药品简介
【产品简介】 1981年,一种疾病被确定为获得性免疫缺乏综合症(AIDS),这种疾病严重破坏人体免疫系统,几乎没有例外的导致人体死亡。AIDS是由人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染导致人体防御机能缺陷,而易于发生感染和肿瘤的临床综合症。HIV是单股RNA病毒,分为HIV-1和HIV-2两种。在世界范围内的HIV以HIV-1为主,占95%,HIV-2集中在西非地区。HIV病毒密码通过逆转录酶(reverse transcriptase)蛋白酶(protease)和整合酶(integrase)来表达。HIV一旦进入靶细胞,病毒RNA就在逆转录酶作用下逆转录为DNA,从而进行繁殖。因此,逆转录酶抑制剂是最早开发的抗HIV品种。最先用于临床的齐多呋啶(AZT)就是种逆转录酶抑制剂。 90年代中期,研究发现,一种叫拉米呋啶的逆转录酶抑制剂在抑制HIV病毒的同时,也能进入肝细胞内抑制HBV复制过程中必需的酶——HBV聚合酶,有效阻止HBV病毒的合成和复制。由于拉米夫定不能彻底消灭潜伏于肝细胞的静止状态的的HBV DNA(称为cccDNA),所以需长期服用拉米夫定,使病毒长期被抑制,并通过机体自身的免疫应答,从而取得持久的效果。因此也将它作为乙肝药开发并取得巨大成功。现贺普丁(拉米呋啶的商品名, 葛兰素史克生产)是国内疗效最好、用量最大的乙肝药,每年的销售额逾6亿元。 恩曲他滨是由美国抗病毒药物的专业开发公司Gilead Sciences公司作为抗HIV、HBV药物开发的新产品。2003年7月,恩曲他滨(Emtriva)在美国被批准用于与其它抗转录病毒药物联用于成人HIV-1感染的治疗 。Emtriva是一种最新的核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂,这也是Gilead Sciences公司所开发的继Viread(tenofovir disoproxil fumarate)之后第二个每日给药一次的治疗艾滋病的抗逆转录病毒药物。
【中文通用名】恩曲他滨 【别 名】Emtriva,FTC 【英文TNN名】EmtricItabine 【药品性质】处方药 【药品分类】国外最新药品 -> 抗微生物新药 【药理毒理】本品是一种新型核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂,对Hiv-1HIv-2及HBV均有抗病毒活性。本品口服后被磷酸化为具有细胞活性的5´-三磷酸盐,5´-三磷酸盐通过进入病毒DNA主链,与主链结合,导致链终止,从而抑制HIV-1逆转录酶及HBV DNA聚合酶活性。 【药代动力学】给雄性小鼠口服和静注单剂量本品100mg/kg100mg/kg或600mg/kg,结果显示,本品吸收好,清除快,且在研究所使用的剂量范围内其药代动力学呈剂量依赖性,总清除速率快接近于肾血流量。对HIV感染者单独给予本品100~1200mg,Tmax为1.25~1.61h。HIV感染者接受本品一日200mg,其血浆半衰期7.5~8h,本品三磷酸盐的细胞内半衰期大约为39h。 【适应症】与其他抗逆转录病毒药物联合用于成人Hiv感染的治疗。 【剂 型】恩曲他滨胶囊;200mg/粒。 【用法用量】18岁以上成人口服用药,每次200㎎,每日1次。空腹服用,也可与食物同服。肾功能不良者应调整剂量,改为200mg,隔日1次或每3天1次。 【不良反应】 1.全身腹痛、无力、头痛。 2.消化系统腹泻、消化不良、恶心、呕吐。 3.骨骼肌肉: 关节痛、肌痛。 4.神经系统: 睡梦异常、抑郁、头晕 、失眠、神经痛、外周神经炎、感觉异常。 5.呼吸系统: 咳嗽加重、鼻炎。 6. 皮肤疹。 【禁 忌】 1.已知对本品或其中任一组分过敏者禁用。 2.禁用于晚期肾病及肝功能不全者。 【慎用】 1.孕妇服用本品可能对胎儿和新生儿有不利影响。本品可通过乳脲分泌也可影响受乳婴儿,一般不推荐孕妇和哺乳期妇女使用本品。 2.老年人选择剂量时应慎重,可根据其肝、肾、心功能的衰退、伴发疾病以及其他药物治疗的影响,酌情减量服用。 【注意事项】 1.本品主要经肾排泄,故肾功能不全患者服用本品应减量。 2.儿童尚未建立安全有效的依据,故儿童不推荐使用。 3.尚无特效解救药,药物过量采用支持治疗。 【药物相互作用】本品不影响肝微粒体酶P 450酶系统,不产生由此介导的相互作用,与替诺氟韦、茚地那韦、泛昔洛韦、司坦夫定合用,药代动力学几乎无影响。
英文药名: Emtriva (Emtricitabine Capsules)
中文药名: 恩曲他滨胶囊
生产厂家: Gilead Sciences Inc.
Emtriva
From Test Positive Aware N
etwork
March/April 2010
Common Name: emtricitabine or FTC
Brand Name: Emtriva
Class: nucleoside analogs (also called nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, NRTIs or nukes)
Standard dose: One 200 mg capsule once a day, with or without food, and no food restrictions. The dosing needs to be adjusted for people who have decreased kidney function. It is also available as an oral solution; for children 0-3 months the dose is 3 mg per 2.2 lbs. and children 3 months-17 years, 6 mg per 2.2 lbs. up to a maximum of 240 mg. For children weighing more than 73 pounds who can swallow an intact capsule, one 200 mg capsule once daily. Take missed dose as soon as possible, unless it is almost time for your next dose. Do not double up on your next dose.
Manufacturer contact: Gilead Sciences, Inc., , 1 (800) GILEAD5 (445-3235)
Potential side effects and toxicity: Very tolerable. Side effects (rarely seen) may include headache, diarrhea, nausea, and rash. Flare-up of HBV (hepatitis B) in people co-infected with HIV/HBV has occurred when Emtriva was discontinued (see tips). Skin discoloration (darkening of the skin on the palms and the soles of the feet) can occur, but is generally mild and without other symptoms. Rare but potentially serious toxicity with all NRTIs: enlarged, fatty liver (hepatomegaly with steatosis) and lactic acidosis (accumulation of lactate in the blood and abnormal acid-base balance). Lactic acidosis may cause persistent fatigue, abdominal pain or distension, nausea/vomiting, difficulty breathing or shortness of breath, and enlarged, fatty liver.
Potential drug interactions: No significant drug interactions. Do not take Truvada, Atripla, Epivir, Epivir-HBV, Epzicom, Combivir, or Trizivir while taking Emtriva, since they contain Emtriva or medication equivalent to Emtriva.
Tips: Emtriva (FTC) is similar to Epivir (3TC). However, unlike Epivir, Emtriva remains in blood cells in excess of the 24-hour dosing interval. Emtriva is known to be effective against chronic hepatitis B, but is not indicated for its treatment; stopping the medicine could thus stop the suppression of the hep B virus. Patients co-infected with HIV/HBV should use the Truvada formulation as their nucleoside backbone to increase activity and avoid HBV resistance. Patients co-infected with HIV/HBV who stop taking Emtriva should be closely monitored by their physician. Emtriva is available as a combination pill with Viread (tenofovir DF), which is called Truvada. Truvada is now the only NRTI combination on the preferred list of U.S. HIV treatment guidelines for the NRTI component of an HIV regimen. In 2006, Emtriva was combined with Sustiva (efavirenz) and Viread (tenofovir) in one pill, which is known as Atripla. Atripla is used quite often as first line treatment due to ease of taking one pill once a day. Emtriva oral solution should be kept in the refrigerator. If kept at room temperature, the oral solution should be used within three months. Please see package insert for more complete potential side effects and interactions.
Doctor
Emtriva (emtricitabine, also known as FTC) was approved as a stand-alone antiretroviral for once-daily treatment of HIV infection in 2003, and in the fixed dose combinations Truvada (tenofovir/emtricitabine) in 2004, and Atripla (tenofovir/emtricitabine/efavirenz) in 2006. This antiretroviral is chemically and clinically very similar to 3TC and thus is often considered interchangeable in any regimen in which 3TC is used. There are a few differences however, including a longer half-life for FTC, and data showing that FTC is modestly more active when studied as a single drug in short term studies. The importance of these attributes is not clear, but may be one reason why Truvada has shown more virologic activity than Epzicom in one large study of patients with a high viral load at baseline. In almost all settings, FTC is only used in one of the fixed dose combinations previously listed. While its use is often associated with long term successful virus suppression, it is one of the drugs in the regimen to which resistance is commonly observed if there is less than complete virus suppression. Resistance to FTC leads to cross resistance to 3TC as well. The expected FTC resistance mutation, referred to as M184V, slightly improves the antiretroviral activity of AZT and tenofovir, which leads some clinicians to maintain the use of these combinations even after resistance occurs. Also of interest is that this mutation causes HIV to be less "fit" than wild type, meaning that despite resistance development, HIV is still partially suppressed by about one-half log due to the impact of this M184V mutation. It is also active against hepatitis B virus, but like 3TC, its use alone is associated with the development of viral resistance by the hep B virus to the drug and should therefore only be used in combination with another agent, typically tenofovir as it is also active against hep B virus. FTC is very well tolerated. Early clinical trials reported an infrequent association with discoloration of the skin and nails, but this has not been a toxicity associated with the use of the combination "Atripla" nor Truvada to any important extent. Like 3TC, FTC needs to be dose adjusted in those with significantly decreased kidney function. -- Cal Cohen, M.D.
Activist
Emtriva (FTC) is Gilead's version of 3TC for combining with Viread in their combo drugs Truvada and Atripla (Emtriva+Viread+Sustiva). It has the same favorable resistance profile as 3TC -- making it part of a good nuke backbone for many regimens. Like 3TC, it has activity against the hepatitis B virus, so those with hep B should consult with their doctors before using this drug so they don't unwittingly develop resistance to a potentially useful HBV drug. -- Jeff Taylor
每日给药一次的Emtriva新制剂持续60周对HIV表现出反应
Gilead Sciences公司公布的III期临床试验的结果表明,与其他逆转录药物结合使用时,Emtriva (emtricitabine)比斯塔夫定(d4T)这样的核苷类逆转录抑制剂更能显著抑制病毒复制。Emtriva(TM)是公司的新型每日给药一次的核苷反转录抑制剂(NRTI),用于HIV治疗。公司在于巴黎举行的第二届国际AIDS协会HIV发病机制和治疗研讨会上公布了这些数据。 Emtriva是一种每日给药一次,每次服用一粒的胶囊药物。7月2日美国FDA批准该药治疗HIV。法国de Nantes大学Hospit alier中心的Francois Raffi报告了III期临床的试验结果,该试验是在301名患者中进行的,为期60周,患者每天接受一次口服给药(38号摘要)。Emtriva 和地索普明富马酸盐(tenofovir,Viread)是Gilead公司开发的用于治疗HIV的核苷类似物,关于这2种药物的其他相关附加摘要也在这次研讨会上公布。 Raffi说:“这次研究表明Emtriva在有效性和耐受性方面优于斯塔夫定(斯塔夫定是一种NRTI模拟物),对于看重生命质量的患者和医生而言,使用每天给药一次,并且副作用也可以接受的药物是非常重要的。” 301试验共募集了571名未经治疗的患者,这些患者的HIV RNA的基线(病毒载量)为至少为5000 copies /mL。患者随机接受(1:1)每日一次的Emtriva或者每日2次的斯塔夫定给药,同时进行二脱氧肌苷(ddl)、efavirenz结合给药。二脱氧肌苷(ddl)属于其他类型的NRTI,efavirenz属于非核苷类逆转录抑制剂(NNRTI)。 基线病毒载量中位值为4.9log,CD4细胞数中位值为288个/mm3,根据中期分析结果,数据安全检测委员会(DSMB)认为Emtriva的安全性和有效性评价超过了初级和次级评价终点,因此推荐对患者进行非盲试验。 在巴黎会议上报告的60周治疗结果是在患者盲治疗的情况下得到的,治疗时间的中位值是60周。 根据Kaplan Meier估算,接受含Emtriva治疗(n=286)的患者中,79%在60周内持续抑制HIV RNA水平,使其低于400 copies /mL。而在含有斯塔夫定的治疗组(n=285,p<0.0001)中有63%出现上述治疗结果。Emtriva组和斯塔夫定组患者CD4细胞数量分别增加了165 和137个/mm3(不具有统计学意义)。 另外,Emtriva的副作用发生率比斯塔夫定低,因此耐受性比斯塔夫定好。耐受性失败指的是因为临床的副作用导致永久性停止试验给药的现象。根据Kaplan Meier估算,在Emtriva组耐受性失败发生率是7.4%,而斯塔夫定组的发生率为16.6%(p=0.003)。在Emtriva组副作用的发生率显著少于对照组,试验中出现的副作用包括:恶心、腹泻、做梦异常、感觉异常、神经障碍、高乳酸症。 Gilead Sciences公司的总裁兼首席执行官说:“这个试验表明Emtriva在有效性、持久性以及耐受性3个方面具有优秀的临床应用特性,Gilead Sciences公司致力于感染性疾病的新药开发,我们非常高兴能够在于巴黎举行的会议上和同行分享我们公司的HIV治疗药物的重要临床数据。” 一系列附加Emtriva试验的结果也将公布在这次研讨会上,这些数据包括:作为一线治疗的一部分,结合其他抗逆转录病毒药物给药的情况下对Emtriva每日给药一次和斯塔夫定每日给药2次的有效性比较(摘要547)。37名未接受过治疗的患者随机(1:1)接受每天一次的Emtriva治疗或每天两次的abacavir治疗,同时接受stavudine和efavirenz的治疗,在第24周时,Emtriva 表现出和abacavir相当的疗效,Emtriva组83%的病人(n=18)体内HIV RNA拷贝数降低到50 copies/mL以下,而abacavir组为63% (n=19)。两个治疗组病人体内的CD4细胞都得到增加,其中Emtriva组提高了基线的8%,而abacavir组为6%,另外,Emtriva表现出和abacavir相当的耐受性,两个治疗组都有两名病人因副作用中止了临床试验。 Emitriva的适应症是和其他抗逆转录病毒药物结合使用治疗成年人的HIV-1感染。在临床对照试验中,Emtriva和其他抗逆转录药物结合使用,能够有效的抑制HIV的复制。 在III期临床试验中,共有571名未接受过HIV治疗的患者参加该试验,接受Emtriva和其他抗逆转录病毒药物的联合治疗(n=286)的患者中有81%的HIV RNA 数量降到低于400 copies /mL,78%的患者HIV RNA数量降低到50 copies /mL,对照组(n=285)与此对应的治疗结果分别为68%和59%。 在另外一个440名患者参加的III期临床试验中, Emtriva对患者HIV的抑制情况和拉米夫定相当。在这个试验中,接受Emtriva和其他抗抗逆转录药物治疗的患者(n=294)中有77%的病毒载量降到400 copies /mL之下,有67%的病毒载量降到了50 copies /mL之下,对照组(n=146)分别为82%和72%。 2002年12月,公司向欧洲管理委员会递交了Emtriva治疗HIV的应用和销售申请。Gilead公司预期在2004年完成欧洲评价。该公司保留了Emtriva的世界权力,公司打算通过其销售部门在美国和欧洲(还在审批中)上市。 在I、II和III期临床试验中,共有2000多名感染HIV的成年人接受了10天到200周的Emtriva治疗,571名未接受过治疗的患者和444名接受过治疗的患者在两个III期临床试验中分别接受48周的Emtriva治疗 (n=580)或对照药物治疗(n=431),安全性数据主要来自于这两个III期临床试验。
Emtriva组最常见的副作用是轻微的和中度的头痛、泻肚、恶心、出疹,大约1%的病人因为这些副作用中止了试验,在Emtriva组和对照组中,所有副作用出现的频率相近,但是皮肤变色除外,据报导Emtriva组皮肤变色出现的频率较高。皮肤变色主要表现为中度,全身性,已经手掌和/或足底色素沉着过度。其机制和临床意义仍然未知。据报道,单独使用核苷类似物或者和其它的抗逆转录病毒药物结合使用时会出现乳酸性酸中毒和严重脂肪变性肝大副作用,并出现了几例致死病历。据报道,在感染了HIV病毒和慢性乙肝病毒的患者中,停止Emtriva治疗后会发生乙肝病毒增剧现象。肾功能缺损患者用药时应该对其密切观察,并调节给药剂量。 Gilead公司目前正进行试验确定Emtriva 和Viread复方给药的药物动力学和稳定性特征。这种含有两种抗逆转录病毒药物的每天给药一次的片剂有可能在2005年上市,作为Gilead正进行的临床试验的一部分,公司打算考察含有Emtriva、 Viread和efavirenz的给药效果,并考察含有Combivir (zidovudine和lamivudine)和efavirenz时的给药效果。 |