英文药名：Latuda(lurasidone hydrochloride film-coated tablets) 中文药名：盐酸鲁拉西酮薄膜片 生产厂家：Sunovion制药 药品介绍 盐酸鲁拉西酮(lurasidone hydrochloride,商品名为Latuda)是由日本住友制药公司开发的具有双重作用的新型抗精神病药物。它对5-HT2A受体和多巴胺D2受体均具有高度亲和力。对精神病患者的阳性和阴性症状均具有显著疗效。 Latuda 18.5mg, 37mg and 74mg film-coated tablets Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Europe Ltd Contact details 1. Name of the medicinal product Latuda 18.5 mg film-coated tablets Latuda 37 mg film-coated tablets Latuda 74 mg film-coated tablets 2. Qualitative and quantitative composition 18.5mg: Each film-coated tablet contains lurasidone hydrochloride equivalent to 18.6 mg lurasidone. 37mg: Each film-coated tablet contains lurasidone hydrochloride equivalent to 37.2 mg lurasidone. 74mg: Each film-coated tablet contains lurasidone hydrochloride equivalent to 74.5 mg lurasidone. For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1. 3. Pharmaceutical form Film-coated tablet (tablet). Latuda 18.5 mg: film-coated tablets: white to off-white, film-coated round tablets of 6 mm debossed with 'LA' Latuda 37 mg: film-coated tablets: white to off-white, film-coated round tablets of 8 mm debossed with 'LB' Latuda 74 mg: film-coated tablets: pale green, film-coated oval tablets of 12 mm x 7 mm debossed with 'LD' 4. Clinical particulars 4.1 Therapeutic indications Latuda is indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults aged 18 years and over. 4.2 Posology and method of administration Posology The recommended starting dose of lurasidone is 37 mg once daily. No initial dose titration is required. It is effective in a dose range of 37 to 148 mg once daily. Dose increase should be based on physician judgement and observed clinical response. The maximum daily dose should not exceed 148 mg. Patients on doses higher than 111 mg once daily who discontinue their treatment for longer than 3 days should be restarted on 111 mg once daily and up-titrated to their optimal dose. For all other doses patients can be restarted on their previous dose without need for up-titration. Elderly people Dosing recommendations for elderly patients with normal renal function (CrCl ≥ 80 ml/min) are the same as for adults with normal renal function. However, because elderly patients may have diminished renal function, dose adjustments may be required according to their renal function status (see “Renal impairment” below). Limited data are available in elderly people treated with higher doses of lurasidone. No data are available in elderly people treated with Latuda 148 mg. Caution should be exercised when treating patients ≥65 years of age with higher doses of Latuda. Renal impairment No dose adjustment of lurasidone is required in patients with mild renal impairment. In patients with moderate (Creatinine Clearance (CrCl) ≥ 30 and < 50 ml/min), severe renal impairment (CrCL >15 and < 30 ml/min) and End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) patients (CrCl < 15 ml/min), the recommended starting dose is 18.5 mg and the maximum dose should not exceed 74 mg once daily. Latuda should not be used in patients with ESRD unless the potential benefits outweigh the potential risks. If used in ESRD, clinical monitoring is advised. Hepatic impairment No dose adjustment of lurasidone is required in patients with mild hepatic impairment. Dose adjustment is recommended in moderate (Child-Pugh Class B) and severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class C) patients. The recommended starting dose is 18.5 mg. The maximum daily dose in moderate hepatic impairment patients should not exceed 74 mg and in severe hepatic impairment patients should not exceed 37 mg once daily. Paediatric population The safety and efficacy of lurasidone in children aged less than 18 years have not been established. Current available data are described in section 5.2, but no recommendation on a posology can be made. Dose adjustment due to interactions A starting dose of 18.5 mg is recommended and the maximum dose of lurasidone should not exceed 74 mg once daily in combination with moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors. Dose adjustment of lurasidone may be necessary in combination with mild and moderate CYP3A4 inducers (see section 4.5). For strong CYP3A4 inhibitors and inducers see section 4.3. Switching between antipsychotic medicinal products Due to different pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles among antipsychotic medicinal products, supervision by a clinician is needed when switching to another antipsychotic product is considered medically appropriate. Method of administration Latuda film-coated tablets are for oral use, to be taken once daily together with a meal. If taken without food, it is anticipated that lurasidone exposure will be significantly lower as compared to when taken with food (see section 5.2). Latuda tablets should be swallowed whole, in order to mask the bitter taste. Latuda tablets should be taken at the same time every day to aid compliance. 4.3 Contraindications - Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1. - Concomitant administration of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g. boceprevir, clarithromycin, cobicistat, indinavir, itraconazole, ketoconazole, nefazodone, nelfinavir, posaconazole, ritonavir, saquinavir, telaprevir, telithromycin, voriconazole) and strong CYP3A4 inducers (e.g. carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, rifampicin, St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) (see section 4.5). 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use During antipsychotic treatment, improvement in the patient's clinical condition may take a few days to some weeks. Patients should be closely monitored during this period. Suicidality The occurrence of suicidal behaviour is inherent in psychotic illnesses and in some cases has been reported early after initiation or switch of antipsychotic therapy. Close supervision of high-risk patients should accompany antipsychotic therapy. Parkinson's disease If prescribed to patients with Parkinson's disease, antipsychotic medicinal products may exacerbate the underlying parkinsonism symptoms. Physicians should therefore weigh the risks versus the benefits when prescribing Latuda to patients with Parkinson's disease. Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) Medicinal products with dopamine receptor antagonistic properties have been associated with extrapyramidal adverse reactions including rigidity, tremors, mask-like face, dystonias, drooling of saliva, drooped posture and abnormal gait. In placebo controlled clinical studies in adult patients with schizophrenia there was an increased occurrence of EPS following treatment with lurasidone compared to placebo. Tardive dyskinesia Medicinal products with dopamine receptor antagonistic properties have been associated with the induction of tardive dyskinesia characterised by rhythmical involuntary movements, predominantly of the tongue and/or face. If signs and symptoms of tardive dyskinesia appear, the discontinuation of all antipsychotics, including lurasidone, should be considered. Cardiovascular disorders/QT prolongation Caution should be exercised when lurasidone is prescribed in patients with known cardiovascular disease or family history of QT prolongation, hypokalaemia, and in concomitant use with other medicinal products thought to prolong the QT interval. Seizures Lurasidone should be used cautiously in patients with a history of seizures or other conditions that potentially lower the seizure threshold. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, characterised by hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, autonomic instability, altered consciousness and elevated serum creatine phosphokinase levels, has been reported to occur with antipsychotics including lurasidone. Additional signs may include myoglobinuria (rhabdomyolysis) and acute renal failure. In this event, all antipsychotics, including lurasidone, should be discontinued. Elderly patients with dementia Lurasidone has not been studied in elderly patients with dementia. Overall mortality In a meta-analysis of 17 controlled clinical trials, elderly patients with dementia treated with other atypical antipsychotics, including risperidone, aripiprazole, olanzapine, and quetiapine had an increased risk of mortality compared to placebo. Cerebrovascular accident An approximately 3-fold increased risk of cerebrovascular adverse reactions has been seen in randomised placebo-controlled clinical trials in the dementia population with some atypical antipsychotics, including risperidone, aripiprazole and olanzapine. The mechanism for this increased risk is not known. An increased risk cannot be excluded for other antipsychotics or other patient populations. Lurasidone should be used with caution in elderly patients with dementia who have risk factors for stroke. Venous thromboembolism Cases of venous thromboembolism (VTE) have been reported with antipsychotic medicinal products. Since patients treated with antipsychotics often present with acquired risk factors for VTE, all possible risk factors for VTE should be identified before and during treatment with lurasidone and preventive measures undertaken. Hyperprolactinaemia Lurasidone elevates prolactin levels due to antagonism of dopamine D2 receptors. Weight gain Weight gain has been observed with atypical antipsychotic use. Clinical monitoring of weight is recommended. Hyperglycaemia Rare cases of glucose related adverse reactions, e.g. increase in blood glucose, have been reported in clinical trials with lurasidone. Appropriate clinical monitoring is advisable in diabetic patients and in patients with risk factors for the development of diabetes mellitus. Orthostatic hypotension/syncope Lurasidone may cause orthostatic hypotension, perhaps due to its α1-adrenergic receptor antagonism. Monitoring of orthostatic vital signs should be considered in patients who are vulnerable to hypotension. Renal impairment Dose adjustment is recommended for patients with moderate and severely impaired renal function and in patients with ESRD. Use in patients with ESRD has not been investigated and therefore lurasidone should not be used in patients with ESRD unless the potential benefits outweigh the potential risks. If used in patients with ESRD, clinical monitoring is advised (see sections 4.2 and 5.2). Hepatic impairment Dose adjustment is recommended for patients with moderate and severely impaired hepatic function (Child-Pugh Class B and C) (see sections 4.2 and 5.2). Caution is recommended in patients with severely impaired hepatic function. Interaction with Grapefruit juice Grapefruit juice should be avoided during treatment with lurasidone (see section 4.5). 4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction Pharmacodynamic interactions Given the primary central nervous system effects of lurasidone, lurasidone should be used with caution in combination with other centrally acting medicinal products and alcohol. Caution is advised when prescribing lurasidone with medicinal products known to prolong the QT interval, e.g. class IA antiarrhythmics (e.g. quinidine, disopyramide) and class III antiarrhythmics (e.g. amiodarone, sotalol), some antihistaminics, some other antipsychotics and some antimalarials (e.g. mefloquine). Pharmacokinetic interactions The concomitant administration of lurasidone and grapefruit juice has not been assessed. Grapefruit juice inhibits CYP 3A4 and may increase the serum concentration of lurasidone. Grapefruit juice should be avoided during treatment with lurasidone. Potential for other medicinal products to affect lurasidone Lurasidone and its active metabolite ID-14283 both contribute to the pharmacodynamic effect at the dopaminergic and serotonergic receptors. Lurasidone and its active metabolite ID-14283 are primarily metabolised by CYP3A4. CYP3A4 inhibitors Lurasidone is contraindicated with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g. boceprevir, clarithromycin, cobicistat, indinavir, itraconazole, ketoconazole, nefazodone, nelfinavir, posaconazole, ritonavir, saquinavir, telaprevir, telithromycin, voriconazole) (see section 4.3). Coadministration of lurasidone with the strong CYP3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole resulted in a 9- and 6-fold increase in exposure of lurasidone and its active metabolite ID-14283 respectively. Coadministration of lurasidone with medicinal products that moderately inhibit CYP3A4 (e.g. diltiazem, erythromycin, fluconazole verapamil) may increase exposure to lurasidone. Moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors are estimated to result in a 2-5 fold increase in exposure of CYP3A4 substrates. Coadministration of lurasidone with diltiazem (slow-release formulation), a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor, resulted in a 2.2 and 2.4-fold increase in exposure of lurasidone and ID-14283 respectively (see section 4.2). The use of an immediate release formulation of diltiazem could result in a larger increase in lurasidone exposure. CYP3A4 inducers Lurasidone is contraindicated with strong CYP3A4 inducers (e.g. carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, rifampicin, St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum)) (see section 4.3). Coadministration of lurasidone with the strong CYP3A4 inducer rifampicin resulted in a 6-fold decrease in exposure of lurasidone. Coadministration of lurasidone with mild (e.g. armodafinil, amprenavir, aprepitant, prednisone, rufinamide) or moderate (e.g. bosentan, efavirenz, etravirine, modafinil, nafcillin) inducers of CYP3A4 would be expected to give a <2-fold reduction in lurasidone exposure during co-administration and for up to 2 weeks after discontinuation of mild or moderate CYP3A4 inducers. When lurasidone is coadministered with mild or moderate CYP3A4 inducers, the efficacy of lurasidone needs to be carefully monitored and a dose adjustment may be needed. Transporters Lurasidone is a substrate of P-gp and BCRP in vitro and the in vivo relevance of this is unclear. Coadministration of lurasidone with P-gp and BCRP inhibitors may increase exposure to lurasidone. Potential for lurasidone to affect other medicinal products Coadministration of lurasidone with midazolam, a sensitive CYP3A4 substrate, resulted in a < 1.5-fold increase in midazolam exposure. Monitoring is recommended when lurasidone and CYP3A4 substrates known to have a narrow therapeutic index (e.g. astemizole, terfenadine, cisapride, pimozide, quinidine, bepridil or ergot alkaloids [ergotamine, dihydroergotamine]) are coadministered. Coadministration of lurasidone with digoxin (a P-gp substrate) did not increase the exposure to digoxin and only slightly increased Cmax (1.3 –fold) and therefore, it is considered that lurasidone can be coadministered with digoxin. Lurasidone is an in vitro inhibitor of the efflux transporter P-gp and the clinical relevance of intestinal P-gp inhibition cannot be excluded. Concomitant administration of the P-gp substrate dabigatran etexilate may result in increased dabigatran plasma concentrations. Lurasidone is an in vitro inhibitor of the efflux transporter BCRP and the clinical relevance of intestinal BCRP inhibition cannot be excluded. Concomitant administration of BCRP substrates may result in increases in the plasma concentrations of these substrates. Coadministration of lurasidone with lithium indicated that lithium had clinically negligible effects on the pharmacokinetics of lurasidone, therefore no dose adjustment of lurasidone is required when coadministered with lithium. Lurasidone does not impact concentrations of lithium. A clinical drug interaction study investigating the effect of coadministration of lurasidone on patients taking oral combination contraceptives including norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol, indicated that lurasidone had no clinically or statistically meaningful effects on the pharmacokinetics of the contraceptive or sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels. Therefore, lurasidone can be coadministered with oral contraceptives. 4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation Pregnancy There are no or limited amount of data (less than 300 pregnancy outcomes) from the use of lurasidone in pregnant women. Animal studies are insufficient with respect to effects on pregnancy, embryonal/fetal development, parturition and postnatal development (see section 5.3). The potential risk for humans is unknown. Lurasidone should not be used during pregnancy unless clearly necessary. Neonates exposed to antipsychotics (including lurasidone) during the third trimester are at risk of adverse reactions including extrapyramidal and/or withdrawal symptoms that may vary in severity and duration following delivery. There have been reports of agitation, hypertonia, hypotonia, tremor, somnolence, respiratory distress, or feeding disorder. Consequently, newborns should be monitored carefully. Breast-feeding Lurasidone was excreted in milk of rats during lactation (see section 5.3). It is not known whether lurasidone or its metabolites are excreted in human milk. Breast feeding in women receiving Latuda should be considered only if the potential benefit of treatment justifies the potential risk to the child. Fertility Studies in animals have shown a number of effects on fertility, mainly related to prolactin increase, which are not considered to be relevant to human reproduction (see section 5.3). 4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines Lurasidone has minor influence on the ability to drive and use machines. Patients should be cautioned about operating hazardous machines, including motor vehicles, until they are reasonably certain that lurasidone does not affect them adversely (see section 4.8). 4.8 Undesirable effects Summary of the safety profile The safety of lurasidone has been evaluated at doses of 18.5 -148 mg in clinical studies in patients with schizophrenia treated for up to 52 weeks and in the post-marketing setting. The most common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) (≥ 10%) were akathisia and somnolence, which were dose-related up to 111 mg daily. Tabulated summary of adverse reactions Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) based upon pooled data are shown by system, organ class and by preferred term are listed below. The incidence of ADRs reported in clinical trials is tabulated by frequency category. The following terms and frequencies are applied: very common (≥ 1/10), common (≥ 1/100 to < 1/10), uncommon (≥ 1/1000 to < 1/100), rare (≥ 1/10,000 to < 1/1000), very rare (<1 /10,000) and not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness. Table 1 Somnolence includes adverse reaction terms: hypersomnia, hypersomnolence, sedation, and somnolence Parkinsonism includes adverse reaction terms: bradykinesia, cogwheel rigidity, drooling, extrapyramidal disorder, hypokinesia, muscle rigidity, parkinsonism, psychomotor retardation, and tremor Dystonia includes adverse reaction terms: dystonia, oculogyric crisis, oromandibular dystonia, tongue spasm, torticollis, and trismus. ADRs noted in Phase 2 and 3 controlled and uncontrolled studies; however, the incidence of occurrence for these are too low to estimate frequencies. Hypersensitivity may include symptoms such as throat swelling, tongue swelling, urticaria, or symptoms of angioedema, rash or pruritus (grouped under Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders in Table 1). Description of selected adverse reactions Post marketing reports of clinically serious cases of skin and other hypersensitivity reactions have been reported in association with lurasidone treatment, including some reports of Stevens- Johnson syndrome. Events of interest to the class Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS): In the short-term placebo controlled studies, the incidence of reported events related to EPS, excluding akathisia and restlessness, was 13.5% for lurasidone-treated subjects versus 5.8% for placebo-treated subjects. The incidence of akathisia for lurasidone-treated subjects was 12.9% versus 3.0% for placebo-treated subjects. Dystonia: Symptoms of dystonia, prolonged abnormal contractions of muscle groups, may occur in susceptible individuals during the first few days of treatment. Dystonic symptoms include: spasm of the neck muscles, sometimes progressing to tightness of the throat, difficulty swallowing, difficulty breathing, and/or protrusion of the tongue. While these symptoms can occur at low doses, they occur more frequently and with greater severity, higher potency and at higher doses of first generation antipsychotic medicinal products. An elevated risk of acute dystonia is observed in males and younger age groups. Venous thromboembolism: Cases of venous thromboembolism, including cases of pulmonary embolism and cases of deep vein thrombosis have been reported with antipsychotic drugs -Frequency unknown. Reporting of suspected adverse reactions Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard. 4.9 Overdose Management of overdose There is no specific antidote to lurasidone, therefore, appropriate supportive measures should be instituted and close medical supervision and monitoring should continue until the patient recovers. Cardiovascular monitoring should commence immediately, including continuous electrocardiographic monitoring for possible arrhythmias. If antiarrhythmic therapy is administered, disopyramide, procainamide, and quinidine carry a theoretical hazard of QT-prolonging effects when administered in patients with an acute overdose of lurasidone. Similarly the alpha-blocking properties of bretylium might be additive to those of lurasidone, resulting in problematic hypotension. Hypotension and circulatory collapse should be treated with appropriate measures. Adrenaline and dopamine should not be used, or other sympathomimetics with beta agonist activity, since beta stimulation may worsen hypotension in the setting of lurasidone-induced alpha blockade. In case of severe extrapyramidal symptoms, anticholinergic medicinal products should be administered. Gastric lavage (after intubation if patient is unconscious) and administration of activated charcoal together with a laxative should be considered. The possibility of obtundation, seizures, or dystonic reaction of the head and neck following overdose may create a risk of aspiration with induced emesis. 5. Pharmacological properties 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties Pharmacotherapeutic group: Psycholeptics, antipsychotics. ATC code: N05AE05 Mechanism of action Lurasidone is a selective blocking agent of dopamine and monoamine effects. Lurasidone binds strongly to dopaminergic D2- and to serotonergic 5-HT2A and 5-HT7- receptors with high binding affinity of 0.994, 0.47 and 0.495 nM, respectively. It also blocks α2c-adrenergic receptors and α2a-adrenergic receptors with a binding affinity of 10.8 and 40.7 nM respectively. Lurasidone also exhibits partial agonism at the 5HT-1A receptor with a binding affinity of 6.38 nM. Lurasidone does not bind to cholinergic or muscarinic receptors. The mechanism of action of the minor active metabolite of lurasidone ID-14283 is similar to that of lurasidone. Lurasidone doses ranging from 9 to 74 mg (10-80 mg lurasidone hydrochloride) administered to healthy subjects produced a dose-dependent reduction in the binding of 11C-raclopride, a D2/D3 receptor ligand, in the caudate, putamen and ventral striatum detected by positron emission tomography. Pharmacodynamic effects In the main clinical efficacy studies, lurasidone was administered at doses of 37-148 mg lurasidone (equivalent to 40-160 mg lurasidone hydrochloride). Clinical efficacy The efficacy of lurasidone in the treatment of schizophrenia was demonstrated in five multi-centre, placebo-controlled, double-blind, 6-week trials in subjects who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria for schizophrenia. Lurasidone doses, which varied across the five trials, ranged from 37 to 148 mg lurasidone (equivalent to 40-160 mg lurasidone hydrochloride) once daily. In the short-term trials, the primary efficacy endpoint was defined as the mean change from baseline to Week 6 in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total scores, a validated multi-item inventory composed of five factors to evaluate positive symptoms, negative symptoms, disorganised thoughts, uncontrolled hostility/excitement, and anxiety/depression. Lurasidone demonstrated superior efficacy compared with placebo across Phase 3 studies (see Table 2). Lurasidone showed significant separation from placebo from as early as Day 4. Additionally, lurasidone was superior to placebo on the predefined secondary endpoint Clinical Global Impression – Severity (CGI-S) scale. Efficacy was also confirmed in a secondary analysis of treatment response (defined as ≥ 30% decrease from Baseline in PANSS total score). Table 2 Schizophrenia Studies: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for Schizophrenia (PANSS) Total Score - Change From Baseline to Week 6- MMRM for Studies D1050229, D1050231, and D1050233: Intent-to-Treat Analysis Set (a) Olanzapine 15 mg in Study D1050231, quetiapine extended-release (XR) 600 mg in Study D1050233. N is number of subjects per model estimate. (b) p-values for lurasidone vs. placebo were adjusted for multiple comparisons. P-values for olanzapine and quetiapine XR vs. placebo were unadjusted. (c) Lurasidone doses of 37, 74, 111 and 148 mg are equivalent to 40, 80, 120 and 160 mg amounts of lurasidone hydrochloride. In the short-term studies there was no consistent dose-response correlation observed. Long-term maintenance efficacy of lurasidone (37 to 148 mg lurasidone once daily (equivalent to 40 -160 mg lurasidone hydrochloride)) was demonstrated in a 12 month non-inferiority trial with quetiapine extended release (XR) (200 to 800 mg once daily). Lurasidone was non-inferior to quetiapine XR in time to relapse of schizophrenia. Lurasidone had a small increase from baseline to Month 12 in body weight and body mass index (Mean (SD): 0.73 (3.36) kg and 0.28 (1.17) kg/m2, respectively) compared to quetiapine XR (1.23 (4.56) kg and 0.45 (1.63) kg/m2, respectively). Overall, lurasidone had a negligible effect on weight and other metabolic parameters including total cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose levels. In a long-term safety study clinically stable patients were treated using 37 – 111 mg lurasidone (equivalent to 40 – 120 mg lurasidone hydrochloride) or risperidone 2 – 6 mg. In that study the rate of relapse over a 12-month period was 20% for lurasidone and 16% for risperidone. This difference neared, but did not reach, statistical significance. In a long-term trial designed to assess the maintenance of effect, lurasidone was more effective than placebo in maintaining symptom control and delaying relapse of schizophrenia. After having been treated for an acute episode and stabilized for a minimum of 12 weeks with lurasidone, patients were then randomised in a double-blind manner to either continue on lurasidone or on placebo until they experienced a relapse in schizophrenia symptoms. In the primary analysis of time to relapse in which patients that withdrew without relapse were censored at the time of withdrawal, patients on lurasidone showed a significantly longer time to relapse compared with patients on placebo (p=0.039). The Kaplan-Meier estimates of the probability of relapse at Week 28 were 42.2% for lurasidone and 51.2% for placebo. The probability of all-cause discontinuation at Week 28 were 58.2% for lurasidone and 69.9% for placebo (p=0.072). Paediatric population The European Medicines Agency has deferred the obligation to submit the results of studies with lurasidone in one or more subsets of the paediatric population in schizophrenia (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use). 5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties Absorption Lurasidone reaches peak serum concentrations in approximately 1-3 hours. In a food effect study, lurasidone mean Cmax and AUC increased approximately by 2-3-times and 1.5-2-times, respectively, when administered with food compared to the levels observed under fasting conditions. Distribution Following administration of 37 mg of lurasidone (equivalent to 40 mg lurasidone hydrochloride), the mean approximate apparent volume of distribution was 6000 L. Lurasidone is highly bound (~99%) to serum proteins. Biotransformation Lurasidone is metabolised mainly via CYP3A4. The major biotransformation pathways are oxidative N-dealkylation, hydroxylation of norbornane ring, and S-oxidation. Lurasidone is metabolised into two active metabolites (ID-14283 and ID-14326) and two non-active metabolites (ID-20219 and ID-20220). Lurasidone and its metabolites ID-14283, ID-14326, ID-20219 and ID-20220 correspond to approximately 11.4, 4.1, 0.4, 24 and 11% respectively, of serum radioactivity respectively. CYP3A4 is the major enzyme responsible for metabolism of the active metabolite ID-14283. Lurasidone and its active metabolite ID-14283 both contribute to the pharmacodynamic effect at the dopaminergic and serotonergic receptors. Based on in vitro studies lurasidone is not a substrate of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP4A11, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 or CYP2E1 enzymes. Lurasidone is an in vitro substrate of the efflux transporters P-gp and BCRP. Lurasidone is not subject to active uptake transport by OATP1B1 or OATP1B3. Lurasidone is an inhibitor of P-gp, BCRP and OCT1 in vitro (see section 4.5). Lurasidone is not expected to have a clinically relevant inhibitory potential on transporters OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OCT2, OAT1, OAT3, MATE1, MATE2K or BSEP based on in vitro data. Elimination Following administration of lurasidone, the elimination half-life was 20-40 hours. Following oral administration of a radiolabelled dose, approximately 67% dose was recovered in faeces and 19% in urine. Urine comprised mostly of a number of metabolites with minimal renal excretion of parent compound. Linearity/non-linearity The pharmacokinetics of lurasidone is dose-proportional within a total daily dose range of 18.5 mg to 148 mg (equivalent to 20 to 160 mg lurasidone hydrochloride). Steady-state concentrations of lurasidone are reached within 7 days of starting lurasidone. Pharmacokinetics in special patient groups: Elderly people Limited data have been collected in healthy subjects ≥ 65years. Of the data collected, similar exposure was obtained compared with subjects < 65 years. However, an increase in exposure in elderly subjects may be expected for patients if they have impaired renal or hepatic function. Hepatic impairment The serum concentrations of lurasidone are increased in healthy subjects with Child-Pugh Class A, B and C hepatic impairment with an increased exposure of 1.5-, 1.7- and 3-fold respectively. Renal impairment The serum concentrations of lurasidone are increased in healthy subjects with mild, moderate and severe renal impairment with an increased exposure of 1.5, 1.9 and 2.0-fold respectively. Subjects with ESRD (CrCl<15 ml/min) have not been investigated. Gender There were no clinically relevant differences between genders in the pharmacokinetics of lurasidone in a population pharmacokinetic analysis in patients with schizophrenia. Race There were no clinically relevant differences in the pharmacokinetics of lurasidone in a population pharmacokinetic analysis in patients with schizophrenia. It was noted that Asian subjects had 1.5 fold increased exposure to lurasidone compared to Caucasian subjects. Smoking Based on in vitro studies utilising human liver enzymes, lurasidone is not a substrate for CYP1A2; smoking should, therefore, not have an effect on the pharmacokinetics of lurasidone. Paediatric population The pharmacokinetics of lurasidone in paediatric patients was investigated in 49 children aged 6-12 years and 56 adolescents aged 13-17 years. Lurasidone was administered as lurasidone hydrochloride at daily doses of either 20, 40, 80, 120 mg (6-17 years) or 160 mg (10-17 years only) for 7 days. There was no clear correlation between obtained plasma exposure and age or body weight. The pharmacokinetics of lurasidone in paediatric patients aged 6-17 years was generally comparable to those observed in adults. 5.3 Preclinical safety data Nonclinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, repeated dose toxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenic potential. Major findings in repeat-dose toxicity studies of lurasidone were centrally-mediated endocrine changes resulting from serum prolactin elevations in rats, dogs and monkeys. High serum prolactin levels in long-term repeat-dose studies in female rats were associated with effects on bones, adrenal glands, and reproductive tissues. In a long-term dog repeat-dose study, high serum prolactin levels were associated with effects on male and female reproductive tissues. In rats, lurasidone had no effect on male and female reproduction at oral doses of 150 and 0.1 mg/kg/day lurasidone hydrochloride, respectively, or on early embryonic development at an oral dose of 15 mg/kg/day lurasidone hydrochloride. A fertility study in female rats resulted in prolonged estrous cycle and delayed copulation at ≥1.5 mg/kg/day lurasidone hydrochloride, whilst the copulation and fertility indices, and the numbers of corpora lutea, implantations and live fetuses were decreased at 150 mg/kg/day lurasidone hydrochloride. These effects were due to the hyperprolactinemia following lurasidone treatment, affecting the estrous cycle and copulatory behaviour as well as the maintenance of corpus luteum of the female rats, resulting in a decrease in implantation and the number of live foetuses. These prolactin-related effects are not considered to be relevant to human reproduction. A single dose of 10 mg/kg lurasidone hydrochloride to pregnant rats resulted in fetal exposure. In a dose range finding study in pregnant rats, 150 mg/kg/day lurasidone hydrochloride caused fetal growth retardation without signs of teratogenicity. Lurasidone was not teratogenic in rats or rabbits at an exposure similar to or below the maximum recommended human dose (148 mg lurasidone equivalent to 160 mg lurasidone hydrochloride). Lurasidone was excreted in milk of rats during lactation. Lurasidone was not genotoxic in a battery of tests. Mammary gland and/or pituitary gland tumours were observed in the mouse and rat carcinogenicity studies and are most likely due to the increased blood prolactin levels. These findings are common in rodents treated with antipsychotic medicinal products with dopamine D2 blocking activity and are considered to be rodent-specific. 6. Pharmaceutical particulars 6.1 List of excipients Core Mannitol (E 421) Starch, pregelatinised Croscarmellose sodium (E 468) Hypromellose 2910 (E 464) Magnesium stearate (E 470b) Tablet coating Hypromellose 2910 (E 464) Titanium dioxide (E 171) Macrogol 8000 Carnauba wax (E 903) 74 mg Iron oxide, Yellow (E 172) Indigotine (E 132) 6.2 Incompatibilities Not applicable. 6.3 Shelf life 5 years 6.4 Special precautions for storage Store in the original package in order to protect from light. 6.5 Nature and contents of container Cartons contain 14 x 1, 28 x 1, 30 x 1, 56 x 1, 60 x 1, 90 x 1 or 98 x 1 tablets in aluminium/aluminium perforated unit dose blisters. Not all pack sizes may be marketed. 6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements. 7. Marketing authorisation holder Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Europe Ltd. First Floor Southside 97-105 Victoria Street London SW1E 6QT United Kingdom 8. Marketing authorisation number(s) 18.5 mg 14 film coated tablets:  EU/1/14/913/001 28 film coated tablets:  EU/1/14/913/002 30 film coated tablets:  EU/1/14/913/003 56 film coated tablets:  EU/1/14/913/004 60 film coated tablets:  EU/1/14/913/005 90 film coated tablets:  EU/1/14/913/006 98 film coated tablets:  EU/1/14/913/007 37 mg 14 film coated tablets:  EU/1/14/913/008 28 film coated tablets:  EU/1/14/913/009 30 film coated tablets:  EU/1/14/913/010 56 film coated tablets:  EU/1/14/913/011 60 film coated tablets:  EU/1/14/913/012 90 film coated tablets:  EU/1/14/913/013 98 film coated tablets:  EU/1/14/913/014 74mg 14 film coated tablets:  EU/1/14/913/015 28 film coated tablets:  EU/1/14/913/016 30 film coated tablets:  EU/1/14/913/017 56 film coated tablets:  EU/1/14/913/018 60 film coated tablets:  EU/1/14/913/019 90 film coated tablets:  EU/1/14/913/020 98 film coated tablets:  EU/1/14/913/021 9. Date of first authorisation/renewal of the authorisation Date of first authorisation: 21 March 2014 10. Date of revision of the text 15 February 2016 Detailed information on this medicinal product is available on the website of the European Medicines Agency http://www.ema.europa.eu. http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/29125 武田及住友精神分裂症药物Latuda获欧盟批准 2014年4月1日，武田（Takeda）与日本住友制药（Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma）3月31日宣布，抗精神分裂症药物Latuda（lurasidone，鲁拉西酮）上市许可申请（MAA）获欧盟委员会（EC）批准，用于精神分裂症（schizophrenia）成人患者的治疗。此前，欧洲药品管理局（EMA）人用医药产品委员会（CHMP）已于2014年1月发布了建议批准的积极意见。 该药MAA的提交，是基于来自50多个临床试验的数据，试验中超过3800例患者接受了Lurasidone的治疗。在III期临床试验中，对Lurasidone治疗精神分裂症患者的疗效及安全性进行了评估，数据表明，与安慰剂相比，Lurasidone显著改善了主要疗效终点（阳性阴性症状量表，PANSS）的总评分。Lurasidone治疗组最常见的不良反应为嗜睡、静坐不能（akathisia）、恶心、帕金森氏症。临床试验还表明，Lurasidone具有良好的安全性，对体重或代谢参数具有最小的影响。最大限度地减少药物对长期身体健康的不良影响至关重要，因为患者可能需要维持治疗多年。 目前，在欧洲约有350万精神分裂症患者。该病对患者本人、家庭、照顾者均带来巨大影响。精神分裂症症状可以是多样性的，包括幻觉、扭曲的现实、抑郁症和社交退缩等。精神分裂症也与缩短的（10-22.5年）预期寿命相关，这部分可能是由于抗精神分裂症药物的不良影响相关，如体重增加、血压上升、血糖上升等。导致精神分裂症患者死亡的主要病因是心血管疾病。 关于Latuda（lurasidone，鲁拉西酮）： Lurasidone是日服一次的非典型抗精神病药物，由日本住友制药发现和开发。与其他现有的抗精神分裂症药物相比，Lurasidone具有独特的化学结构，对多巴胺D2、5-羟色胺（5-HT2A）、5-羟色胺（5-HT7）受体均有亲和拮抗作用。此外，Lurasidone对5-羟色胺（5-HT1A）受体具有部分激动作用，对组胺或毒蕈碱受体无明显的亲和性。 Lurasidone品牌名为Latuda，分别于2010年10月和2012年6月获得了FDA和加拿大卫生部的批准，用于精神分裂症的治疗。