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DYANAVEL XR(amphetamine extended-release oral suspension)

2016-01-26 04:04:13 作者：新特药房来源：互联网浏览次数：0 文字大小：【大】【中】【小】

简介： 新类型多动症缓释口服液Dyanavel XR(amphetamine)获美国(FDA)批准为儿童每日一次服用治疗2015年10月23日，美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)批准了安非他命Dyanavel XR(Tris制药公司)，每日一次服用该缓释口服 ...

关键字：安非他命缓释口服液 amphetamine 商品名Dyanavel XR 治疗儿童注意缺陷/多动障碍

新类型多动症缓释口服液Dyanavel XR(amphetamine)获美国(FDA)批准为儿童每日一次服用治疗
2015年10月23日，美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)批准了安非他命Dyanavel XR(Tris制药公司)，每日一次服用该缓释口服液用于治疗6岁以上儿童注意缺陷/多动障碍(ADHD)。
经过对108名(6-12岁)符合dsm-iv标准的多动症儿童进行一项随机、安慰剂对照、实验教学有效性的3期研究后被批准使用。实验研究包括一个5周的非盲剂量优化治疗以及1周的双盲治疗，初始剂量以及四小时后剂量均符合SKAMP综合评分主要评价指标。该公司指出，Dyanavel XR在服用后一小时开始起效，药效能持续13小时。
该药最常见的不良反应（Dyanavel XR组出现的几率≥2%，比安慰剂组高）是鼻衄、过敏性鼻炎和上腹部疼痛。
安非他明是治疗多动症的理想药物，Dyanavel XR给医生提供了一个新的儿童适宜且能够加快并延长临床疗效的剂量选择。
该公司指出，中枢神经系统兴奋剂，包括Dyanavel XR以及其他一些含有安非他命的产品，都有滥用和产生依赖的可能性。在成年人中，即使按照推荐剂量服用中枢神经系统兴奋剂也出现过猝死、中风、心肌梗死。有报道指出，患有结构性心脏畸形和其他严重的心脏疾病的儿童和青少年在服用中枢神经系统兴奋剂治疗多动症的过程中出现了猝死，因此，有严重的心脏疾病的多动症患儿应禁用此类药物。
HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
These highlights do not include all the information needed to use DYANAVEL ™ XR safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for DYANAVEL XR .
DYANAVEL XR(amphetamine)extended-release oral suspension , CII
Initial U.S. Approval: 1 960
WARNING: ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning.
CNS stimulants, including DYANAVEL XR, other amphetamine-containing products, and methylphenidate, have a high potential for abuse and dependence (5.1, 9.3)
Assess the risk of abuse prior to prescribing and monitor for signs of abuse and dependence while on therapy (9.2, 9.3)
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
DYANAVEL XR is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant indicated for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (1)
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
Before administering the dose, shake bottle (2.2)
May be taken with or without food (2.2)
In children 6 years of age and older, recommended starting dose is 2.5 mg or 5 mg once daily in the morning (2.2)
Dosage may be increased in increments of 2.5 mg to 10 mg per day every 4 to 7 days until optimal response is obtained (2.2)
Daily dose above 20 mg is not recommended (2.2)
Do not substitute for other amphetamine products on a milligram-per-milligram basis, because of different amphetamine base compositions and differing pharmacokinetic profiles (2.3)
DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
Extended-release oral suspension containing 2.5 mg amphetamine base per mL (3)
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Known hypersensitivity to amphetamine products or other ingredients in DYANAVEL XR (4)
Use of monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) or within 14 days of the last MAOI dose (4, 7.1)
WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
Serious Cardiovascular Reactions: Sudden death has been reported in association with CNS stimulant treatment at recommended doses in pediatric patients with structural cardiac abnormalities or other serious heart problems. In adults, sudden death, stroke, and myocardial infarction have been reported. Avoid use in patients with known structural cardiac abnormalities, cardiomyopathy, serious heart arrhythmia, or coronary artery disease (5.2)
Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Increases: Monitor blood pressure and pulse. Consider benefits and risks before use in patients for whom blood pressure increases may be problematic (5.3)
Psychiatric Adverse Reactions: May cause psychotic or manic symptoms in patients with no prior history, or exacerbation of symptoms in patients with pre-existing psychosis. Evaluate for bipolar disorder prior to stimulant use (5.4)
Long-Term Suppression of Growth: Monitor height and weight in pediatric patients during treatment (5.5)
Peripheral Vasculopathy, including Raynaud’s phenomenon: Stimulants used to treat ADHD are associated with peripheral vasculopathy, including Raynaud’s phenomenon. Careful observation for digital changes is necessary during treatment with ADHD stimulants (5.6)
ADVERSE REACTIONS
Most common adverse reactions observed with amphetamine products: dry mouth, anorexia, weight loss, abdominal pain, nausea, insomnia, restlessness, emotional lability, dizziness, tachycardia (6.1)
To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Tris Pharma, Inc. 1-732-940-0358 and www.trispharma.com or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.
DRUG INTERACTIONS
Acidifying and Alkalinizing Agents: Agents that alter urinary pH can alter blood levels of amphetamine. Acidifying agents can decrease amphetamine blood levels, while alkalinizing agents can increase amphetamine blood levels. Adjust DYANAVEL XR dosage accordingly (7.1)
USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
Pregnancy: May cause fetal harm (8.1)
Lactation: Breastfeeding not recommended (8.2)
See 17 for PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION and Medication Guide.
Revised: 12/2015
FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION: CONTENTS*
1. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
DYANAVEL XR is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant indicated for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) [see Clinical Studies (14)].
2. DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
2.1 Important Information Prior to Initiating Treatment
Prior to treating children, adolescents, and adults with CNS stimulants, including DYANAVEL XR, assess for the presence of cardiac disease (i.e., perform a careful history, family history of sudden death or ventricular arrhythmia, and physical exam) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
Assess the risk of abuse prior to prescribing, and monitor for signs of abuse and dependence while on therapy. Maintain careful prescription records, educate patients about abuse, monitor for signs of abuse and overdose, and periodically re-evaluate the need for DYANAVEL XR use [see Precautions (5.1), and Drug Abuse and Dependence (9)].
2.2 General Dosing Information
DYANAVEL XR should be orally administered once daily in the morning with or without food. The dose should be individualized according to the needs and responses of the patient. Before administering the dose, shake the bottle of DYANAVEL XR.
In children 6 years of age and older, start with 2.5 mg or 5 mg once daily in the morning. The dose may be increased in increments of 2.5 mg to 10 mg per day every 4 to 7 days up to a maximum dose of 20 mg per day.
Pharmacological treatment of ADHD may be needed for extended periods. Healthcare providers should periodically re-evaluate the long-term use of DYANAVEL XR, and adjust dosage as needed.
2.3 Switching from other Amphetamine Products
If switching from other amphetamine products, discontinue that treatment, and titrate with DYANAVEL XR using the above titration schedule.
Do not substitute for other amphetamine products on a milligram-per-milligram basis, because of different amphetamine base compositions and differing pharmacokinetic profiles [see Description (11), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
2.4 Dosage Modifications due to Drug Interactions
Agents that alter urinary pH can impact urinary excretion and alter blood levels of amphetamine. Acidifying agents (e.g., ascorbic acid) decrease blood levels, while alkalinizing agents (e.g., sodium bicarbonate) increase blood levels. Adjust DYANAVEL XR dosage accordingly [see Drug Interactions (7.1)].
3. DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
Extended-release oral suspension contains 2.5 mg amphetamine base per mL.
4. CONTRAINDICATIONS
DYANAVEL XR is contraindicated:
In patients known to be hypersensitive to amphetamine, or other components of DYANAVEL XR. Hypersensitivity reactions such as angioedema and anaphylactic reactions have been reported in patients treated with other amphetamine products [see Adverse Reactions (6)].
During treatment with MAOIs, and also within 14 days of following discontinuation of treatment with a MAOI, because of the risk of hypertensive crisis [see Drug Interactions (7)].
5. WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
5.1 Potential for Abuse and Dependence
CNS stimulants, including DYANAVEL XR, other amphetamine-containing products, and methylphenidate, have a high potential for abuse and dependence. Assess the risk of abuse prior to prescribing, and monitor for signs of abuse and dependence while on therapy [see Boxed Warning, Drug Abuse and Dependence (9.2, 9.3)].
5.2 Serious Cardiovascular Reactions
Sudden death, stroke and myocardial infarction have been reported in adults with CNS stimulant treatment at recommended doses. Sudden death has been reported in children and adolescents with structural cardiac abnormalities and other serious heart problems taking CNS stimulants at recommended doses for ADHD. Avoid use in patients with known structural cardiac abnormalities, cardiomyopathy, serious heart arrhythmia, coronary artery disease, and other serious heart problems. Further evaluate patients who develop exertional chest pain, unexplained syncope, or arrhythmias during DYANAVEL XR treatment.
5.3 Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Increases
CNS stimulants cause an increase in blood pressure (mean increase about 2-4 mm Hg) and heart rate (mean increase about 3-6 bpm). Monitor all patients for potential tachycardia and hypertension.
5.4 Psychiatric Adverse Reactions
Exacerbation of Preexisting Psychosis
CNS stimulants may exacerbate symptoms of behavior disturbance and thought disorder in patients with a preexisting psychotic disorder.
Induction of a Manic Episode in Patients with Bipolar Illness
CNS stimulants may induce a mixed or manic episode in patients with bipolar disorder. Prior to initiating treatment, screen patients for risk factors for developing a manic episode (e.g., comorbid or history of depressive symptoms or a family history of suicide, bipolar disorder, or depression).
New Psychotic or Manic Symptoms
CNS stimulants, at recommended doses, may cause psychotic or manic symptoms, e.g., hallucinations, delusional thinking, or mania in patients without prior history of psychotic illness or mania. If such symptoms occur, consider discontinuing DYANAVEL XR. In a pooled analysis of multiple short-term, placebo-controlled studies of CNS stimulants, psychotic or manic symptoms occurred in 0.1% of CNS stimulant-treated patients compared to 0% in placebo-treated patients.
5.5 Long-Term Suppression of Growth
CNS stimulants have been associated with weight loss and slowing of growth rate in pediatric patients. Closely monitor growth (weight and height) in pediatric patients treated with CNS stimulants, including DYANAVEL XR.
5.6 Peripheral Vasculopathy, including Raynaud's Phenomenon
Stimulants, including DYANAVEL XR, used to treat ADHD are associated with peripheral vasculopathy, including Raynaud's phenomenon. Signs and symptoms are usually intermittent and mild; however, very rare sequelae include digital ulceration and/or soft tissue breakdown. Effects of peripheral vasculopathy, including Raynaud's phenomenon, were observed in post-marketing reports at different times and at therapeutic doses in all age groups throughout the course of treatment. Signs and symptoms generally improve after reduction in dose or discontinuation of drug. Careful observation for digital changes is necessary during treatment with ADHD stimulants. Further clinical evaluation (e.g., rheumatology referral) may be appropriate for certain patients.
6. ADVERSE REACTIONS
The following adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the labeling:
Drug Dependence [see Boxed Warning, Warnings and Precautions (5.1), and Drug Abuse and Dependence (9.2, 9.3)]
Hypersensitivity to amphetamine, or other components of DYANAVEL XR [see Contraindications (4)]
Hypertensive Crisis When Used Concomitantly with Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors [see Contraindications (4) and Drug Interactions (7.1)]
Serious Cardiovascular Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]
Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Increases [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)]
Psychiatric Adverse Reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]
Long-Term Suppression of Growth [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)]
Peripheral Vasculopathy, including Raynaud's phenomenon [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)]
6.1 Clinical Trial Experience
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.
Clinical Trials Experience with Other Amphetamine Products in Pediatric Patients and Adults with ADHD
Cardiovascular: Palpitations, tachycardia, elevation of blood pressure, sudden death, myocardial infarction. There have been isolated reports of cardiomyopathy associated with chronic amphetamine use.
Central Nervous System: Psychotic episodes at recommended doses, overstimulation, restlessness, irritability, euphoria, dyskinesia, dysphoria, depression, tremor, tics, aggression, anger, logorrhea.
Eye Disorders: Vision blurred, mydriasis.
Gastrointestinal: Dryness of the mouth, unpleasant taste, diarrhea, constipation, other gastrointestinal disturbances. Anorexia and weight loss may occur as undesirable effects.
Allergic: Urticaria, rash, hypersensitivity reactions including angioedema and anaphylaxis. Serious skin rashes, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis have been reported.
Endocrine: Impotence, changes in libido.
Skin: Alopecia.
Clinical Trials Experience with DYANAVEL XR in Pediatric Patients with ADHD
There is limited experience with DYANAVEL XR in controlled trials. Based on this limited experience, the adverse reaction profile of DYANAVEL XR appears similar to other amphetamine extended-release products. The most common (≥2% in the DYANAVEL XR group and greater than placebo) adverse reactions reported in the Phase 3 controlled study conducted in 108 patients with ADHD (aged 6–12 years) were: epistaxis, allergic rhinitis and upper abdominal pain.
Table 1. Common adverse reactions occurring in ≥2% of Subjects on DYANAVEL XR and greater than Placebo during the double blind phase.

Preferred Term DYANAVEL XR
(N=52) Placebo
(N=48)

Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders

Epistaxis 3.8% 0%

Rhinitis allergic 3.8% 0%

Gastrointestinal disorders

Abdominal pain upper 3.8% 2.1%
6.2 Postmarketing Experience
The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of other amphetamine products. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Endocrine: frequent or prolonged erections.
Musculoskeletal, Connective Tissue, and Bone Disorders: rhabdomyolysis.
Psychiatric Disorders: dermatillomania.
7.DRUG INTERACTIONS
7.1 Drugs Having Clinically Important Interactions with Amphetamines Table 2. Drugs having clinically important interactions with amphetamines.

MAO Inhibitors (MAOI)

Clinical Impact MAOI antidepressants slow amphetamine metabolism, increasing amphetamines effect on the release of norepinephrine and other monoamines from adrenergic nerve endings causing headaches and other signs of hypertensive crisis. Toxic neurological effects and malignant hyperpyrexia can occur, sometimes with fatal results.

Intervention Do not administer DYANAVEL XR during or within 14 days following the administration of MAOI [see Contraindications (4)].

Examples Selegiline, isocarboxazid, phenelzine, tranylcypromine

Alkalinizing Agents

Clinical Impact Increase blood levels and potentiate the action of amphetamine.

Intervention Co-administration of DYANAVEL XR and gastrointestinal alkalinizing agents should be avoided.

Examples Gastrointestinal alkalinizing agents (e.g., sodium bicarbonate).
Urinary alkalinizing agents (e.g. acetazolamide, some thiazides).

Acidifying Agents

Clinical Impact Lower blood levels and efficacy of amphetamines.

Intervention Increase dose based on clinical response.

Examples Gastrointestinal acidifying agents (e.g., guanethidine, reserpine, glutamic acid HCl, ascorbic acid).
Urinary acidifying agents (e.g., ammonium chloride, sodium acid phosphate, methenamine salts).

Tricyclic Antidepressants

Clinical Impact May enhance the activity of tricyclic or sympathomimetic agents causing striking and sustained increases in the concentration of d-amphetamine in the brain; cardiovascular effects can be potentiated.

Intervention Monitor frequently and adjust or use alternative therapy based on clinical response.

Examples Desipramine, protriptyline

Proton Pump Inhibitors

Clinical Impact Time to maximum concentration (Tmax) of amphetamine is increased compared to when administered alone.

Intervention Monitor patients for changes in clinical effect and adjust therapy based on clinical response.

Example Omeprazole
7.2 Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions
Amphetamines can cause a significant elevation in plasma corticosteroid levels. This increase is greatest in the evening. Amphetamines may interfere with urinary steroid determinations.
8. USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
8.1 Pregnancy
Risk Summary
There are limited published data on the use of amphetamines in pregnant women. These data are insufficient to determine a drug-associated risk of major congenital malformations or miscarriage. Adverse pregnancy outcomes, including premature delivery and low birth weight, have been seen in infants born to mothers dependent on amphetamines. No effects on morphological development were observed in embryo-fetal development studies with oral administration of amphetamine to rats and rabbits during organogenesis at doses 1.5 and 8 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD). However, long-term neurochemical and behavioral effects have been reported in published animal developmental studies using clinically relevant doses of amphetamine (d- or d, l-) [see Data]. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively.
Clinical Considerations
Fetal/Neonatal adverse reactions
Amphetamines, such as DYANAVEL XR, may cause vasoconstriction, including vasoconstriction of placental blood vessels, and may increase the risk for intrauterine growth restriction. In addition, amphetamines can stimulate uterine contractions increasing the risk of premature delivery. Premature delivery and low birth weight infants have been reported in amphetamine-dependent mothers.
Monitor infants born to mothers taking amphetamines for symptoms of withdrawal, such as feeding difficulties, irritability, agitation, and excessive drowsiness.
Data
Animal Data
Amphetamine had no apparent effects on embryofetal morphological development or survival when orally administered to pregnant rats and rabbits throughout the period of organogenesis at doses of up to 6 and 16 mg/kg/day, respectively. These doses are approximately 1.5 and 8 times, respectively, the MRHD of 20 mg/day (as base), on a mg/m2 body surface area basis for an adolescent. Fetal malformations and death have been reported in mice following parenteral administration of d-amphetamine doses of 50 mg/kg/day (approximately 6 times the MRHD) or greater to pregnant animals. Administration of these doses was also associated with severe maternal toxicity.
A number of studies in rodents indicate that prenatal or early postnatal exposure to amphetamine (d- or d, l-), at doses similar to those used clinically, can result in long-term neurochemical and behavioral alterations. Reported behavioral effects include learning and memory deficits, altered locomotor activity, and changes in sexual function.
8.2 Lactation
Risk Summary
Based on limited case reports in published literature, amphetamine (d- or d, l-) is present in human milk, at relative infant doses of 2% to 13.8% of the maternal weight-adjusted dosage and a milk/plasma ratio ranging between 1.9 and 7.5. There are no reports of adverse effects on the breastfed infant and no effects on milk production. However, long term neurodevelopmental effects on infants from stimulant exposure are unknown. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in a breastfed infant, advise patients that breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with DYANAVEL XR.
8.4 Pediatric Use
Safety and effectiveness have been established in pediatric patients with ADHD ages 6-17 years [see Adverse Reactions (6.1), Clinical Pharmacology (12), and Clinical Studies (14)]. Safety and efficacy in pediatric patients younger than 6 years with ADHD have not been established.
Long-Term Growth Suppression
Growth should be monitored during treatment with stimulants, including DYANAVEL XR, and children who are not growing or gaining weight as expected may need to have their treatment interrupted [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].
8.5 Geriatric Use
DYANAVEL XR has not been studied in the geriatric population.
9. DRUG ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE
9.1 Controlled Substance
DYANAVEL XR contains amphetamine, which is a Schedule II controlled substance in the U.S. Controlled Substance Act (CSA).
9.2 Abuse
DYANAVEL XR, is a CNS stimulant that contains amphetamine which has a high potential for abuse. Abuse is characterized by impaired control over drug use, compulsive use, continued use despite harm, and craving.
Signs and symptoms of amphetamine abuse may include increased heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and/or sweating, dilated pupils, hyperactivity, restlessness, insomnia, decreased appetite, loss of coordination, tremors, flushed skin, vomiting, and/or abdominal pain. Anxiety, psychosis, hostility, aggression, suicidal or homicidal ideation have also been observed. Abusers of amphetamines may use other unapproved routes of administration which can result in overdose and death [see Overdosage (10)].
To reduce the abuse of DYANAVEL XR, assess the risk of abuse prior to prescribing. After prescribing, keep careful prescription records, educate patients and their families about abuse and on proper storage and disposal of CNS stimulants, monitor for signs of abuse while on therapy, and re-evaluate the need for DYANAVEL XR use.
9.3 Dependence
Tolerance
Tolerance (a state of adaptation in which exposure to a drug results in a reduction of the drug's desired and/or undesired effects over time) may occur during the chronic therapy of CNS stimulants including DYANAVEL XR.
Dependence
Physical dependence (which is manifested by a withdrawal syndrome produced by abrupt cessation, rapid dose reduction, or administration of an antagonist) may occur in patients treated with CNS stimulants including DYANAVEL XR. Withdrawal symptoms after abrupt cessation following prolonged high-dosage administration of CNS stimulants include dysphoric mood; fatigue; vivid, unpleasant dreams; insomnia or hypersomnia; increased appetite; and psychomotor retardation or agitation.
10. OVERDOSAGE
Consult with a Certified Poison Control Center (1-800-222-1222) for up-to-date guidance and advice for treatment of overdosage. Individual patient response to amphetamines varies widely. Toxic symptoms may occur idiosyncratically at low doses.
Manifestations of amphetamine overdose include restlessness, tremor, hyperreflexia, rapid respiration, confusion, assaultiveness, hallucinations, panic states, hyperpyrexia, and rhabdomyolysis. Fatigue and depression usually follow the central nervous system stimulation. Other reactions include arrhythmias, hypertension or hypotension, circulatory collapse, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps. Fatal poisoning is usually preceded by convulsions and coma.
11. DESCRIPTION
DYANAVEL XR (amphetamine) extended release oral suspension, a CNS stimulant, is an extended-release liquid formulation containing a 3.2 to1 ratio of d- to l-amphetamine.
Each 1 mL of DYANAVEL XR contains 2.5 mg of amphetamine which is the same as the amount of amphetamine (base equivalent) found in a 4 mg strength amphetamine mixed salts product.
Structural Formula:

DYANAVEL XR utilizes an ion exchange resin where the drug is bound to the resin (sodium polystyrene sulfonate) through an ionic binding reaction. DYANAVEL XR contains immediate release and extended-release components. The extended-release component is coated with an aqueous, pH-independent polymer. After drug release the ion-exchange resin is excreted in the feces.
Inactive Ingredients: anhydrous citric acid, bubblegum flavor, glycerin, methylparaben, modified food starch, polysorbate 80, povidone, polyvinyl acetate, propylparaben, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium polystyrene sulfonate, sucralose, triacetin and xanthan gum.
12. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
12.1 Mechanism of Action
Amphetamines are non-catecholamine sympathomimetic amines with CNS stimulant activity. The mode of therapeutic action in ADHD is not known. Amphetamines are thought to block the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine into the presynaptic neuron and increase the release of these monoamines into the extraneuronal space.
12.3 Pharmacokine
Absorption
Following a single, 18.8 mg oral dose of DYANAVEL XR in 29 healthy adult subjects in a crossover study under fasting conditions, d-amphetamine and l-amphetamine, the median (range) time to peak plasma concentrations (Tmax) were 4.0 (2 – 7) hours after dosing and peak concentration (Cmax) were 102% and 106%, respectively of the Cmax of immediate-release (IR) mixed amphetamine salts tablets. The relative bioavailability of DYANAVEL XR compared to an equal dose of mixed amphetamine salts IR tablets is 106% of d-amphetamine and 111% for l-amphetamine.
Metabolism and Excretion
DYANAVEL XR contains d-amphetamine and l-amphetamine in a ratio of 3.2 to 1. Following a single 18.8 mg oral dose of DYANAVEL XR in 29 healthy adult subjects under fasting conditions, the mean (± SD) plasma terminal elimination half-life of d-amphetamine was 12.36 (± 2.95 h) hours and the mean (± SD) plasma terminal half-life for l-amphetamine was 15.12 (± 4.40 h) hours. Amphetamine is reported to be oxidized at the 4 position of the benzene ring to form 4-hydroxyamphetamine, or on the side chain A or B carbons to form alpha-hydroxy-amphetamine or norephedrine, respectively. Norephedrine and 4-hydroxy-amphetamine are both active and each is subsequently oxidized to form 4-hydroxy-norephedrine. Alpha-hydroxy-amphetamine undergoes deamination to form phenylacetone, which ultimately forms benzoic acid and its glucuronide and the glycine conjugate hippuric acid. Although the enzymes involved in amphetamine metabolism have not been clearly defined, CYP2D6 is known to be involved with formation of 4-hydroxy-amphetamine. Since CYP2D6 is genetically polymorphic, population variations in amphetamine metabolism are a possibility.
Amphetamine is known to inhibit monoamine oxidase, whereas the ability of amphetamine and its metabolites to inhibit various P450 isozymes and other enzymes has not been adequately elucidated. In vitro experiments with human microsomes indicate minor inhibition of CYP2D6 by amphetamine and minor inhibition of CYP1A2, 2D6, and 3A4 by one or more metabolites. However, due to the probability of auto-inhibition and the lack of information on the concentration of these metabolites relative to in vivo concentrations, no predications regarding the potential for amphetamine or its metabolites to inhibit the metabolism of other drugs by CYP isozymes in vivo can be made.
With normal urine pHs approximately half of an administered dose of amphetamine is recoverable in urine as derivatives of alpha-hydroxy-amphetamine and approximately another 30% to 40% of the dose is recoverable in urine as amphetamine itself. Since amphetamine has a pKa of 9.9, urinary recovery of amphetamine is highly dependent on pH and urine flow rates. Alkaline urine pHs result in less ionization and reduced renal elimination, and acidic pHs and high flow rates result in increased renal elimination with clearances greater than glomerular filtration rates, indicating the involvement of active secretion. Urinary recovery of amphetamine has been reported to range from 1% to 75%, depending on urinary pH, with the remaining fraction of the dose hepatically metabolized. Consequently, both hepatic and renal dysfunctions have the potential to inhibit the elimination of amphetamine and result in prolonged exposures. In addition, drugs that affect urinary pH are known to alter the elimination of amphetamine, and any decrease in amphetamine’s metabolism that might occur due to drug interactions or genetic polymorphisms is more likely to be clinically significant when renal elimination is decreased [see Drug Interactions (7.1)].
Food Effect
In a study in adult volunteers to investigate the effects of a high-fat meal on the bioavailability of DYANAVEL XR at a dose of 18.8 mg, the presence of food delayed the time to peak concentration of both d- and l-amphetamine by approximately 1 hour (fed: median [range] 5 [3 – 8] hours vs. fasted: 4 [2 – 7] hours). Overall, a high-fat meal increased the average Cmax of both isomers of DYANAVEL XR by about 2% and decreased the AUC by 5-7% (5.7% decrease for d-amphetamine and 7.4% for l-amphetamine). These changes are not considered clinically significant.
Specific Populations
Pediatric
Following a single 10 mg oral dose of DYANAVEL XR in 12 pediatric subjects with ADHD (aged 6-12 years) under fasting conditions, d-amphetamine and l-amphetamine peak plasma concentrations occurred at a median time of 3.9 and 4.5 hours after dosing, respectively. The mean plasma terminal elimination half-life of d-amphetamine was 10.43 (± 2.01 h) hours and the mean plasma terminal half-life for l-amphetamine was 12.14 (± 3.15 h) hours.
Alcohol Effect
There is no in vivo study conducted for the effect of alcohol on drug exposure. An in vitro dissolution study showed alcohol-induced dose dumping potential in the presence of 40% alcohol. Dose dumping was not observed in the presence of lower alcohol concentrations.
13. NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
Carcinogenesis
No evidence of carcinogenicity was found in studies in which d, l-amphetamine (enantiomer ratio of 1:1) was administered to mice and rats in the diet for 2 years at doses of up to 30 mg/kg/day in male mice, 19 mg/kg/day in female mice, and 5 mg/kg/day in male and female rats. These doses are approximately 2.4, 1.5, and 0.8 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human dose of 20 mg/day (as base) on a mg/m2 body surface area basis for a child.
Mutagenesis
Amphetamine, in the enantiomer ratio present in DYANAVEL XR (d- to l- ratio of 3.2 to 1), was not clastogenic in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test in vivo and was negative when tested in the E. coli component of the Ames test in vitro. d, l-Amphetamine (1:1 enantiomer ratio) has been reported to produce a positive response in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test, an equivocal response in the Ames test, and negative responses in the in vitro sister chromatid exchange and chromosomal aberration assays.
Impairment of Fertility
Amphetamine, in the enantiomer ratio present in DYANAVEL XR (d- to l- ratio of approximately 3.2 to 1), did not adversely affect fertility or early embryonic development in the rat at doses of up to 20 mg/kg/day [approximately 5 times the maximum recommended human dose of 20 mg/day (as base) on a mg/m2 body surface area basis for an adolescent].
13.2 Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology
Acute administration of high doses of amphetamine (d- or d, l-) has been shown to produce long-lasting neurotoxic effects, including irreversible nerve fiber damage, in rodents. The significance of these findings to humans is unknown.
14. CLINICAL STUDIES
The efficacy of DYANAVEL XR was evaluated in a laboratory classroom study conducted in 108 pediatric patients (aged 6 to 12 years) with ADHD. The study began with an open-label dose optimization period (5 weeks) with an initial DYANAVEL XR dose of 2.5 or 5 mg once daily in the morning. The dose could be titrated weekly in increments of 2.5 to 10 mg until an optimal dose or the maximum dose of 20 mg/day was reached. Subjects then entered a 1-week randomized, double-blind treatment with the individually optimized dose of DYANAVEL XR or placebo. At the end of the week, school teachers and raters evaluated the attention and behavior of the subjects in a laboratory classroom using the Swanson, Kotkin, Agler, M-Flynn, and Pelham (SKAMP) rating scale. SKAMP is a 13-item teacher-rated scale that assesses manifestations of ADHD in a classroom setting. Each item is rated on a 7-point impairment scale.
The primary efficacy endpoint was change from pre-dose in the SKAMP-Combined score at 4 hours post-dosing. The key secondary efficacy parameters were onset and duration of clinical effect. The change scores from pre-dose SKAMP-Combined scores at post-dose time points (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 13 hours) were used to evaluate the key secondary efficacy. Results from the double-blind, placebo-controlled week of the study are summarized in Table 3 and Figure 1.
SKAMP-Combined change scores from pre-dose demonstrated a statistically significant improvement at all time points (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13 hours) post-dosing with DYANAVEL XR compared to placebo.
Table 3: Primary efficacy result.

Study Number Treatment Group Primary Efficacy Measure: SKAMP-Combined Score

Mean Pre-dose Score (SD) LS Mean Change from Pre-Dose at 4 Hours Post-Dosing (SE) Placebo-subtracted Difference a (95% CI)

Study 1 DYANAVEL XR 17.3 (8.88) -8.8 (1.14) -14.8 (-17.9, -11.6)

Placebo 15.5 (7.35) 6.0 (1.19) --

SD: standard deviation; SE: standard error; LS Mean: least-squares mean; CI: confidence interval.
a Difference (drug minus placebo) in least-squares mean change from pre-dose.

Figure 1. Change from pre-dose in SKAMP-Combined Score after treatment with DYANAVEL XR or Placebo.
16. HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING
16.1 How Supplied
DYANAVEL XR (amphetamine) extended-release oral suspension, the concentration is 2.5 mg/mL amphetamine base and is supplied as light beige to tan viscous suspension with bubblegum flavor in bottles of 464 mL (NDC 27808-102-01).
16.2 Storage and Handling
Dispense in a tight container with child-resistant closure.
Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F); excursions permitted from 15º to 30ºC (59º to 86ºF) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].
The pharmacist should provide an oral dosing syringe or other suitable measuring device.
Disposal
Comply with local laws and regulations on drug disposal of CNS stimulants. Dispose of remaining, unused, or expired DYANAVEL XR at authorized collection sites such as retail pharmacies, hospital or clinic pharmacies, and law enforcement locations. If no take-back program or authorized collector is available, mix DYANAVEL XR with an undesirable, nontoxic substance to make it less appealing to children and pets. Place the mixture in a container such as a sealed plastic bag and discard DYANAVEL XR in the household trash.
17. PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION
Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide).
Controlled Substance Status/Potential for Abuse, Misuse, and Dependence
Advise patients that DYANAVEL XR is a federally controlled substance because it can be abused or lead to dependence. Advise patients to store DYANAVEL XR in a safe place, preferably locked, to prevent abuse. Advise patients to comply with laws and regulations on drug disposal. Advise patients to dispose of remaining, unused, or expired DYANAVEL XR by a medicine take-back program if available [see Boxed Warning, Warnings and Precautions (5.1), Drug Abuse and Dependence (9)].
Dosage and Administration Instructions
Provide the following instructions on administration to the patient:
Use with an oral dosing device or other suitable measuring device.
Shake the bottle of DYANAVEL XR before each dose.
Measure the appropriate dose as prescribed by the physician.
Using the filled oral dosing syringe or measuring device, dispense DYANAVEL XR directly into mouth.
Replace bottle cap and store bottle as directed.
Wash oral dosing syringe or measuring device after each use.
Serious Cardiovascular Risks
Advise patients of serious cardiovascular risk (including sudden death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and hypertension) with DYANAVEL XR. Instruct patients to contact a healthcare provider immediately if they develop symptoms such as exertional chest pain, unexplained syncope, or other symptoms suggestive of cardiac disease [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Increases
Instruct patients that DYANAVEL XR can cause elevations of their blood pressure and pulse rate [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].
Psychiatric Risks
Advise patients that DYANAVEL XR, at recommended doses, may cause psychotic or manic symptoms, even in patients without a prior history of psychotic symptoms or mania [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].
Long-Term Suppression of Growth
Advise patients that DYANAVEL XR may cause slowing of growth and weight loss [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].
Circulation Problems in Fingers and Toes [Peripheral vasculopathy, including Raynaud’s phenomenon]
Instruct patients beginning treatment with DYANAVEL XR about the risk of peripheral vasculopathy, including Raynaud's phenomenon, and associated signs and symptoms: fingers or toes may feel numb, cool, painful, and/or may change color from pale, to blue, to red.
Instruct patients to report to their physician any new numbness, pain, skin color change, or sensitivity to temperature in fingers or toes.
Instruct patients to call their physician immediately with any signs of unexplained wounds appearing on fingers or toes while taking DYANAVEL XR.
Further clinical evaluation (e.g., rheumatology referral) may be appropriate for certain patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].
Pregnancy
Advise patients to notify their healthcare provider if they become pregnant or intend to become pregnant during treatment with DYANAVEL XR. Advise patients of the potential fetal effects from the use of DYANAVEL XR during pregnancy [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].
Lactation
Patients should be advised not to breastfeed if they are taking DYANAVEL XR [see Use in Specific Populations (8.2)].
Alcohol
Advise patients to avoid alcohol while taking DYANAVEL XR. Consumption of alcohol while taking DYANAVEL XR may result in a more rapid release of the dose of amphetamine [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].