies/mL and 7 patients with baseline viral load > 100,000 copies/mL). There were also reclassifications in the week 48 primary analysis with the most common being reclassification from virologic failure to discontinued for non-AE reasons.
e e.g. lost to follow up, non-compliance, withdrew consent.
Emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate + rilpivirine hydrochloride has been shown to be non-inferior in achieving HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL compared to emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate + efavirenz.
At week 96 the mean changes in CD4 cell count from baseline were +226 x 106 cells/L and + 222 x 106 cells/L for the rilpivirine and efavirenz treatment arms, respectively, of patients receiving the emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate background regimen.
There were no new cross resistance patterns at week 96 compared to week 48. The resistance outcome for patients with protocol defined virological failure and phenotypic resistance at week 96 are shown in Table 6:
Table 6: Phenotypic resistance outcomes from studies C209 and C215 (pooled data for patients receiving rilpivirine hydrochloride or efavirenz in combination with emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) at week 96 (based on resistance analysis)

Rilpivirine + Emtricitabine/Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate

n = 550

Efavirenz + Emtricitabine/Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate

n = 546

Resistance to emtricitabine/lamivudine

7.3% (40/550)

0.9% (5/546)

Resistance to rilpivirine

5.6% (31/550)

0

Resistance to efavirenz

5.1% (28/550)

2.2% (12/546)

For those patients failing therapy with Eviplera and who developed resistance to Eviplera cross resistance to other approved NNRTIs (etravirine, efavirenz, nevirapine) was generally seen.
Virologically suppressed HIV-1 infected patients
Study GS-US-264-0106: The efficacy and safety of switching from a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor in combination with two NRTIs to Eviplera STR was evaluated in a randomised, open-label study in virologically suppressed HIV-1 infected adults. Patients had to be on either their first or second antiretroviral regimen with no history of virologic failure, have no current or past history of resistance to any of the three components of Eviplera, and must have been stably suppressed (HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL) for at least 6 months prior to screening. Patients were randomised in a 2:1 ratio to either switch to Eviplera at baseline (Eviplera arm, n = 317), or stay on their baseline antiretroviral regimen for 24 weeks (SBR arm, n = 159) before switching to Eviplera for an additional 24 weeks (Delayed Switch arm, n = 152). Patients had a mean age of 42 years (range 19-73), 88% were male, 77% were White, 17% were Black, and 17% were Hispanic/Latino. The mean baseline CD4 cell count was 584 x 106 cells/L (range 42-1,484). Randomisation was stratified by use of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and/or lopinavir/ritonavir in the baseline regimen.
Treatment outcomes through 24 weeks are presented in Table 7.
Table 7: Outcomes of randomised treatment in study GS-US-264-0106 at week 24a

Eviplera arm n = 317

Stayed on Baseline Regimen (SBR) arm n = 159

Virologic success after 24 weeks of treatmentb

HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL

94% (297/317)

90% (143/159)

Virologic failurec

1% (3/317)

5% (8/159)

No virologic data in week 24 window

   

Discontinued study drug due to AE or deathd

2% (6/317)

0%

Discontinued study drug due to other reasons and last available HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mLe

3% (11/317)

3% (5/159)

Missing data during window but on study drug

0%

2% (3/159)

CD4 median increase from baseline (x 106 cells/L)

+10

+22

a Week 24 window is between day 127 and 210 (inclusive).
b Snapshot analysis.
c Includes patients who had HIV-1 RNA ≥ 50 copies/mL in the week 24 window, patients who discontinued early due to lack or loss of efficacy, patients who discontinued for reasons other than an adverse event or death, and at the time of discontinuation had a viral value of ≥ 50 copies/mL.
d Includes patients who discontinued due to adverse event or death at any time point from day 1 through the week 24 window resulting in no virologic data on treatment during the specified window.
e Includes patients who discontinued for reasons other than an adverse event, death or lack or loss of efficacy, e.g., withdrew consent, loss to follow-up, etc.
Switching to Eviplera was non-inferior in maintaining HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL when compared to patients who stayed on a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor in combination with two NRTIs [Treatment difference (95% CI): + 3.8% (-1.6% to 9.1%)].
Among patients in the SBR arm who maintained their baseline regimen for 24 weeks and then switched to Eviplera, 92% (140/152) of patients had HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL after 24 weeks of Eviplera, consistent with the week 24 results for patients who switched to Eviplera at baseline.
At week 48, 89% (283/317) of patients randomised to switch to Eviplera at baseline (Eviplera) had HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL, 3% (8/317) were considered virologic failures (HIV RNA ≥ 50 copies/mL), and 8% (26/317) did not have data available in the week 48 window. Of the 26 patients without data available in the week 48 window, 7 patients discontinued due to adverse event or death, 16 patients discontinued for other reasons, and 3 patients were missing data but remained on study drug. The median change in CD4 cell count at week 48 was +17 x 106 cells/L, in the on-treatment analysis.
There were 7/317 patients (2%) in the Eviplera arm and 6/152 patients (4%) in the Delayed Switch arm who permanently discontinued study drug due to a treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAE). No patients discontinued from the study due to a TEAE in the SBR arm.
Study GS-US-264-0111: The efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of switching from efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil STR to Eviplera STR was evaluated in an open-label study in virologically suppressed HIV-1 infected adults. Patients had to have previously only received efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil as their first antiretroviral regimen for at least three months, and wished to switch regimens due to efavirenz intolerance. Patients had to be stably suppressed for at least 8 weeks prior to study entry, have no current or past history of resistance to any of the three components of Eviplera, and have HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL at screening. Patients were switched from efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil to Eviplera without a washout period. Among 49 patients who received at least one dose of Eviplera, 100% of patients remained suppressed (HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL) at week 12 and week 24. At week 48, 94% (46/49) of patients remained suppressed, and 4% (2/49) were considered virologic failures (HIV-1 RNA ≥ 50 copies/mL). One patient (2%) did not have data available in the week 48 window; study drug was discontinued due to a protocol violation (i.e. reason other than AE or death) and the last available HIV-1 RNA was < 50 copies/mL.
Paediatric population
The European Medicines Agency has deferred the obligation to submit the results of studies with Eviplera in one or more subsets of the paediatric population in the treatment of HIV-1 (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use).
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Absorption
The bioequivalence of one Eviplera film-coated tablet with one emtricitabine 200 mg hard capsule, one rilpivirine (as hydrochloride) 25 mg film-coated tablet and one tenofovir disoproxil (as fumarate) 245 mg film-coated tablet was established following single dose administration to fed, healthy subjects. Following oral administration of Eviplera with food emtricitabine is rapidly and extensively absorbed with maximum plasma concentrations occurring within 2.5 hours post dose. Maximum tenofovir concentrations are observed in plasma within 2 hours and maximum plasma concentrations of rilpivirine are generally achieved within 4-5 hours. Following oral administration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate to HIV infected patients, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is rapidly absorbed and converted to tenofovir. The absolute bioavailability of emtricitabine from 200 mg hard capsules was estimated to be 93%. The oral bioavailability of tenofovir from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets in fasted patients was approximately 25%. The absolute bioavailability of rilpivirine is unknown. The administration of Eviplera to healthy adult subjects with either a light meal (390 kcal) or a standard meal (540 kcal) resulted in increased exposures of rilpivirine and tenofovir relative to fasting conditions. The Cmax and AUC of rilpivirine increased by 34% and 9% (light meal) and 26% and 16% (standard meal), respectively. The Cmax and AUC for tenofovir increased by 12% and 28% (light meal) and 32% and 38% (standard meal), respectively. Emtricitabine exposures were not affected by food. Eviplera must be administered with food to ensure optimal absorption (see section 4.2).
Distribution
Following intravenous administration the volume of distribution of the single components emtricitabine and tenofovir was approximately 1,400 mL/kg and 800 mL/kg, respectively. After oral administration of the single components emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, emtricitabine and tenofovir are widely distributed throughout the body. In vitro binding of emtricitabine to human plasma proteins was < 4% and independent of concentration over the range of 0.02 to 200 µg/mL. In vitro binding of rilpivirine to human plasma proteins is approximately 99.7%, primarily to albumin. In vitro binding of tenofovir to plasma or serum protein was less than 0.7% and 7.2%, respectively, over the tenofovir concentration range 0.01 to 25 µg/mL.
Biotransformation
There is limited metabolism of emtricitabine. The biotransformation of emtricitabine includes oxidation of the thiol moiety to form the 3'-sulphoxide diastereomers (approximately 9% of dose) and conjugation with glucuronic acid to form 2'-O-glucuronide (approximately 4% of dose). In vitro experiments indicate that rilpivirine hydrochloride primarily undergoes oxidative metabolism mediated by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A system. In vitro studies have determined that neither tenofovir disoproxil fumarate nor tenofovir are substrates for the CYP450 enzymes. Neither emtricitabine nor tenofovir inhibited in vitro drug metabolism mediated by any of the major human CYP450 isoforms involved in drug biotransformation. Also, emtricitabine did not inhibit uridine-5'-diphosphoglucuronyl transferase, the enzyme responsible for glucuronidation.
Elimination
Emtricitabine is primarily excreted by the kidneys with complete recovery of the dose achieved in urine (approximately 86%) and faeces (approximately 14%). Thirteen percent of the emtricitabine dose was recovered in urine as three metabolites. The systemic clearance of emtricitabine averaged 307 mL/min. Following oral administration, the elimination half-life of emtricitabine is approximately 10 hours.
The terminal elimination half-life of rilpivirine is approximately 45 hours. After single dose oral administration of 14C-rilpivirine, on average 85% and 6.1% of the radioactivity could be retrieved in faeces and urine, respectively. In faeces, unchanged rilpivirine accounted for on average 25% of the administered dose. Only trace amounts of unchanged rilpivirine (< 1% of dose) were detected in urine.
Tenofovir is primarily excreted by the kidney by both filtration and an active tubular transport system (human organic anion transporter 1 [hOAT1]) with approximately 70-80% of the dose excreted unchanged in urine following intravenous administration. The apparent clearance of tenofovir averaged approximately 307 mL/min. Renal clearance has been estimated to be approximately 210 mL/min, which is in excess of the glomerular filtration rate. This indicates that active tubular secretion is an important part of the elimination of tenofovir. Following oral administration, the elimination half-life of tenofovir is approximately 12 to 18 hours.
Older people
Population pharmacokinetic analysis in HIV infected patients showed that rilpivirine pharmacokinetics are not different across the age range (18 to 78 years) evaluated, with only 2 patients aged 65 years of age or older.
Gender
Emtricitabine and tenofovir pharmacokinetics are similar in male and female patients. No clinically relevant differences in pharmacokinetics of rilpivirine have been observed between men and women.
Ethnicity
No clinically important pharmacokinetic differences due to ethnicity have been identified.
Paediatric population
In general, the pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine in infants, children and adolescents (aged 4 months up to 18 years) are similar to those seen in adults. The pharmacokinetics of rilpivirine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in children and adolescents are under investigation. Dosing recommendations for paediatric patients cannot be made due to insufficient data (see section 4.2).
Renal impairment
Limited data from clinical studies support once daily dosing of Eviplera in patients with mild renal impairment (creatinine clearance 50-80 mL/min). However, long-term safety data for the emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate components of Eviplera have not been evaluated in patients with mild renal impairment. Therefore, in patients with mild renal impairment Eviplera should only be used if the potential benefits of treatment are considered to outweigh the potential risks (see sections 4.2 and 4.4).
Eviplera is not recommended for patients with moderate or severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 50 mL/min). Patients with moderate or severe renal impairment require a dose interval adjustment of emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate that cannot be achieved with the combination tablet (see sections 4.2 and 4.4).
Pharmacokinetic parameters were mainly determined following administration of single doses of emtricitabine 200 mg or tenofovir disoproxil 245 mg to non-HIV infected patients with varying degrees of renal impairment. The degree of renal impairment was defined according to baseline creatinine clearance (CrCl) (normal renal function when CrCl > 80 mL/min; mild impairment with CrCl = 50-79 mL/min; moderate impairment with CrCl = 30-49 mL/min and severe impairment with CrCl = 10-29 mL/min).
The mean (%CV) emtricitabine drug exposure increased from 12 (25%) µg•h/mL in patients with normal renal function, to 20 (6%) µg•h/mL, 25 (23%) µg•h/mL and 34 (6%) µg•h/mL, in patients with mild, moderate and severe renal impairment, respectively.
The mean (%CV) tenofovir drug exposure increased from 2,185 (12%) ng•h/mL in patients with normal renal function, to 3,064 (30%) ng•h/mL, 6,009 (42%) ng•h/mL and 15,985 (45%) ng•h/mL, in patients with mild, moderate and severe renal impairment, respectively.
In patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring haemodialysis, between dialysis drug exposures substantially increased over 72 hours to 53 µg•h/mL (19%) of emtricitabine, and over 48 hours to 42,857 ng•h/mL (29%) of tenofovir.
A small clinical study was conducted to evaluate the safety, antiviral activity and pharmacokinetics of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in combination with emtricitabine in HIV infected patients with renal impairment. A subgroup of patients with baseline creatinine clearance between 50 and 60 mL/min, receiving once daily dosing, had a 2-4-fold increase in tenofovir exposure and worsening renal function.
The pharmacokinetics of rilpivirine have not been studied in patients with renal insufficiency. Renal elimination of rilpivirine is negligible. In patients with severe renal impairment or ESRD, plasma concentrations may be increased due to alteration of drug absorption, distribution and/or metabolism secondary to renal dysfunction. As rilpivirine is highly bound to plasma proteins, it is unlikely that it will be significantly removed by haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis (see section 4.9).
Hepatic impairment
No dose adjustment of Eviplera is suggested but caution is advised in patients with moderate hepatic impairment. Eviplera has not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment (CPT Score C). Therefore, Eviplera is not recommended in patients with severe hepatic impairment (see sections 4.2 and 4.4).
The pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine have not been studied in patients with varying degrees of hepatic insufficiency.
Rilpivirine hydrochloride is primarily metabolised and eliminated by the liver. In a study comparing 8 patients with mild hepatic impairment (CPT Score A) to 8 matched controls and 8 patients with moderate hepatic impairment (CPT Score B) to 8 matched controls, the multiple dose exposure of rilpivirine was 47% higher in patients with mild hepatic impairment and 5% higher in patients with moderate hepatic impairment. Rilpivirine has not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment (CPT Score C) (see section 4.2). However, it may not be excluded that the pharmacologically active, unbound, rilpivirine exposure is significantly increased in moderate impairment.
A single 245 mg dose of tenofovir disoproxil was administered to non-HIV infected subjects with varying degrees of hepatic impairment defined according to CPT classification. Tenofovir pharmacokinetics were not substantially altered in subjects with hepatic impairment suggesting that no dose adjustment is required in these subjects. The mean (%CV) tenofovir Cmax and AUC0-∞ values were 223 (34.8%) ng/mL and 2,050 (50.8%) ng•h/mL, respectively, in normal subjects compared with 289 (46.0%) ng/mL and 2,310 (43.5%) ng•h/mL in subjects with moderate hepatic impairment, and 305 (24.8%) ng/mL and 2,740 (44.0%) ng•h/mL in subjects with severe hepatic impairment.
Hepatitis B and/or hepatitis C virus co-infection
In general, emtricitabine pharmacokinetics in HBV infected patients were similar to those in healthy subjects and in HIV infected patients.
Population pharmacokinetic analysis indicated that hepatitis B and/or C virus co-infection had no clinically relevant effect on the exposure to rilpivirine.
Switching from an efavirenz-based regimen
The efficacy data from study GS-US-264-0111 (see section 5.1) indicates that the brief period of lower rilpivirine exposure does not impact antiviral efficacy of Eviplera. Due to the decline in efavirenz plasma levels, the inductive effect decreased and rilpivirine concentrations started to normalise. During the time period of declining efavirenz plasma levels and increasing rilpivirine plasma levels after switching, none of the patients had efavirenz or rilpivirine levels below their respective IC90 levels at the same time.No dose adjustment is required following the switch from an efavirenz-containing regimen.
5.3 Preclinical safety data
Non-clinical data on emtricitabine reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, repeat-dose toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenic potential, and toxicity to reproduction and development.
Non-clinical data on rilpivirine hydrochloride reveal no special hazard for humans based on studies of safety pharmacology, drug disposition, genotoxicity, carcinogenic potential, and toxicity to reproduction and development. Liver toxicity associated with liver enzyme induction was observed in rodents. In dogs cholestasis-like effects were noted.
Carcinogenicity studies with rilpivirine in mice and rats revealed tumorigenic potential specific for these species, but are regarded as of no relevance for humans.
Non-clinical data on tenofovir disoproxil fumarate reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, genotoxicity, carcinogenic potential, and toxicity to reproduction and development. Findings in repeat-dose toxicity studies in rats, dogs and monkeys at exposure levels greater than or equal to clinical exposure levels and with possible relevance to clinical use included kidney and bone changes and a decrease in serum phosphate concentration. Bone toxicity was diagnosed as osteomalacia (monkeys) and reduced bone mineral density (rats and dogs).
Genotoxicity and repeat-dose toxicity studies of one month or less with the combination of emtricitabine and tenofovir disproxil fumarate found no exacerbation of toxicological effects compared to studies with the separate components.
6. Pharmaceutical particulars
6.1 List of excipients
Tablet core
Croscarmellose sodium
Lactose monohydrate
Magnesium stearate (E470b)
Microcrystalline cellulose (E460(i))
Polysorbate 20 (E432)
Povidone (E1201)
Pregelatinised maize starch
Film-coating
Hypromellose (E464)
Indigo carmine aluminium lake (E132)
Lactose monohydrate
Polyethylene glycol
Red iron oxide (E172)
Sunset yellow aluminium lake (E110)
Titanium dioxide (E171)
Triacetin (E1518)
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.
6.3 Shelf life
3 years.
6.4 Special precautions for storage
Store in the original package in order to protect from moisture. Keep the bottle tightly closed.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
High density polyethylene (HDPE) bottle with a polypropylene child-resistant closure containing 30 film-coated tablets and a silica gel desiccant.
The following pack sizes are available: outer cartons containing 1 bottle of 30 film-coated tablets and outer cartons containing 90 (3 bottles of 30) film-coated tablets. Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
7. Marketing authorisation holder
Gilead Sciences International Ltd
Cambridge
CB21 6GT
United Kingdom
8. Marketing authorisation number(s)
EU/1/11/737/001
EU/1/11/737/002
9. Date of first authorisation/renewal of the authorisation
Date of first authorisation: 28 November 2011
10. Date of revision of the text
05/2015
Detailed information on this medicinal product is available on the website of the European Medicines Agency http://www.ema.europa.eu/.


Eviplea是欧洲商品名的rilpivirine,替诺福韦和FTC一个固定剂量组合
在美国Eviplera被称为Complera。
2011年11月,欧盟委员会批准了Gilead科学公司开发的盐酸利匹韦林(rilpivirine hydrochloride)25mg、恩曲他滨(emtricitabine)200mg和替诺福韦双酯(tenofovir disoproxil fumarate)245mg组成的复合片剂Eviplera,用于一日1次口服1片治疗成人无既往治疗史且病毒载量≤10万copies/ml的艾滋病毒感染患者。
Eviplera结合Truvada的功效,是由两种核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂恩曲他滨 200mg和245mg毫克替诺福韦以及Tibotec医药公司25mg利匹韦林组成的固定剂量药物。
艾滋病新药Eviplera主要成分
恩曲他滨
恩曲他滨是由美国抗病毒药物的专业开发公司Gilead Sciences公司作为抗HIV、HBV药物开发的新产品。2003年7月,恩曲他滨(Emtriva)在美国被批准用于与其它抗转录病毒药物联用于成人HIV-1感染的治疗 。Emtriva是一种的核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂,这也是Gilead Sciences公司所开发的继Viread(tenofovir disoproxil fumarate)之后第二个每日给药一次的治疗艾滋病的抗逆转录病毒药物
替诺福韦
替诺福韦是一种核苷酸类逆转录酶抑制剂,以与核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂类似的方法抑制逆转录酶,从而具有潜在的抗HIV-1的活性。本品的活性成分替诺福韦双磷酸盐可通过直接竞争性地与天然脱氧核糖底物相结合而抑制病毒聚合酶,及通过插入DNA中终止DNA链。在体外,本品可有效对抗多种病毒,包括那些对核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂耐药的毒株.
利匹韦林
利匹韦林属于所谓的非核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂(NNRTI)类抗艾滋药物。该药物通过阻断HIV病毒复制来起作用。Edurant将用作高活性抗逆转录病毒治疗(HAART)方案的一部分,该方案旨在用来抑制血液中的艾滋病病毒量(病毒载量)。Edurant这种丸剂每日随餐服用一次.
通过治疗艾滋病新药Eviplera临床数据:为期48周的第二阶段双盲、主动控制、随机研究是由Tibotec公司负责的,正因为试验很好地验证了利匹韦林的药效和安全性,所以得到了欧盟的上市批准。

责任编辑:admin


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