部份中文罗匹尼罗处方资料（仅供参考）
药品英文名
Ropinirole
药品别名
罗匹尼罗 Requip SKF-101468
药物剂型
片剂：0.25mg，1mg，2mg,0.5mg，2.5mg。
药理作用
本品是一种非麦角的多巴胺D2-激动剂。作用类似溴隐亭。单用或与左旋多巴合用治疗帕金森病。能显著缩短“关”的时间，改善UP-DRS运动评分，减少左旋多巴的需求量(约20%)。
药动学
本品口服后迅速被吸收，1.5h可达血药峰值。食物可能减慢其速度。生物利用度约为50%，蛋白结合率为10%～40%。本品主要通过P450CYP1A2代谢，代谢物随尿排出。平均消除t1/2约为6h。
适应证
1.适用于治疗帕金森病。
2.单独用于治疗帕金森病。
3.与左旋多巴合用可控制“开-关”现象，并可减少左旋多巴总用量。
禁忌证
1.对本品过敏者和哺乳者禁用。
2.肝功能不全或严重肾功能不全者禁用。
注意事项
1.参见溴隐亭。
2.合用左旋多巴时，必须仔细确定左旋多巴最合适的剂量，并注意个体化。
不良反应
1.最常见的不良反应是恶心、嗜睡、下肢水肿、腹痛、呕吐和惊厥。偶见症状性低血压和心动过缓。
2.轻至中度肾功能损害患者(肌酐清除率每分钟30～50ml)或肝功能损害，无需调整剂量。
用法用量
成人通常开始口服750μg，3次分服，进餐时服药更好。继后隔周增加每天750μg，直至达到最佳疗效，通常每天在3～9mg范围内。如合用左旋多巴，本品可能需要使用较高的剂量。每天用量不可超过24mg。
药物相应作用
1.神经安定药和其他具有中枢活性的多巴胺拮抗剂如舒必利或甲氧氯普胺，可降低罗匹尼罗的作用，应避免与此类药物合用。
2.罗匹尼罗与细胞色素P450酶CYP1A2的底物(如茶碱)或抑制剂(如环丙沙星、氟伏沙明和西咪替丁)合用时，应减少用量；停用上述药物时，应适当增加剂量。
3.高剂量雌激素可提高罗匹尼罗的血浆浓度，而对接受激素替代治疗(HRT)的患者，罗匹尼罗有相同的变化。因此，如罗匹尼罗治疗期间，开始或停止HRT，均需作剂量调整。
Requip Tablets
1. Name of the medicinal product
Requip®
2. Qualitative and quantitative composition
Requip 0.25 mg film-coated tablets:
Each film-coated tablet contains 0.25 mg of ropinirole hydrochloride.
Excipient: 45.3 mg lactose
Requip 0.5mg film-coated tablets:
Each film-coated tablet contains 0.5 mg of ropinirole as ropinirole hydrochloride.
Excipient 45.0mg lactose
Requip 1mg film-coated tablets:
Each film coated tablet contains 1 mg of ropinirole as ropinirole hydrochloride.
Excipient: 44.9mg lactose
Requip 2mg film-coated tablets:
Each film-coated tablet contains 2mg of ropinirole as ropinirole hydrochloride.
Excipient: 44.6mg lactose
Requip 5mg film-coated tablets:
Each film-coated tablet contains 5mh of ropinirole as ropinirole hydrochloride.
Excipient: 43.7 mg lactose
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3. Pharmaceutical form
Requip 0.25mg film-coated tablets:
White, pentagonal-shaped, bevelled edge tablets marked “SB” on one side and “4890” on the other.
Requip 0.5 mg film-coated tablets:
Yellow, pentagonal-shaped, bevelled edge tablets marked “SB” on one side and “4891” on the other.
Requip 1 mg film-coated tablets:
Green, pentagonal shaped, bevelled edge tablets marked “SB” on one side and “4892” on the other.
Requip 2mg film-coated tablets:
Pink, pentagonal-shaped, bevelled edge marked “SB” one on side and “4893 on the other.
Requip 5mg film-coated tablets:
Blue, pentagonal-shaped, bevelled edge tablets marked “SB” on one side and “4894 on the other.
4. Clinical particulars
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Treatment of Parkinson's Disease under the following conditions:
• Initial treatment as monotherapy, in order to delay the introduction of levodopa
• In combination with levodopa, over the course of the disease, when the effect of levodopa wears off or becomes inconsistent and fluctuations in the therapeutic effect occur (“end of dose” or “on-off” type fluctuations)
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Oral use.
Adults
Individual dose titration against efficacy and tolerability is recommended.
Ropinirole should be taken three times a day, preferably with meals to improve gastrointestinal tolerance.
Treatment initiation: The initial dose should be 0.25 mg three times daily for 1 week. Thereafter, the dose of ropinirole can be increased in 0.25 mg three times daily increments, according to the following regimen:

Week
1	2	3	4
Unit dose (mg) of ropinirole	0.25	0.5	0.75	1.0
Total daily dose (mg) of ropinirole	0.75	1.5	2.25	3.0

Therapeutic regimen: After the initial titration, weekly increments of 0.5 to 1 mg three times daily (1.5 to 3 mg/day) of ropinirole may be given.
A therapeutic response may be seen between 3 and 9 mg/day of ropinirole. If sufficient symptomatic control is not achieved, or maintained after the initial titration as described above, the dose of ropinirole may be increased up to 24 mg/day.
Doses of ropinirole above 24 mg/day have not been studied.
If treatment is interrupted for one day or more re-initiation by dose titration should be considered (see above).
When ropinirole is administered as adjunct therapy to L-dopa, the concurrent dose of L-dopa may be reduced gradually according to the symptomatic response. In clinical trials, the levodopa dose was reduced gradually by around 20% in patients treated with ropinirole as adjunct therapy.. In patients with advanced Parkinson's disease receiving ropinirole in combination with L-dopa, dyskinesias can occur during the initial titration of ropinirole. In clinical trials it was shown that a reduction of the L-dopa dose may ameliorate dyskinesia (see also section 4.8).
When switching treatment from another dopamine agonist to ropinirole, the manufacturer's guidance on discontinuation should be followed before initiating ropinirole.
As with other dopamine agonists, it is necessary to discontinue ropinirole treatment gradually by reducing the number of daily doses over the period of one week.
Renal impairment:
In patients with mild to moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance 30-50 ml/min) no change in the clearance of ropinirole was observed, indicating that no dosage adjustment is necessary in this population.
A study into the use of ropinirole in patients with end stage renal disease (patients on haemodialysis) has shown that a dose adjustment in these patients is required as follows: the initial dose of Requip should be 0.25 mg three times a day. Further dose escalations should be based on tolerability and efficacy. The recommended maximum dose is 18 mg/day in patients receiving regular haemodialysis. Supplemental doses after haemodialysis are not required (see section 5.2).
The use of ropinirole in patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance less than 30 ml/min) without regular haemodialysis has not been studied.
Elderly: The clearance of ropinirole is decreased by approximately 15% in patients aged 65 years or above. Although a dose adjustment is not required, ropinirole dose should be individually titrated, with careful monitoring of tolerability, to the optimal clinical response.
Children and Adolescents: Requip is not recommended for use in children below 18 years of age due to a lack of data on safety and efficacy.
4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to ropinirole or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
Severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance <30ml/min) without regular haemodialysis.
Hepatic impairment.
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Patients with major psychiatric or psychotic disorders, or a history of these disorders, should only be treated with dopamine agonists if the potential benefits outweigh the risks.
Ropinirole has been associated with somnolence and episodes of sudden sleep onset, particularly in patients with Parkinson's Disease. Sudden onset of sleep during daily activities, in some cases without awareness or warning signs, has been reported uncommonly. Patients must be informed of this and advised to exercise caution while driving or operating machines during treatment with ropinirole. Patients who have experienced somnolence and/or an episode of sudden sleep onset must refrain from driving or operating machines. Furthermore, a reduction of dosage or termination of therapy may be considered.
Impulse control disorders
Patients should be regularly monitored for the development of impulse control disorders. Patients and carers should be made aware that behavioural symptoms of impulse control disorders including pathological gambling, increased libido, hypersexuality, compulsive spending or buying, binge eating and compulsive eating can occur in patients treated with dopamine agonists including ReQuip. Dose reduction/tapered discontinuation should be considered if such symptoms develop.
Impulse control disorders were reported especially at high doses and were generally reversible upon reduction of the dose or treatment discontinuation. Risk factors such as history of compulsive behaviours were present in some cases. (See section 4.8)
Due to the risk of hypotension, blood pressure monitoring is recommended, particularly at the start of treatment, in patients with severe cardiovascular disease (in particular coronary insufficiency).
This medicinal product also contains lactose.
Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Neuroleptics and other centrally active dopamine antagonists, such as sulpiride or metoclopramide, may diminish the effectiveness of ropinirole and, therefore, concomitant use of these drugs with ropinirole should be avoided.
There is no pharmacokinetic interaction between ropinirole and L-dopa or domperidone which would necessitate dosage adjustment of these medicinal products.
Ropinirole is principally metabolised by the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP1A2. A pharmacokinetic study (with a ropinirole dose of 2 mg, three times a day in patients with Parkinson's disease) revealed that ciprofloxacin increased the Cmax and AUC of ropinirole by 60% and 84% respectively, with a potential risk of adverse events. Hence, in patients already receiving ropinirole, the dose of ropinirole may need to be adjusted when medicinal products known to inhibit CYP1A2, e.g. ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, or fluvoxamine, are introduced or withdrawn.
A pharmacokinetic interaction study in patients with Parkinson's disease between ropinirole (at a dose of 2 mg, three times a day) and theophylline, substrate of CYP1A2, revealed no change in the pharmacokinetics of either ropinirole or theophylline
Increased plasma concentrations of ropinirole have been observed in patients treated with high doses of oestrogens. In patients already receiving hormone replacement therapy (HRT), ropinirole treatment may be initiated in the normal manner. However, if HRT is stopped or introduced during treatment with ropinirole, dosage adjustment may be required, in accordance with clinical response.
Smoking is known to induce CYP1A2 metabolism, therefore if patients stop or start smoking during treatment with ropinirole, adjustment of dose may be required.
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy
There are no adequate data from the use of ropinirole in pregnant women.
Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3). As the potential risk for humans is unknown, it is recommended that ropinirole is not used during pregnancy unless the potential benefit to the patient outweighs the potential risk to the foetus.
Breast-feeding
Ropinirole should not be used in nursing mothers as it may inhibit lactation.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Patients being treated with ropinirole and presenting with somnolence and/or sudden sleep episodes must be informed to refrain from driving or engaging in activities where impaired alertness may put themselves or others at risk of serious injury or death (e.g. operating machines) until such recurrent episodes and somnolence have resolved (see also Section 4.4 ).
4.8 Undesirable effects
Adverse events are listed below by system organ class and frequency. It is noted if these undesirable effects were reported in clinical trials as monotherapy or adjunct therapy to levodopa.
Frequencies are defined as: very common (≥1/10), common (≥1/100 to <1/10), uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100), rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000) very rare (<1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.
Immune system disorders
Not known: Hypersensitivity reactions (including urticaria, angioedema, rash, pruritus.
Psychiatric disorders
Common: hallucinations.
Uncommon: psychotic reactions (other than hallucinations) including delirium, delusion, paranoia.
Not known: aggression*
*aggression has been associated with psychotic reactions as well as compulsive symptoms.
Impulse control disorders
Pathological gambling, increased libido, hypersexuality, compulsive spending or buying, binge eating and compulsive eating can occur in patients treated with dopamine agonists including ReQuip. (see section 4.4. 'Special warnings and precautions for use').
Use in adjunct therapy studies:
Common: confusion.
Nervous system disorders
Very common: somnolence.
Common: dizziness (including vertigo).
Uncommon: sudden onset of sleep, excessive daytime somnolence.
Ropinirole is associated with somnolence and has been associated uncommonly with excessive daytime somnolence and sudden sleep onset episodes.
Use in monotherapy studies:
Very common: syncope.
Use in adjunct therapy studies:
Very common: dyskinesia. In patients with advanced Parkinson's disease, dyskinesias can occur during the initial titration of ropinirole. In clinical trials it was shown that a reduction of the levodopa dose may ameliorate dyskinesia (see section 4.2)
Vascular disorders
Uncommon: postural hypotension, hypotension. Postural hypotension or hypotension is rarely severe.
Gastrointestinal disorders
Very Common: nausea.
Common: heartburn.
Use in monotherapy studies
Common: vomiting, abdominal pain.
Hepatobiliary disorders
Not known: hepatic reactions, mainly increased liver enzymes.
General disorders
Use in monotherapy studies:
Common: leg oedema
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.
4.9 Overdose
The symptoms of ropinirole overdose are generally related to its dopaminergic activity. These symptoms may be alleviated by appropriate treatment with dopamine antagonists such as neuroleptics or metoclopramide.
5. Pharmacological properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Dopaminergic agents, dopamine agonists.
ATC code: N04BC04
Ropinirole is a non-ergoline D2/D3 dopamine agonist which stimulates striatial dopamine receptors.
Ropinirole alleviates the dopamine deficiency which characterizes Parkinson's disease by stimulating striatal dopamine receptors.
Ropinirole acts in the hypothalamus and pituitary to inhibit the secretion of prolactin.
Study of the effect of ropinirole on cardiac repolarisation
A thorough QT study conducted in male and female healthy volunteers who received doses of 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg of ropinirole film-coated (immediate release) tablets once daily showed a maximum increase of the QT interval duration at the 1 mg dose of 3.46 milliseconds (point estimate) as compared to placebo. The upper bound of the one sided 95% confidence interval for the largest mean effect was less than 7.5 milliseconds. The effect of ropinirole at higher doses has not been systematically evaluated.
The available clinical data from a thorough QT study do not indicate a risk of QT prolongation at doses of ropinirole up to 4 mg/day. A risk of QT prolongation cannot be excluded as a thorough QT study at doses up to 24 mg/day has not been conducted.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Absorption
Bioavailability of ropinirole is approximately 50% (36-57%). Oral absorption of ropinirole film-coated (immediate-release) tablets is rapid with peak concentrations achieved at a median time of 1.5 hours post-dose. A high fat meal decreases the rate of absorption or ropinirole, as shown by a delay in median Tmax by 2.6 hours and an average 25% decrease in Cmax.
Distribution
Consistent with its high lipophilicity, ropinirole exhibits a large volume of distribution (approx. 7 l/kg). Plasma protein binding of the drug is low (10-40%).
Biotransformation
Ropinirole is primarily cleared by the cytochrome P450 enzyme, CYP1A2, and its metabolites are mainly excreted in the urine. The major metabolite is at least 100 times less potent than ropinirole in animal models of dopaminergic function.
Elimination
Ropinirole is cleared from the systemic circulation with an average elimination half-life of approximately 6 hours. The increase in systemic exposure (Cmax and AUC) to ropinirole is approximately proportional over the therapeutic dose range. No change in the oral clearance of ropinirole is observed following single and repeated oral administration. Wide inter-individual variability in the pharmacokinetic parameters has been observed.
Renal Impairment
There was no change observed in the pharmacokinetics of ropinirole in Parkinson's disease patients with mild to moderate renal impairment.
In patients with end stage renal disease receiving regular haemodialysis, oral clearance of ropinirole is reduced by approximately 30%. Oral clearance of the metabolites SKF-104557 and SKF-89124 were also reduced by approximately 80% and 60%, respectively. Therefore, the recommended maximum dose is limited to 18mg/day in these patients with Parkinson's disease (see section 4.2).
5.3 Preclinical safety data
Reproductive Toxicity
Administration of ropinirole to pregnant rats at maternally toxic doses resulted in decreased foetal body weight at 60 mg/kg/day (approximately twice the AUC at the maximum dose in humans), increased foetal death at 90 mg/kg/day (approximately 3 times the AUC at the maximum dose in humans) and digit malformations at 150 mg/kg/day (approximately 5 times the AUC at the maximum dose in humans). There were no teratogenic effects in the rat at 120 mg/kg/day (approximately 4 times the AUC at the maximum dose in humans) and no indication of an effect on development in the rabbit.
Toxicology
The toxicology profile is principally determined by the pharmacological activity of: behavioural changes, hypoprolactinaemia, decrease in blood pressure and heart rate, ptosis and salivation. In the albino rat only, retinal degeneration was observed in a long term study at the highest dose (50 mg/kg/day), and was probably associated with an increased exposure to light.
Genotoxicity
Genotoxicity was not observed in a battery of in vitro and in vivo tests.
Carcinogenicity
Two-year studies have been conducted in the mouse and rat at dosages up to 50 mg/kg/day. The mouse study did not reveal any carcinogenic effect. In the rat, the only drug-related lesions were Leydig cell hyperplasia/adenoma in the testis resulting from the hypoprolactinaemic effect of ropinirole. These lesions are considered to be a species specific phenomenon and do not constitute a hazard with regard to the clinical use of ropinirole.
Safety Pharmacology
In vitro studies have shown that ropinirole inhibits hERG-mediated currents. The IC50 is 5-fold higher than the expected maximum plasma concentration in patients treated at the highest recommended dose (24 mg/day), see section 5.1.
6. Pharmaceutical particulars
6.1 List of excipients
Tablet cores: hydrous lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate.
The five tablet strengths of ropinirole are distinguished by colour. The composition of the film coat therefore varies. All film coats contain hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and polyethylene glycol. The variations are shown in the table below:

Tablet strength (mg) and colour
0.25	0.5	1.0	2.0	5.0
Tablet Colour	White	Yellow	Green	Pink	Blue
Titanium Dioxide	√	√	√	√	√
Iron Oxide Yellow		√	√	√
Iron Oxide Red		√		√
Indigo Carmine Aluminium		√	√		√
Polysorbate 80	√				√

6.2 Incompatibilities
None known
6.3 Shelf life
Two years
6.4 Special precautions for storage
This product should be stored in a dry place at or below 25°C and protected from light.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
Opaque PVC/PVdC or PVC/Aclar or PVC/Aclar/PVC blister starter pack of 105. (Each pack contains 42 ReQuip 0.25mg tablets, 42 ReQuip 0.5mg tablets and 21 ReQuip 1mg tablets.)
Opaque PVC/PVdC or PVC/Aclar or PVC/Aclar/PVC blister follow on pack of 147. (Each pack contains 42 ReQuip 0.5mg tablets, 42 Requip 1mg tablets, 63 Requip 2mg tablets.)
1 mg, 2 mg & 5 mg Tablets:
Opaque PVC/PVdC or PVC/Aclar or PVC/Aclar/PVC blister starting pack of 21
Opaque PVC/PVdC or PVC/Aclar blister pack of 84
60 ml HPDE bottle of 84.
NOT ALL PACK SIZES MAY BE MARKETED
6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
No special requirements for disposal.
Administrative data
7. Marketing authorisation holder
SmithKline Beecham Limited
980 Great West Road
Brentford
Middlesex TW8 9GS
Trading as: GlaxoSmithKline UK, Stockley Park West, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB11 1BT.
8. Marketing authorisation number(s)
Requip Tablets 0.25 mg
Requip Tablets 0.5 mg
Requip Tablets 1 mg
Requip Tablets 2 mg
Requip Tablets 5 mg
 10592/0085
10592/0086
10592/0087
10592/0088
10592/0089
9. Date of first authorisation/renewal of the authorisation
24th January 2002
10. Date of revision of the text
21 February 2014
11. Legal status
POM