| 2011年2月25日，日本武田制药公司宣布，美国食品药品管理局(FDA)已经批准血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻滞剂Edarbi(阿齐沙坦酯)用于治疗成人高血压。该药为口服用药，每日服药1次，既可单用，亦可与其他降压药联用。 该药的商品名为“Edarbi”，是血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻滞剂（ARB）阿齐沙坦酯（azilsartan medoxomil）的一个衍生物。 Edarbi可阻滞血管紧张素II引起的血管收缩，从而使血压下降。 武田制药北美公司首席执行官Shinji Honda表示对该药获批感到非常高兴，他说，“通过该新药的发现、开发和商业化，武田致力于将Edarbi等新药推向市场。Edarbi对高血压患者以及为其提供治疗的医护人员是一个重要的新治疗选择。” Edarbi将以80mg和40mg两种剂型上市，推荐剂量是80mg、每日1次。对于肾素-血管紧张素系统已激活的患者，比如伴有低血容量和(或)低钠血症的患者(如使用大剂量利尿剂治疗的患者)，在使用Edarbi后可发生症状性低血压，故在对这类患者使用Edarbi之前应该先纠正低血容量或低钠血症，而且应以40mg/d作为起始剂量。 Edarbi（azilsartan medoxomil ） BLACK BOX WARNING WARNING: FETAL TOXICITY • When pregnancy is detected, discontinue azilsartan as soon as possible [see Warnings and Precautions]. • Drugs that act directly on the renin-angiotensin system can cause injury and death to the developing fetus [see Warnings and Precautions]. 1. DESCRIPTION Azilsartan medoxomil, a prodrug, is hydrolyzed to azilsartan in the gastrointestinal tract during absorption. Azilsartan is a selective AT1 subtype angiotensin II receptor antagonist. The drug substance used in the drug product formulation is the potassium salt of azilsartan medoxomil, also known by the US accepted name of azilsartan kamedoxomil and is chemically described as (5-Methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dioxol-4-yl)methyl 2-ethoxy-1-{[2'-(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}-1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylate monopotassium salt. Molecular formula: C30H23KN4O8 - Molecular weight: 606.62 Azilsartan kamedoxomil is a white to nearly white powder. It is practically insoluble in water and freely soluble in methanol. Azilsartan medoxomil is available for oral use as tablets. The tablets have a characteristic odor. Each azilsartan medoxomil tablet contains 42.68 or 85.36 mg of azilsartan kamedoxomil, which is equivalent to containing 40 mg or 80 mg respectively, of azilsartan medoxomil and the following inactive ingredients: mannitol, fumaric acid, sodium hydroxide, hydroxypropyl cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, microcrystalline cellulose, and magnesium stearate. 2. INDICATIONS AND USAGE Azilsartan is an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) indicated for the treatment of hypertension to lower blood pressure. Lowering blood pressure reduces the risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, primarily strokes and myocardial infarctions. These benefits have been seen in controlled trials of antihypertensive drugs from a wide variety of pharmacologic classes, including the class to which this drug principally belongs. There are no controlled trials demonstrating risk reduction with azilsartan. Control of high blood pressure should be part of comprehensive cardiovascular risk management, including, as appropriate, lipid control, diabetes management, antithrombotic therapy, smoking cessation, exercise, and limited sodium intake. Many patients will require more than one drug to achieve blood pressure goals. For specific advice on goals and management, see published guidelines, such as those of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program’s Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC). Numerous antihypertensive drugs, from a variety of pharmacologic classes and with different mechanisms of action, have been shown in randomized controlled trials to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and it can be concluded that it is blood pressure reduction, and not some other pharmacologic property of the drugs, that is largely responsible for those benefits. The largest and most consistent cardiovascular outcome benefit has been a reduction in the risk of stroke, but reductions in myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality also have been seen regularly. Elevated systolic or diastolic pressure causes increased cardiovascular risk, and the absolute risk increase per mmHg is greater at higher blood pressures, so that even modest reductions of severe hypertension can provide substantial benefit. Relative risk reduction from blood pressure reduction is similar across populations with varying absolute risk, so the absolute benefit is greater in patients who are at higher risk independent of their hypertension (for example, patients with diabetes or hyperlipidemia), and such patients would be expected to benefit from more aggressive treatment to a lower blood pressure goal. Some antihypertensive drugs have smaller blood pressure effects (as monotherapy) in black patients, and many antihypertensive drugs have additional approved indications and effects (e.g., on angina, heart failure, or diabetic kidney disease). These considerations may guide selection of therapy. Azilsartan may be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents. 3. DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION 3.1 Recommended Dose The recommended dose in adults is 80 mg taken orally once daily. Consider a starting dose of 40 mg for patients who are treated with high doses of diuretics. If blood pressure is not controlled with azilsartan alone, additional blood pressure reduction can be achieved by taking azilsartan with other antihypertensive agents. Azilsartan may be taken with or without food. 3.2 Handling Instructions Do not repackage azilsartan. Dispense and store azilsartan in its original container to protect azilsartan from light and moisture. 3.3 Special Populations No initial dose adjustment is recommended for elderly patients, patients with mild-to-severe renal impairment, end-stage renal disease, or mild-to-moderate hepatic dysfunction. Azilsartan has not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment. 4. CONTRAINDICATIONS None. 5. MECHANISM OF ACTION Angiotensin II is formed from angiotensin I in a reaction catalyzed by angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE, kinase II). Angiotensin II is the principal pressor agent of the renin-angiotensin system, with effects that include vasoconstriction, stimulation of synthesis and release of aldosterone, cardiac stimulation, and renal reabsorption of sodium. Azilsartan blocks the vasoconstrictor and aldosterone-secreting effects of angiotensin II by selectively blocking the binding of angiotensin II to the AT1 receptor in many tissues, such as vascular smooth muscle and the adrenal gland. Its action is, therefore, independent of the pathway for angiotensin II synthesis. An AT2 receptor is also found in many tissues, but this receptor is not known to be associated with cardiovascular homeostasis. Azilsartan has more than a 10,000-fold greater affinity for the AT1 receptor than for the AT2 receptor. Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system with ACE inhibitors, which inhibit the biosynthesis of angiotensin II from angiotensin I, is widely used in the treatment of hypertension. ACE inhibitors also inhibit the degradation of bradykinin, a reaction catalyzed by ACE. Because azilsartan does not inhibit ACE (kinase II), it should not affect bradykinin levels. Whether this difference has clinical relevance is not yet known. Azilsartan does not bind to or block other receptors or ion channels known to be important in cardiovascular regulation. Blockade of the angiotensin II receptor inhibits the negative regulatory feedback of angiotensin II on renin secretion, but the resulting increased plasma renin activity and angiotensin II circulating levels do not overcome the effect of azilsartan on blood pressure. 6. USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS 6.1 Usage in Pregnancy Pregnancy Category D Use of drugs that affect the renin-angiotensin system during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy reduces fetal renal function and increases fetal and neonatal morbidity and death. Resulting oligohydramnios can be associated with fetal lung hypoplasia and skeletal deformations. Potential neonatal adverse effects include skull hypoplasia, anuria, hypotension, renal failure, and death. When pregnancy is detected, discontinue azilsartan as soon as possible. These adverse outcomes are usually associated with use of these drugs in the second and third trimester of pregnancy. Most epidemiologic studies examining fetal abnormalities after exposure to antihypertensive use in the first trimester have not distinguished drugs affecting the renin-angiotensin system from other antihypertensive agents. Appropriate management of maternal hypertension during pregnancy is important to optimize outcomes for both mother and fetus. In the unusual case that there is no appropriate alternative to therapy with drugs affecting the reninangiotensin system for a particular patient, apprise the mother of the potential risk to the fetus. Perform serial ultrasound examinations to assess the intra-amniotic environment. If oligohydramnios is observed, discontinue azilsartan, unless it is considered lifesaving for the mother. Fetal testing may be appropriate, based on the week of pregnancy. Patients and physicians should be aware, however, that oligohydramnios may not appear until after the fetus has sustained irreversible injury. Closely observe infants with histories of in utero exposure to azilsartan for hypotension, oliguria, and hyperkalemia [see Use in Specific Populations]. 6.2 Nursing Mothers It is not known if azilsartan is excreted in human milk, but azilsartan is excreted at low concentrations in the milk of lactating rats. Because of the potential for adverse effects on the nursing infant, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother. 6.3 Pediatric Use Neonates with a history of in utero exposure to azilsartan: If oliguria or hypotension occurs, support blood pressure and renal function. Exchange transfusions or dialysis may be required. Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients under 18 years of age have not been established. 6.4 Geriatric Use No dose adjustment with azilsartan is necessary in elderly patients. Of the total patients in clinical studies with azilsartan, 26% were elderly (65 years of age and older); 5% were 75 years of age and older. Abnormally high serum creatinine values were more likely to be reported for patients age 75 or older. No other differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between elderly patients and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out. 6.5 Renal Impairment Dose adjustment is not required in patients with mild-to-severe renal impairment or end-stage renal disease. Patients with moderate to severe renal impairment are more likely to report abnormally high serum creatinine values. 6.6 Hepatic Impairment No dose adjustment is necessary for subjects with mild or moderate hepatic impairment. Azilsartan has not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment. 7. WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS 7.1 Fetal Toxicity Use of drugs that act on the renin-angiotensin system during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy reduces fetal renal function and increases fetal and neonatal morbidity and death. Resulting oligohydramnios can be associated with fetal lung hypoplasia and skeletal deformations. Potential neonatal adverse effects include skull hypoplasia, anuria, hypotension, renal failure, and death. When pregnancy is detected, discontinue azilsartan as soon as possible [see Use in Specific Populations]. 7.2 Hypotension in Volume- or Salt-Depleted Patients In patients with an activated renin-angiotensin system, such as volume- and/or salt-depleted patients (eg, those being treated with high doses of diuretics), symptomatic hypotension may occur after initiation of treatment with azilsartan. Correct volume or salt depletion prior to administration of azilsartan, or start treatment at 40 mg. If hypotension does occur, the patient should be placed in the supine position and, if necessary, given an intravenous infusion of normal saline. A transient hypotensive response is not a contraindication to further treatment, which usually can be continued without difficulty once the blood pressure has stabilized. 7.3 Impaired Renal Function As a consequence of inhibiting the renin-angiotensin system, changes in renal function may be anticipated in susceptible individuals treated with azilsartan. In patients whose renal function may depend on the activity of the renin-angiotensin system (e.g., patients with severe congestive heart failure, renal artery stenosis, or volume depletion), treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers has been associated with oliguria or progressive azotemia and rarely with acute renal failure and death. Similar results may be anticipated in patients treated with azilsartan [see Use in Specific Populations]. In studies of ACE inhibitors in patients with unilateral or bilateral renal artery stenosis, increases in serum creatinine or blood urea nitrogen have been reported. There has been no long-term use of azilsartan in patients with unilateral or bilateral renal artery stenosis, but similar results may be expected. 8. ADVERSE REACTIONS 8.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. A total of 4814 patients were evaluated for safety when treated with azilsartan at doses of 20, 40 or 80 mg in clinical trials. This includes 1704 patients treated for at least 6 months; of these, 588 were treated for at least 1 year. Treatment with azilsartan was well-tolerated with an overall incidence of adverse reactions similar to placebo. The rate of withdrawals due to adverse events in placebo-controlled monotherapy and combination therapy trials was 2.4 % (19/801) for placebo, 2.2% (24/1072) for azilsartan 40 mg, and 2.7% (29/1074) for azilsartan 80 mg. The most common adverse event leading to discontinuation, hypotension/orthostatic hypotension, was reported by 0.4% (8/2146) patients randomized to azilsartan 40 mg or 80 mg compared to 0% (0/801) patients randomized to placebo. Generally, adverse reactions were mild, not dose related and similar regardless of age, gender and race. In placebo controlled monotherapy trials, diarrhea was reported up to 2% in patients treated with azilsartan 80 mg daily compared with 0.5% of patients on placebo. 8.2 Clinical Laboratory Findings In controlled clinical trials, clinically relevant changes in standard laboratory parameters were uncommon with administration of azilsartan. Serum creatinine: Small reversible increases in serum creatinine are seen in patients receiving 80 mg of azilsartan. The increase may be larger when coadministered with chlorthalidone or hydrochlorothiazide. In addition, patients taking azilsartan who had moderate to severe renal impairment at baseline or who were >75 years of age were more likely to report serum creatinine increases. Hemoglobin/Hematocrit: Low hemoglobin, hematocrit, and RBC counts were observed in 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.3% of azilsartan-treated subjects, respectively. None of these abnormalities were reported in the placebo group. Low and high markedly abnormal platelet and WBC counts were observed in <0.1% of subjects. 9. OVERDOSAGE Limited data are available related to overdosage in humans. During controlled clinical trials in healthy subjects, once daily doses up to 320 mg of azilsartan were administered for 7 days and were well tolerated. In the event of an overdose, supportive therapy should be instituted as dictated by the patient's clinical status. Azilsartan is not dialyzable. 10. DRUG INTERACTIONS No clinically significant drug interactions have been observed in studies of azilsartan medoxomil or azilsartan given with amlodipine, antacids, chlorthalidone, digoxin, fluconazole, glyburide, ketoconazole, metformin, pioglitazone, and warfarin. Therefore, azilsartan may be used concomitantly with these medications. Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents including Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors (COX-2 Inhibitors) In patients who are elderly, volume-depleted (including those on diuretic therapy), or who have compromised renal function, co-administration of NSAIDs, including selective COX-2 inhibitors, with angiotensin II receptor antagonists, including azilsartan, may result in deterioration of renal function, including possible acute renal failure. These effects are usually reversible. Monitor renal function periodically in patients receiving azilsartan and NSAID therapy. The antihypertensive effect of angiotensin II receptor antagonists, including azilsartan, may be attenuated by NSAIDs, including selective COX-2 inhibitors. 11. PHARMACOKINETICS Absorption Azilsartan medoxomil is hydrolyzed to azilsartan, the active metabolite, in the gastrointestinal tract during absorption. Azilsartan medoxomil is not detected in plasma after oral administration. Dose proportionality in exposure was established for azilsartan in the azilsartan medoxomil dose range of 20 mg to 320 mg after single or multiple dosing. The estimated absolute bioavailability of azilsartan following administration of azilsartan medoxomil is approximately 60%. After oral administration of azilsartan medoxomil, peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) of azilsartan are reached within 1.5 to 3 hours. Food does not affect the bioavailability of azilsartan. Distribution The volume of distribution of azilsartan is approximately 16L. Azilsartan is highly bound to human plasma proteins (>99%), mainly serum albumin. Protein binding is constant at azilsartan plasma concentrations well above the range achieved with recommended doses. In rats, minimal azilsartan-associated radioactivity crossed the blood-brain barrier. Azilsartan passed across the placental barrier in pregnant rats and was distributed to the fetus. Metabolism and Elimination Azilsartan is metabolized to two primary metabolites. The major metabolite in plasma is formed by O-dealkylation, referred to as metabolite M-II, and the minor metabolite is formed by decarboxylation, referred to as metabolite M-I. Systemic exposures to the major and minor metabolites in humans were approximately 50% and less than 1% of azilsartan, respectively. M-I and MII do not contribute to the pharmacologic activity of azilsartan. The major enzyme responsible for azilsartan metabolism is CYP2C9. Following an oral dose of 14C-labeled azilsartan medoxomil, approximately 55% of radioactivity was recovered in feces and approximately 42% in urine, with 15% of the dose excreted in urine as azilsartan. The elimination half-life of azilsartan is approximately 11 hours and renal clearance is approximately 2.3 mL/min. Steady-state levels of azilsartan are achieved within 5 days and no accumulation in plasma occurs with repeated once-daily dosing. Special Populations Geriatric Patients (> 65 Years Old): No dose adjustment required. Gender: No dose adjustment required. Race: No dose adjustment required. Renal Impairment (Mild to Severe): No dose adjustment required. Hepatic Impairment: Mild to Moderate: No dose adjustment required. Severe: No experience. Pediatric Patients: No experience. 12. HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING 1) How Available: a) Brand name: EDARBI, by TAKEDA PHARMS. b) Generic drugs: None. 2) How Supplied: EDARBI tablets are unscored and white to nearly white, debossed with “ASL” on one side and “40” or “80” on the other. 3) Storage: Store at 25°C (77°F), excursions permitted to 15°-30°C (59°-86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Keep container tightly closed. Protect from moisture and light. Do not repackage; dispense and store in original container. --------------------------------------------------------------- 产地国家: 德国 原产地英文商品名: EDARBI 80mg/tab 98tabs/bottle 原产地英文药品名: AZILSARTAN MEDOXOMIL 中文参考商品译名: EDARBI 80毫克/片 98片/瓶 中文参考药品译名: 阿齐沙坦酯 生产厂家中文参考译名: 武田 生产厂家英文名: Takeda Pharma GmbH |
Edarbi(azilsartan medoxomil Tablets）简介：
2011年2月25日，日本武田制药公司宣布，美国食品药品管理局(FDA)已经批准血管紧张素Ⅱ受体阻滞剂Edarbi(阿齐沙坦酯)用于治疗成人高血压。该药为口服用药，每日服药1次，既可单用，亦可与其他降压药联用。 ... 责任编辑：admin
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