英文药名: Dynacin(Minocycline Capsules) 中文药名: 米诺环素胶囊,美满霉素 药品名称 【别名】米诺环素、盐酸米诺环素、二甲胺四环素、米诺四环素。 　　 【外文名】Minocycline，Minocycline Hydrochloride，Minomycin，Ultramycin。 　　 【成分】为半合成的四环素类抗生素。 　　 【性状】常用其盐酸盐，为黄色结晶性粉末，无臭、味苦、遇光可引起变质。溶解于水，略溶于乙醇，易溶于碱金属的氢氧化物或碳酸盐溶液中。 【分类】抗生素/四环素类。 【药理作用】 本品为半合成四环素类广谱抗生素，具高效和长效性，在四环素类抗生素中，本品的抗菌作用最强。抗菌谱与四环素相近。对革兰阳性菌包括耐四环素的金黄色葡萄球菌、链球菌等和革兰阴性菌中的淋病奈瑟菌均有很强的作用 ；对革兰阴性杆菌的作用一般较弱 ；本品对沙眼衣原体和溶脲支原体亦有较好的抑制作用。本品的作用机制是与核糖体30S亚基的A位置结合，阻止肽链的延长，从而抑制细菌或其他病原微生物的蛋白质合成。本品系抑菌药，但在高浓度时，也具有杀菌作用。 【药代动力学】 本品口服后迅速被吸收，食物对本品的吸收无明显影响。口服本品0.2 g，1-4小时内（平均2.1小时）达血药峰浓度（Cmax）为2.1-5.1 mg/L。本品脂溶性较高，易渗透入许多组织和体液中，如甲状腺、肺、脑和前列腺等，本品在胆汁和尿中的浓度比血药浓度高10-30倍，在唾液和泪液中的浓度比其他四环素类抗生素高。血清蛋白结合率为76-83%。在体内代谢较多，在尿中排泄的原形药物远低于其他四环素类。本品排泄缓慢，大部分由肾和胆汁排出。血消除半衰期（t/β）为11.1-22.1小时（平均15.5小时）。 【毒理研究】 本品能导致实验动物（大鼠、狗和猴）的甲状腺变为黑色。大鼠给予本品进行慢性治疗，结果导致甲状腺肿，甚至甲状腺瘤。本品亦能导致大鼠和狗的甲状腺增生。 【适应症】 本品适用于因葡萄球菌、链球菌、肺炎球菌、淋病奈瑟菌、痢疾杆菌、大肠埃希菌、克雷伯氏菌、变形杆菌、绿脓杆菌、梅毒螺旋体及衣原体等对本品敏感的病原体引起的下列感染：尿道炎、男性非淋菌性尿道炎(NGU)、前列腺炎、淋病、膀胱炎、附睾丸炎、宫内感染、肾盂肾炎、肾盂炎、肾盂膀胱炎。 浅表性化脓性感染：痤疮、扁桃体炎、肩周炎、毛囊炎、脓皮症、疖、疖肿症、痈、蜂窝组织炎、汗腺炎、皮脂囊肿粉瘤、乳头状皮肤炎、甲沟炎、脓肿、鸡眼继发性感染、咽炎、泪囊炎、眼睑缘炎、麦粒肿、牙龈炎、牙冠周围炎、牙科性上腭窦炎、感染性上腭囊肿、牙周炎、外耳炎、外阴炎、阴道炎、创伤感染、手术后感染。 深部化脓性疾病：乳腺炎、淋巴管（结）炎、颌下腺炎、骨髓炎、骨炎。急慢性支气管炎、喘息型支气管炎、支气管扩张、支气管肺炎、细菌性肺炎、异型肺炎、肺部化脓症。梅毒。中耳炎、副鼻窦炎、颌下腺炎。痢疾、肠炎、感染性食物中毒、胆管炎、胆囊炎。腹膜炎。败血症、菌血症。 【用法用量】 口服。成人首次用量为200 mg，以后每隔12小时或24小时再口服100 mg。 寻常痤疮: 每次50 mg，1日2次，6周为一疗程。 任何疑问，请遵医嘱！   【不良反应】 消化道反应：食欲不振、恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻、口腔炎、舌炎、肛门周围炎等；偶可发生食管溃疡。 肝损害：偶见恶心、呕吐、黄疸、脂肪肝、血清氨基转移酶升高、呕血和便血等，严重者可昏迷而死亡。 肾损害：可加重肾功能不全者的肾损害，导致血尿素氮和肌酐值升高。 影响牙齿和骨发育：本品可沉积于牙齿和骨中，造成牙齿黄染，并影响胎儿、新生儿和婴幼儿骨骼的正常发育。 过敏反应：主要表现为皮疹、荨麻疹、药物热、光敏性皮炎和哮喘等。罕见全身性红斑狼疮，若出现，应立即停药并作适当处理。可见眩晕、耳鸣、共济失调伴恶心、呕吐等前庭功能紊乱（呈剂量依耐性，女性比男性多见），常发生于最初几次剂量时，一般停药24-48小时后可恢复。 血液系统：偶有溶血性贫血、血小板减少、中性粒细胞减少、嗜酸性粒细胞增多。 维生素缺乏症：偶有维生素K缺乏症状（低凝血酶原症、出血倾向等）、维生素B族缺乏症状（舌炎、口腔炎、食欲不振、神经炎等）。 颅内压升高：偶见呕吐、头痛、复视、视神经乳头水肿、前囟膨隆等颅内压升高症状，应立即停药。 休克：偶有休克现象发生，须注意观察，如发现有不适感、口内异常感、哮喘、便意、耳鸣等症状时，应立即停药，并作适当处理。 皮肤：斑丘疹、红斑样皮疹；偶见剥脱性皮炎、混合性药疹、多形性红斑和Steven-Johnson综合征。长期服用本品，偶有指甲、皮肤、粘膜处色素沉着现象发生。 菌群失调：本品可引起菌群失调。轻者引起维生素缺乏，也可见到由于白色念珠菌和其他耐药菌所引起的二重感染。亦可发生难辨梭菌性假膜性肠炎。如有因菌群交替症引起其他致病菌感染时，应中止用药，并做适当处置。 其它：偶有头晕、倦怠感。长期服用本品，可使甲状腺变为棕黑色，甲状腺功能异常少见。罕见听力受损。 【禁忌症】 对本品及其他四环素类过敏者禁用。   【注意事项】 肝、肾功能不全、食道通过障碍者、老年人、口服吸收不良或不能进食者及全身状态恶化患者（因易引发维生素K缺乏症）慎用。 由于具有前庭毒性，本品已不作为脑膜炎奈瑟菌带菌者和脑膜炎奈瑟菌感染的治疗药物。 对本品过敏者有可能对其他四环素类也过敏。 由于可致头晕、倦怠等，汽车驾驶员、从事危险性较大的机器操作及高空作业者应避免服用本品。 本品滞留于食道并崩解时，会引起食道溃疡，故应多饮水，尤其临睡前服用时。 急性淋病奈瑟菌性尿道炎患者疑有初期或二期梅毒时，通常应进行暗视野检查，疑有其他类型梅毒时，每月应进行血清学检查，并至少进行4个月。 严重肾功能不全患者的剂量应低于常用剂量，如需长期治疗，应监测血药浓度。用药期间应定期检查肝、肾功能。 本品有可能引起光敏性皮炎，故用药后应避免日晒。 对实验室检查指标的干扰：测定尿邻苯二酚胺（Hingerty法）浓度时，由于本品对萤光的干扰，可能使测定结果偏高。可能使碱性磷酸酶、血清淀粉酶、血清胆红素、血清氨基转移酶（AST、ALT）的测定值升高。 本品可与食品、牛奶或含碳酸盐饮料同服。   【孕妇及哺乳期妇女用药】 本品可透过血-胎盘屏障进入胎儿体内，沉积在牙齿和骨的钙质区中，引起胎儿 牙釉质发育不良，并抑制胎儿骨骼生长；在动物实验中有致畸胎作用。故孕妇和准备怀孕的妇女禁用。 本品在乳汁中浓度较高，虽然可与乳汁中的钙形成不溶性络合物，吸收甚少，但由于本品可引起牙齿永久性变色，牙釉质发育不良，并抑制婴幼儿骨骼的发育生长，故哺乳期妇女用药期间应暂停哺乳。 【儿童用药】 由于本品可引起牙齿永久性变色，牙釉质发育不良，并抑制骨骼的发育生长，故8岁以下小儿禁用。 【药物相互作用】 由于本品能降低凝血酶原的活性，故本品与抗凝血药合用时，应降低抗凝血药的剂量。 由于制酸药（如碳酸氢钠）可使本品的吸收减少、活性降低，故本品与制酸药应避免同时服用。 本品与含铝、钙、镁、铁离子的药物合用时，可形成不溶性络合物，使本品的吸收减少。 降血脂药物考来烯胺（cholestyramine）或考来替泊（colestipol）与本品合用时，可能影响本品的吸收。 由于巴比妥类、苯妥英或卡马西平可诱导微粒体酶的活性致使本品血药浓度降低，故合用时须调整本品的剂量。 全麻药甲氧氟烷和本品合用可导致致命性的肾毒性。 由于本品能干扰青霉素的杀菌活性，所以应避免本品与青霉素类合用。 本品与强利尿药（如呋塞米等）合用可加重肾损害。 本品与其他肝毒性药物（如抗肿瘤化疗药物）合用可加重肝损害。 本品和口服避孕药合用，能降低口服避孕药的效果。 DYNACIN (minocycline hydrochloride) tablet [Par Pharmaceutical, Inc.] To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of minocycline hydrochloride tablets and other antibacterial drugs, minocycline hydrochloride tablets should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by bacteria. DESCRIPTION Minocycline hydrochloride, is a semisynthetic derivative of tetracycline, 4,7-Bis(dimethylamino)­1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydro-3,10,12,12a-tetrahydroxy-1, 11-dioxo-2­naphthacenecarboxamide monohydrochloride. Its structural formula is: C23H27N3O7 ·HCl M.W. 493.94 Minocycline hydrochloride tablets for oral administration contain minocycline HCl equivalent to 50 mg, 75 mg or 100 mg of minocycline. In addition, 50 mg, 75 mg and 100 mg tablets contain the following inactive ingredients: Microcrystalline Cellulose NF, Lactose Anhydrous NF, Povidone USP, Colloidal Silicon Dioxide NF, Magnesium Stearate NF, and Sodium Starch Glycolate NF. The 50 mg, 75 mg and 100 mg tablets also contain Opadry White which contains: Titanium Dioxide USP, Hypromellose Type 2910 USP, Polyethylene Glycol 400 NF, and Polysorbate 80 NF. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Following a single dose of one 100 mg tablet of minocycline hydrochloride administered to 28 normal fasting adult volunteers, maximum serum concentrations were attained in 1 to 3 hours (average 1.71 hours) and ranged from 491.71 to 1292.70 ng/mL (average 758.29 ng/mL). The serum half-life in the normal volunteers ranged from 11.38 to 24.31 hours (average 17.03 hours). When minocycline hydrochloride tablets were given concomitantly with a meal, which included dairy products, the extent of absorption of minocycline hydrochloride tablets was slightly decreased (6%). The peak plasma concentrations were slightly decreased (12%) and delayed by 1.09 hours when administered with food, compared to dosing under fasting conditions. Minocycline HCl may be administered with or without food. In previous studies with other minocycline dosage forms, the minocycline serum half-life ranged from 11 to 16 hours in 7 patients with hepatic dysfunction, and from 18 to 69 hours in 5 patients with renal dysfunction. The urinary and fecal recovery of minocycline when administered to 12 normal volunteers was one-half to one-third that of other tetracyclines. Microbiology The tetracyclines are primarily bacteriostatic and are thought to exert their antimicrobial effect by the inhibition of protein synthesis. The tetracyclines, including minocycline, have similar antimicrobial spectra of activity against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Cross-resistance of these organisms to tetracycline is common. Minocycline has been shown to be active against most strains of the following microorganisms, both in vitro and in clinical infections as described in the INDICATIONS AND USAGE section: AEROBIC GRAM-POSITIVE MICROORGANISMS Because many strains of the following gram-positive microorganisms have been shown to be resistant to tetracyclines, culture and susceptibility testing are especially recommended. Tetracycline antibiotics should not be used for streptococcal diseases unless the organism has been demonstrated to be susceptible. Tetracyclines are not the drug of choice in the treatment of any type of staphylococcal infection. Bacillus anthracisa Listeria monocytogenesa Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pneumoniae AEROBIC GRAM-NEGATIVE MICROORGANISMS Bartonella bacilliformis Brucella species Calymmatobacterium granulomatis Campylobacter fetus Francisella tularensis Haemophilus ducreyi Vibrio cholerae Yersinia pestis Because many strains of the following groups of gram-negative microorganisms have been shown to be resistant to tetracyclines, culture and susceptibility tests are especially recommended. Acinetobacter species Enterobacter aerogenes Escherichia coli Haemophilus influenzae Klebsiella species Neisseria gonorrhoeae a Neisseria meningitidis a “OTHER” MICROORGANISMS Actinomyces speciesa Borrelia recurrentis Chlamydia psittaci Chlamydia trachomatis Clostridium species a Entamoeba species Fusobacterium nucleatum subspecies fusiformea Mycobacterium marinum Mycoplasma pneumoniae Propionibacterium acnes Rickettsiae Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum a Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue a Ureaplasma urealyticum a When penicillin is contraindicated, tetracyclines are alternative drugs in the treatment of infections caused by the cited microorganisms. Susceptibility Tests Susceptibility testing should be performed with tetracycline since it predicts susceptibility to minocycline. However, certain organisms (e.g., some staphylococci, and Acinetobacter species) may be more susceptible to minocycline and doxycycline than to tetracycline. Dilution techniques: Quantitative methods are used to determine antimicrobial minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). These MICs provide estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The MICs should be determined using a standardized procedure. Standardized procedures are based on a dilution method1,3 (broth or agar) or equivalent with standardized inoculum concentrations and standardized concentrations of tetracycline powder. The MIC values should be interpreted according to the following criteria: For testing aerobic gram-negative microorganisms (Enterobacteriaceae), Acinetobacter species and Staphylococcus aereus: MIC (mcg/mL) Interpretation ≤ 4 Susceptible (S) 8 Intermediate (I) ≥ 16 Resistant (R) For testing Haemophilusinfluenzaband Streptococcus pneumoniac: MIC (mcg/mL) Interpretation ≤ 2 Susceptible (S) 4 Intermediate (I) ≥ 8 Resistant (R) bThese interpretative standards are applicable only to broth microdilution susceptibility testing with Haemophilus influenzae using Haemophilus Test Medium.1 cThese interpretative standards are applicable only to broth microdilution susceptibility testing using cation-adjusted Muller-Hinton broth with 2 – 5% lysed horse blood.1 For testing Neisseria gonorrhoeaed : MIC (mcg/mL) Interpretation ≤ 0.25 Susceptible (S) 0.5 - 1 Intermediate (I) ≥ 2 Resistant (R) dThese interpretative standards are applicable only to agar dilution susceptibility testing using GC agar base and 1% defined growth supplements.1 A report of “Susceptible” indicates that the pathogen is likely to be inhibited if the antimicrobial compound in the blood reaches the concentrations usually achievable. A report of “Intermediate” indicates that the result should be considered equivocal, and, if the microorganism is not fully susceptible to alternative, clinically feasible drugs, the test should be repeated. This category implies possible clinical applicability in body sites where the drug is physiologically concentrated or in situations where high dosage of drug can be used. This category also provides a buffer zone which prevents small uncontrolled technical factors from causing major discrepancies in interpretation. A report of “Resistant” indicates that the pathogen is not likely to be inhibited if the antimicrobial compound in the blood reaches the concentrations usually achievable; other therapy should be selected. Standardized susceptibility test procedures require the use of laboratory control microorganisms to control the technical aspects of the laboratory procedures. Standard tetracycline powder should provide the following MIC values: Microorganism   MIC (mcg/mL) Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 0.5-2 Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 8-32 Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 0.25-1 Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 49247 4-32 Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49619 0.12-0.5 Neisseria gonorrhoeae ATCC 49226 0.25-1 Diffusion techniques: Quantitative methods that require measurement of zone diameters also provide reproducible estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. One such standardized procedure2,3 requires the use of standardized inoculum concentrations. This procedure uses paper disks impregnated with 30 mcg tetracycline (class disk) or 30 mcg minocycline to test the susceptibility of microorganisms to minocycline. Reports from the laboratory providing results of the standard single-disk susceptibility test with a 30 mcg tetracycline or minocycline disk should be interpreted according to the following criteria: For testing aerobic gram-negative microorganisms (Enterobacteriaceae), Acinetobacter species and Staphylococcus aureus: Zone Diameter (mm) Interpretation ≥ 19 Susceptible (S) 15-18 Intermediate (I) ≤ 14 Resistant (R) For testing Haemophilus influenzaee: Zone Diameter (mm) Interpretation ≥ 29 Susceptible (S) 26-28 Intermediate (I) ≤ 25 Resistant (R) e These zone diameter standards are applicable only to susceptibility testing with Haemophilus influenzae using Haemophilus Test Medium and 30 mcg tetracycline disk.2 For testing Neisseria gonorrhoeaef: Zone Diameter (mm) Interpretation ≥ 38 Susceptible (S) 31-37 Intermediate (I) ≤ 30 Resistant (R) f These interpretative standards are applicable only to disk diffusion testing using GC agar and 1% growth supplements, and a 30 mcg tetracycline disk.2 For testing Streptococcus pneumoniaeg: Zone Diameter (mm) Interpretation ≥ 23 Susceptible (S) 19-22 Intermediate (I) ≤ 18 Resistant (R) gThese interpretative standards are applicable only to disk diffusion testing using Muller-Hinton agar adjusted with 5% sheep blood and a 30 mcg tetracycline disk.2 For testing Vibrio choleraeh: Zone Diameter (mm) Interpretation ≥ 19 Susceptible (S) 15-18 Intermediate (I) ≤ 14 Resistant (R) h These interpretative standards are applicable only to disk diffusion testing performed with a 30 mcg tetracycline disk.2 Interpretation should be as stated above for results using dilution techniques. Interpretation involves correlation of the diameter obtained in the disk test with the MIC for tetracycline. As with standardized dilution techniques, diffusion methods require the use of laboratory control microorganisms that are used to control the technical aspects of the laboratory procedures. For the diffusion technique, the 30 mcg tetracycline or minocycline disk should provide the following zone diameters in these laboratory test quality control strains: Microorganism   Zone Diameter Range (mm)     Tetracycline Minocycline Escherichia coli ATCC25922 18-25 19-25 Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 24-30 25-30 Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 49247 14-22 --- Neisseria gonorrhoeae ATCC 49226 30-42 --- Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49619 27-31 --- INDICATIONS AND USAGE Minocycline hydrochloride tablets are indicated in the treatment of the following infections due to susceptible strains of the designated microorganisms: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus fever and the typhus group, Q fever, rickettsialpox and tick fevers caused by Rickettsiae. Respiratory tract infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Lymphogranuloma venereum caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Psittacosis (Ornithosis) due to Chlamydia psittaci. Trachoma caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, although the infectious agent is not always eliminated, as judged by immunofluorescence. Inclusion conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Nongonococcal urethritis, endocervical, or rectal infections in adults caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum or Chlamydia trachomatis Relapsing fever due to Borrelia recurrentis. Chancroid caused by Haemophilus ducreyi Plague due to Yersinia pestis. Tularemia due to Francisella tularensis. Cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae. Campylobacter fetus infections caused by Campylobacter fetus. Brucellosis due to Brucella species (in conjunction with streptomycin). Bartonellosis due to Bartonella bacilliformis Granuloma inguinale caused by Calymmatobacterium granulomatis. Minocycline is indicated for treatment of infections caused by the following gram-negative microorganisms when bacteriologic testing indicates appropriate susceptibility to the drug: Escherichia coli. Enterobacter aerogenes. Shigella species. Acinetobacter species. Respiratory tract infection caused by Haemophilus influenzae. Respiratory tract and urinary tract infections cause by Kiebsiella species. Minocycline hydrochloride tablets are indicated for the treatment of infections caused by the following gram-positive microorganisms when bacteriologic testing indicates appropriate susceptibility to the drug: Upper respiratory tract infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae Skin and skin structure infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. (Note: Minocycline is not the drug of choice in the treatment of any type of staphylococcal infection). When penicillin is contraindicated, minocycline is an alternative drug in the treatment of the following infections: Uncomplicated urethritis in men due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae and for the treatment of other gonococcal infections. Infections in women caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. Yaws caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue. Listeriosis due to Listeria monocytogenes. Anthrax due to Bacillus anthracis. Vincent’s infection caused by Fusobacterium fusiforme. Actinomycosis caused by Actinomyces israelii. Infections caused by Clostridium species. In acute intestinal amebiasis, minocycline may be a useful adjunct to amebicides. In severe acne, minocycline may be useful adjunctive therapy. Oral minocycline is indicated in the treatment of asymptomatic carriers of Neisseria meningitidis to eliminate the meningococci from the nasopharynx. In order to preserve the usefulness of minocycline in the treatment of asymptomatic meningococcal carriers, diagnostic laboratory procedures, including serotyping and susceptibility testing, should be performed to establish the carrier state and the correct treatment. It is recommended that the prophylactic use of minocycline be reserved for situations in which the risk of meningococcal meningitis is high. Oral minocycline is not indicated for the treatment of meningococcal infection. Although no controlled clinical efficacy studies have been conducted, limited clinical data show that oral minocycline hydrochloride has been used successfully in the treatment of infections caused by Mycobacterium marinum. To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness ofminocycline hydrochloride tablets and other antibacterial drugs, minocycline hydrochloride tablets should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy. CONTRAINDICATIONS This drug is contraindicated in persons who have shown hypersensitivity to any of the tetracyclines or to any of the components of the product formulation. WARNINGS MINOCYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE TABLETS, LIKE OTHER TETRACYCLINE CLASS ANTIBIOTICS, CAN CAUSE FETAL HARM WHEN ADMINISTERED TO A PREGNANT WOMAN. IF ANY TETRACYCLINE IS USED DURING PREGNANCY OR IF THE PATIENT BECOMES PREGNANT WHILE TAKING THESE DRUGS, THE PATIENT SHOULD BE APPRISED OF THE POTENTIAL HAZARD TO THE FETUS. THE USE OF DRUGS OF THE TETRACYCLINE CLASS DURING TOOTH DEVELOPMENT (LAST HALF OF PREGNANCY, INFANCY, AND CHILDHOOD TO THE AGE OF 8 YEARS) MAY CAUSE PERMANENT DISCOLORATION OF THE TEETH (YELLOW – GRAY-BROWN). This adverse reaction is more common during long-term use of the drug but has been observed following repeated short-term courses. Enamel hypoplasia has also been reported. TETRACYCLINE DRUGS, THEREFORE, SHOULD NOT BE USED DURING TOOTH DEVELOPMENT UNLESS OTHER DRUGS ARE NOT LIKELY TO BE EFFECTIVE OR ARE CONTRAINDICATED. All tetracyclines form a stable calcium complex in any bone-forming tissue. A decrease in the fibula growth rate has been observed in premature human infants given oral tetracycline in doses of 25 mg/kg every six hours. This reaction was shown to be reversible when the drug was discontinued. Results of animal studies indicate that tetracyclines cross the placenta, are found in fetal tissues, and can have toxic effects on the developing fetus (often related to retardation of skeletal development). Evidence of embryotoxicity has been noted in animals treated early in pregnancy. Drug rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) including fetal cases have been reported with minocycline use. If this syndrome is recognized, the drug should be discontinued immediately. The anti-anabolic action of the tetracyclines may cause an increase in BUN. While this is not a problem in those with normal renal function, in patients with significantly impaired function, higher serum levels of tetracycline may lead to azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, and acidosis. Under such conditions, monitoring of creatinine and BUN is recommended, and the total daily dosage should not exceed 200 mg in 24 hours (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). If renal impairment exists, even usual oral or parenteral doses may lead to systemic accumulation of the drug and possible liver toxicity. Photosensitivity manifested by an exaggerated sunburn reaction has been observed in some individuals taking tetracyclines. This has been reported with minocycline. Central nervous system side effects including light-headedness, dizziness, or vertigo have been reported with minocycline therapy. Patients who experience these symptoms should be cautioned about driving vehicles or using hazardous machinery while on minocycline therapy. These symptoms may disappear during therapy and usually disappear rapidly when the drug is discontinued. Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including minocycline hydrochloride, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. Treatment with antibacterial agents alters the normal flora of the colon leading to overgrowth of C. difficile. C. difficile produces toxins A and B which contribute to the development of CDAD. Hypertoxin producing strains of C. difficile cause increased morbidity and mortality, as these infections can be refractory to antimicrobial therapy and may require colectomy. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibiotic use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents. If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibiotic use not directed against C. difficile may need to be discontinued. Appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, protein supplementation, antibiotic treatment of C. difficile, and surgical evaluation should be instituted as clinically indicated. PRECAUTIONS General: As with other antibiotic preparations, use of this drug may result in overgrowth of non-susceptible organisms, including fungi. If superinfection occurs, the antibiotic should be discontinued and appropriate therapy instituted. Pseudotumor cerebri (benign intracranial hypertension) in adults has been associated with the use of tetracyclines. The usual clinical manifestations are headache and blurred vision. Bulging fontanels have been associated with the use of tetracyclines in infants. While both of these conditions and related symptoms usually resolve after discontinuation of the tetracycline, the possibility for permanent sequelae exists. Hepatotoxicity has been reported with minocycline; therefore, minocycline should be used with caution in patients with hepatic dysfunction and in conjunction with other hepatotoxic drugs. Incision and drainage or other surgical procedures should be performed in conjunction with antibiotic therapy when indicated. Prescribing minocycline hydrochloride tablets in the absence of a proven or strongly suspected bacterial infection or a prophylactic indication is unlikely to provide benefit to the patient and increases the risk of the development of drug-resistant bacteria. Information For Patients Diarrhea is a common problem caused by antibiotics which usually ends when the antibiotic is discontinued. Sometimes after starting treatment with antibiotics, patients can develop watery and bloody stools (with or without stomach cramps and fever) even as late as two or more months after having taken the last dose of the antibiotic. If this occurs, patients should contact their physician as soon as possible. Photosensitivity manifested by an exaggerated sunburn reaction has been observed in some individuals taking tetracyclines. Patients apt to be exposed to direct sunlight or ultraviolet light should be advised that this reaction can occur with tetracycline drugs, and treatment should be discontinued at the first evidence of skin erythema. This reaction has been reported with use of minocycline. Patients who experience central nervous system symptoms should be cautioned about driving vehicles or using hazardous machinery while on minocycline therapy (see WARNINGS). Concurrent use of tetracycline with oral contraceptives may render oral contraceptives less effective (see Drug Interactions). Patients should be counseled that antibacterial drugs including minocycline hydrochloride tablets should only be used to treat bacterial infections. They do not treat viral infections (e.g., the common cold). When minocycline hydrochloride tablets are prescribed to treat a bacterial infection, patients should be told that although it is common to feel better early in the course of therapy, the medication should be taken exactly as directed. Skipping doses or not completing the full course of therapy may: (1) decrease the effectiveness of the immediate treatment and (2) increase the likelihood that bacteria will develop resistance and will not be treatable by minocycline hydrochloride tablets or other antibacterial drugs in the future. Unused supplies of tetracycline antibiotics should be discarded by the expiration date. Laboratory Tests In venereal disease when coexistent syphilis is suspected, a dark-field examination should be done before treatment is started and the blood serology repeated monthly for at least four months. Periodic laboratory evaluations of organ systems, including hematopoietic, renal, and hepatic, should be performed. Drug Interactions Because tetracyclines have been shown to depress plasma prothrombin activity, patients who are on anticoagulant therapy may require downward adjustment of their anticoagulant dosage. Since bacteriostatic drugs may interfere with the bactericidal action of penicillin, it is advisable to avoid giving tetracycline-class drugs in conjunction with penicillin. Absorption of tetracyclines is impaired by antacids containing aluminum, calcium, or magnesium, and iron-containing preparations. The concurrent use of tetracycline and methoxyflurane has been reported to result in fatal renal toxicity. Concurrent use of tetracyclines with oral contraceptives may render oral contraceptives less effective. Administration of isotretinoin should be avoided shortly before, during, and shortly after minocycline therapy. Each drug alone has been associated with pseudotumor cerebri (see PRECAUTIONS). Increased risk of ergotism when ergot alkaloids or their derivatives are given with tetracyclines. Drug and/or Laboratory Test Interactions False elevations of urinary catecholamine levels may occur due to interference with the fluorescence test. Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis and Impairment of Fertility Dietary administration of minocycline in long term tumorigenicity studies in rats resulted in evidence of thyroid tumor production. Minocycline has also been found to produce thyroid hyperplasia in rats and dogs. In addition, there has been evidence of oncogenic activity in rats in studies with a related antibiotic, oxytetracycline (i.e., adrenal and pituitary tumors). Likewise, although mutagenicity studies of minocycline have not been conducted, positive results in in vitro mammalian cell assays (i.e., mouse lymphoma and Chinese hamster lung cells) have been reported for related antibiotics (tetracycline hydrochloride and oxytetracycline). Segment I (fertility and general reproduction) studies have provided evidence that minocycline impairs fertility in male rats. Pregnancy Teratogenic Effects: Pregnancy Category D (see WARNINGS). All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defects, loss, or other adverse outcome regardless of drug exposure. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies on the use of minocycline in pregnant women. Minocycline, like other tetracycline-class antibiotics, crosses the placenta and may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Rare spontaneous reports of congenital anomalies including limb reduction have been reported in post-marketing experience. Only limited information is available regarding these reports; therefore, no conclusion on causal association can be established. If minocycline is used during pregnancy or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus. Nonteratogenic Effects: (see WARNINGS). Labor and Delivery The effect of tetracyclines on labor and delivery is unknown. Nursing Mothers Tetracyclines are excreted in human milk. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants from the tetracyclines, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother (see WARNINGS). Pediatric Use Minocycline is not recommended for use in children below 8 years of age unless the expected benefits of therapy outweigh the risks (see WARNINGS). Geriatric Use Clinical studies of oral minocycline did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy (see WARNINGS, DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). ADVERSE REACTIONS Due to oral minocycline’s virtually complete absorption, side effects to the lower bowel, particularly diarrhea, have been infrequent. The following adverse reactions have been observed in patients receiving tetracyclines. Body as a whole: Fever, and discoloration of secretions. Gastrointestinal: Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dyspepsia, stomatitis, glossitis, dysphagia, enamel hypoplasia, enterocolitis, pseudomembranous colitis, pancreatitis, inflammatory lesions (with monilial overgrowth) in the oral and anogenital regions. Instances of esophagitis and esophageal ulcerations have been reported in patients taking the tetracycline-class antibiotics in capsule and tablet form. Most of these patients took the medication immediately before going to bed (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). Genitourinary: Vulvovaginitis. Hepatic toxicity: Hyperbilirubinemia, hepatic cholestasis, increases in liver enzymes, fatal hepatic failure, and jaundice. Hepatitis, including autoimmune hepatitis, and liver failure have been reported (see PRECAUTIONS). Skin: Alopecia, erythema nodosum, hyperpigmentation of nails, pruritus, toxic epidermal necrolysis, and vasculitis. Maculopapular and erythematous rashes. Exfoliative dermatitis has been reported. Fixed drug eruptions have been reported. Lesions occurring on the glans penis have caused balanitis. Erythema multiforme and Stevens-Johnson syndrome have been reported. Photosensitivity is discussed above (see WARNINGS). Pigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes has been reported. Respiratory: Cough, dyspnea, bronchospasm, exacerbation of asthma, and pneumonitis. Renal toxicity: Interstitial nephritis. Elevations in BUN have been reported and are apparently dose related (see WARNINGS). Reversible acute renal failure has been reported. Musculoskeletal: Arthralgia, arthritis, bone discoloration, myalgia, joint stiffness, and joint swelling. Hypersensitivity reactions: Urticaria, angioneurotic edema, polyarthralgia, anaphylaxis/anaphylactoid reaction (including shock and fatalities), anaphylactoid purpura, myocarditis, pericarditis, exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus and pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia have been reported. A transient lupus-like syndrome and serum sickness-like reactions also have been reported. Blood: Agranulocytosis, hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, neutropenia, pancytopenia, and eosinophilia have been reported. Central Nervous System: Convulsions, dizziness, hypesthesia, paresthesia, sedation, and vertigo. Bulging fontanels in infants and benign intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri) in adults have been reported (see PRE­CAUTIONS—General). Headache has also been reported. Other: Thyroid cancer has been reported in the post-marketing setting in association with minocycline products. When minocycline therapy is given over prolonged periods, monitoring for signs of thyroid cancer should be considered. When given over prolonged periods, tetracyclines have been reported to produce brown-black microscopic discoloration of the thyroid gland. Cases of abnormal thyroid function have been reported. Tooth discoloration in children less than 8 years of age, and also in adults, has been reported (see WARNINGS). Oral cavity discoloration (including tongue, lip, and gum) have been reported. Tinnitus and decreased hearing have been reported in patients on minocycline hydrochloride. The following syndromes have been reported. In some cases involving these syndromes, death has been reported. As with other serious adverse reactions, if any of these syndromes are recognized, the drug should be discontinued immediately: Hypersensitivity syndrome consisting of cutaneous reaction (such as rash or exfoliative dermatitis), eosinophilia, and one or more of the following: hepatitis, pneumonitis, nephritis, myocarditis, and pericarditis. Fever and lymphadenopathy may be present. Lupus-like syndrome consisting of positive antinuclear antibody; arthralgia, arthritis, joint stiffness, or joint swelling; and one or more of the following: fever, myalgia, hepatitis, rash, and vasculitis. Serum sickness-like syndrome consisting of fever; urticaria or rash; and arthralgia, arthritis, joint stiffness, or joint swelling. Eosinophilia may be present. DRUG ABUSE DRUG DEPENDENCE OVERDOSAGE The adverse events more commonly seen in overdose are dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. No specific antidote for minocycline is known. In case of overdosage, discontinue medication, treat symptomatically, and institute supportive measures. Minocycline is not removed in significant quantities by hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION THE USUAL DOSAGE AND FREQUENCY OF ADMINISTRATION OF MINOCYCLINE DIFFERS FROM THAT OF THE OTHER TETRACYCLINES. EXCEEDING THE RECOMMENDED DOSAGE MAY RESULT IN AN INCREASED INCIDENCE OF SIDE EFFECTS. Minocycline hydrochloride tablets may be taken with or without food (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY). Ingestion of adequate amounts of fluids along with capsule and tablet forms of drugs in the tetracycline-class is recommended to reduce For Pediatric Patients Above 8 Years of Age Usual pediatric dose: 4 mg/kg initially followed by 2 mg/kg every 12 hours, not to exceed the usual adult dose. Adults The usual dosage of minocycline hydrochloride tablets is 200 mg initially followed by 100 mg every 12 hours. Alternatively, if more frequent doses are preferred, two or four 50 mg tablets may be given initially followed by one 50 mg tablet four times daily. Uncomplicated gonococcal infections other than urethritis and anorectal infections in men: 200 mg initially, followed by 100 mg every 12 hours for a minimum of four days, with post-therapy cultures within 2 to 3 days. In the treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis in men, 100 mg every 12 hours for 5 days is recommended. For the treatment of syphilis, the usual dosage of minocycline hydrochloride should be administered over a period of 10 to 15 days. Close follow-up, including laboratory tests, is recommended. In the treatment of meningococcal carrier state, the recommended dosage is 100 mg every 12 hours for five days. Mycobacterium marinum infections: Although optimal doses have not been established, 100 mg every 12 hours for 6 to 8 weeks have been used successfully in a limited number of cases. Uncomplicated urethral, endocervical, or rectal infection in adults caused by Chlamydia trachomatis or Ureaplasma urealyticum: 100 mg orally, every 12 hours for at least seven days. Ingestion of adequate amounts of fluids along with capsule and tablet forms of drugs in the tetracycline-class is recommended to reduce the risk of esophageal irritation and ulceration. The pharmacokinetics of minocycline in patients with renal impairment (CLCR <80mL/min) have not been fully characterized. Current data are insufficient to determine if a dosage adjustment is warranted. The total daily dosage should not exceed 200 mg in 24 hours. However, due to the anti-anabolic effect of tetracyclines, BUN and creatinine should be monitored (see WARNINGS). HOW SUPPLIED Minocycline hydrochloride tablets are supplied as aqueous film coated tablets containing minocycline hydrochloride equivalent to 50 mg, 75 mg and 100 mg minocycline. The 50 mg tablets are white, unscored, modified capsule shaped, coated tablet debossed with “Par” on one side and “511” on the other. Each tablet contains minocycline hydrochloride equivalent to 50 mg minocycline, supplied as follows: NDC49884-096-01 Bottle of 100 The 75 mg tablets are white, unscored, modified capsule shaped, coated tablet debossed with “Par” on one side and “512” on the other. Each tablet contains minocycline hydrochloride equivalent to 75 mg minocycline, supplied as follows: NDC49884-097-01 Bottle of 100 The 100 mg tablets are white, unscored, modified capsule shaped, coated tablet debossed with “Par” on one side and “513” on the other. Each tablet contains minocycline hydrochloride equivalent to 100 mg minocycline, supplied as follows: NDC49884-098-03 Bottle of 50 Store at 20 to 25ºC (68º to 77ºF) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]