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2014年3月21日,欧盟(EC)批准Xolair®（奥马珠单抗）用于H1抗组胺剂治疗应答不充分的成人和青少年（12岁及以上）慢性自发性荨麻疹(CSU)患者的辅助治疗。批准剂量为300mg，每四周皮下注射一次。
Xolair is intended for long-term treatment. Clinical trials have demonstrated that it takes at least 12-16 weeks for Xolair treatment to show effectiveness. At 16 weeks after commencing Xolair therapy patients should be assessed by their physician for treatment effectiveness before further injections are administered. The decision to continue Xolair following the 16-week timepoint, or on subsequent occasions, should be based on whether a marked improvement in overall asthma control is seen (see section 5.1, Physician's overall assessment of treatment effectiveness). Discontinuation of Xolair treatment generally results in a return to elevated free IgE levels and associated symptoms. Total IgE levels are elevated during treatment and remain elevated for up to one year after the discontinuation of treatment. Therefore, re-testing of IgE levels during Xolair treatment cannot be used as a guide for dose determination. Dose determination after treatment interruptions lasting less than one year should be based on serum IgE levels obtained at the initial dose determination. Total serum IgE levels may be re-tested for dose determination if treatment with Xolair has been interrupted for one year or more. Doses should be adjusted for significant changes in body weight (see Tables 2 and 3). Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) Posology The recommended dose is 300 mg by subcutaneous injection every four weeks. Prescribers are advised to periodically reassess the need for continued therapy. Clinical trial experience of long-term treatment beyond 6 months in this indication is limited. Special populations Elderly (65 years of age and older) There are limited data available on the use of Xolair in patients older than 65 years but there is no evidence that elderly patients require a different dose from younger adult patients. Renal or hepatic impairment There have been no studies on the effect of impaired renal or hepatic function on the pharmacokinetics of omalizumab. Because omalizumab clearance at clinical doses is dominated by the reticular endothelial system (RES) it is unlikely to be altered by renal or hepatic impairment. While no particular dose adjustment is recommended for these patients, Xolair should be administered with caution (see section 4.4). Paediatric population In allergic asthma, the safety and efficacy of Xolair in paediatric patients below the age of 6 years have not been established. No data are available. In CSU, the safety and efficacy of Xolair in paediatric patients below the age of 12 years have not been established. Method of administration For subcutaneous administration only. Do not administer by the intravenous or intramuscular route. The injections are administered subcutaneously in the deltoid region of the arm. Alternatively, the injections can be administered in the thigh if there is any reason precluding administration in the deltoid region. There is limited experience with self-administration of Xolair. Therefore treatment is intended to be administered by a healthcare provider only (see section 6.6 and also information for the healthcare professional section of the package leaflet). 4.3 Contraindications Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1. 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use General Xolair is not indicated for the treatment of acute asthma exacerbations, acute bronchospasm or status asthmaticus. Xolair has not been studied in patients with hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome or allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis or for the prevention of anaphylactic reactions, including those provoked by food allergy, atopic dermatitis, or allergic rhinitis. Xolair is not indicated for the treatment of these conditions. Xolair therapy has not been studied in patients with autoimmune diseases, immune complex-mediated conditions, or pre-existing renal or hepatic impairment (see section 4.2). Caution should be exercised when administering Xolair in these patient populations. Abrupt discontinuation of systemic or inhaled corticosteroids after initiation of Xolair therapy is not recommended. Decreases in corticosteroids should be performed under the direct supervision of a physician and may need to be performed gradually. Immune system disorders • Allergic reactions type I Type I local or systemic allergic reactions, including anaphylaxis and anaphylactic shock, may occur when taking omalizumab, also with onset after a long duration of treatment. Most of these reactions occurred within 2 hours after the first and subsequent injections of Xolair but some started beyond 2 hours and even beyond 24 hours after the injection. Therefore medicinal products for the treatment of anaphylactic reactions should always be available for immediate use following administration of Xolair. Patients should be informed that such reactions are possible and prompt medical attention should be sought if allergic reactions occur. Anaphylactic reactions were rare in clinical trials (see section 4.8). Antibodies to omalizumab have been detected in a low number of patients in clinical trials (see section 4.8). The clinical relevance of anti-Xolair antibodies is not well understood. • Serum sickness Serum sickness and serum sickness-like reactions, which are delayed allergic type III reactions, have been seen in patients treated with humanised monoclonal antibodies including omalizumab. The suggested pathophysiologic mechanism includes immune-complex formation and deposition due to development of antibodies against omalizumab. The onset has typically been 1-5 days after administration of the first or subsequent injections, also after long duration of treatment. Symptoms suggestive of serum sickness include arthritis/arthralgias, rash (urticaria or other forms), fever and lymphadenopathy. Antihistamines and corticosteroids may be useful for preventing or treating this disorder, and patients should be advised to report any suspected symptoms. • Churg-Strauss syndrome and hypereosinophilic syndrome Patients with severe asthma may rarely present systemic hypereosinophilic syndrome or allergic eosinophilic granulomatous vasculitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome), both of which are usually treated with systemic corticosteroids. In rare cases, patients on therapy with anti-asthma medicinal products, including omalizumab, may present or develop systemic eosinophilia and vasculitis. These events are commonly associated with the reduction of oral corticosteroid therapy. In these patients, physicians should be alert to the development of marked eosinophilia, vasculitic rash, worsening pulmonary symptoms, paranasal sinus abnormalities, cardiac complications, and/or neuropathy. Discontinuation of omalizumab should be considered in all severe cases with the above mentioned immune system disorders. Parasitic (helminth) infections IgE may be involved in the immunological response to some helminth infections. In patients at chronic high risk of helminth infection, a placebo-controlled trial in allergic patients showed a slight increase in infection rate with omalizumab, although the course, severity, and response to treatment of infection were unaltered. The helminth infection rate in the overall clinical programme, which was not designed to detect such infections, was less than 1 in 1,000 patients. However, caution may be warranted in patients at high risk of helminth infection, in particular when travelling to areas where helminthic infections are endemic. If patients do not respond to recommended anti-helminth treatment, discontinuation of Xolair should be considered. Latex-sensitive individuals The removable needle cap of this pre-filled syringe contains a derivative of natural rubber latex. No natural rubber latex has to date been detected in the removable needle cap. Nevertheless, the use of Xolair solution for injection in pre-filled syringe in latex-sensitive individuals has not been studied and thus there is a potential risk for hypersensitivity reactions which cannot be completely ruled out. 4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction Cytochrome P450 enzymes, efflux pumps and protein-binding mechanisms are not involved in the clearance of omalizumab; thus, there is little potential for drug-drug interactions. Medicinal product or vaccine interaction studies have not been performed with Xolair. There is no pharmacological reason to expect that commonly prescribed medicinal products used in the treatment of asthma or CSU will interact with omalizumab. Allergic asthma In clinical studies Xolair was commonly used in conjunction with inhaled and oral corticosteroids, inhaled short-acting and long-acting beta agonists, leukotriene modifiers, theophyllines and oral antihistamines. There was no indication that the safety of Xolair was altered with these other commonly used anti-asthma medicinal products. Limited data are available on the use of Xolair in combination with specific immunotherapy (hypo-sensitisation therapy). In a clinical trial where Xolair was co-administered with immunotherapy, the safety and efficacy of Xolair in combination with specific immunotherapy were found to be no different to that of Xolair alone. Xolair may indirectly reduce the efficacy of medicinal products for the treatment of helminthic or other parasitic infections (see section 4.4). Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) In clinical studies in CSU, Xolair was used in conjunction with antihistamines (anti-H1, anti-H2) and leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs). There was no evidence that the safety of omalizumab was altered when used with these medicinal products relative to its known safety profile in allergic asthma. In addition, a population pharmacokinetic analysis showed no relevant effect of H2 antihistamines and LTRAs on omalizumab pharmacokinetics (see section 5.2). Paediatric population Clinical studies in CSU included some patients aged 12 to 17 years taking Xolair in conjunction with antihistamines (anti-H1, anti-H2) and LTRAs. No studies have been performed in children under 12 years. 4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation Pregnancy There are limited data from the use of omalizumab in pregnant women. Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3). Omalizumab crosses the placental barrier and the potential for harm to the foetus is unknown. Omalizumab has been associated with age-dependent decreases in blood platelets in non-human primates, with a greater relative sensitivity in juvenile animals (see section 5.3). Xolair should not be used during pregnancy unless clearly necessary. Breast-feeding It is unknown whether omalizumab is excreted in human milk. Available pharmacodynamics/toxicological data in non-human primates have shown excretion of omalizumab into milk. A risk to the newborns/infants cannot be excluded. Omalizumab should not be given during breast-feeding. Fertility There are no human fertility data for omalizumab. In specifically-designed non-clinical fertility studies, including mating studies, no impairment of male or female fertility was observed following repeated dosing with omalizumab at dose levels up to 75 mg/kg. Furthermore, no genotoxic effects were observed in separate non-clinical genotoxicity studies (see section 5.3). 4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines Xolair has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines. 4.8 Undesirable effects Allergic asthma Over 4,400 allergic asthma patients were randomised in controlled efficacy trials with Xolair. During clinical trials in adult and adolescent patients 12 years of age and older, the most commonly reported adverse reactions were injection site reactions, including injection site pain, swelling, erythema, pruritus and headaches. In clinical trials in children 6 to <12 years of age, the most commonly reported adverse reactions suspected of being related to the medicinal product were headache, pyrexia and upper abdominal pain. Most of the reactions were mild or moderate in severity. Table 4 lists the adverse reactions recorded in clinical studies in the total safety population treated with Xolair by MedDRA system organ class and frequency. Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness. Frequency categories are defined as: very common (≥1/10), common (≥1/100 to <1/10), uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100), rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000) and very rare (<1/10,000). Reactions reported in the post-marketing setting are listed with frequency not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). Table 4: Adverse reactions in allergic asthma
**: In children 6 to <12 years of age Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) The safety and tolerability of omalizumab were investigated with doses of 75 mg, 150 mg and 300 mg every four weeks in 975 CSU patients, 242 of whom received placebo. Overall, 733 patients were treated with omalizumab for up to 12 weeks and 490 patients for up to 24 weeks. Of those, 412 patients were treated for up to 12 weeks and 333 patients were treated for up to 24 weeks at the 300 mg dose. A separate table (Table 5) shows the adverse reactions for the CSU indication resulting from differences in dosages and treatment populations (with significantly different risk factors, comorbidities, co-medications and ages [e.g. asthma trials included children from 6-12 years of age]). Table 5 lists the adverse reactions (events occurring in ≥1% of patients in any treatment group and ≥2% more frequently in any omalizumab treatment group than with placebo (after medical review)) reported with 300 mg in the three pooled phase III studies. The adverse reactions presented are divided into two groups: those identified in the 12-week and the 24-week treatment periods. The adverse reactions are listed by MedDRA system organ class. Within each system organ class, the adverse reactions are ranked by frequency, with the most frequent reactions listed first. The corresponding frequency category for each adverse reaction is based on the following convention: very common (≥1/10); common (≥1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1000); very rare (<1/10,000) and not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). Table 5: Adverse reactions from the pooled CSU safety database (day 1 to week 24) at 300 mg omalizumab
Description of safety aspects of special interest pertinent to allergic asthma and CSU indications No relevant data was obtained in clinical studies in CSU that would require a modification of the sections below. Immune system disorders For further information, see section 4.4. Arterial thromboembolic events (ATE) In controlled clinical trials and during interim analyses of an observational study, a numerical imbalance of ATE was observed. ATE included stroke, transient ischaemic attack, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, and cardiovascular death (including death from unknown cause). In the final analysis of the observational study, the rate of ATE per 1,000 patient years was 7.52 (115/15,286 patient years) for Xolair-treated patients and 5.12 (51/9,963 patient years) for control patients. In a multivariate analysis controlling for available baseline cardiovascular risk factors, the hazard ratio was 1.32 (95% confidence interval 0.91-1.91). In a new analysis of pooled clinical trials, which included all randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials lasting 8 or more weeks, the rate of ATE per 1,000 patient years was 2.69 (5/1,856 patient years) for Xolair-treated patients and 2.38 (4/1,680 patient years) for placebo patients (rate ratio 1.13, 95% confidence interval 0.24-5.71). Platelets In clinical trials few patients had platelet counts below the lower limit of the normal laboratory range. None of these changes were associated with bleeding episodes or a decrease in haemoglobin. No pattern of persistent decrease in platelet counts, as observed in non-human primates (see section 5.3), has been reported in humans (patients above 6 years of age), even though isolated cases of idiopathic thrombocytopenia, including severe cases, have been reported in the post-marketing setting. Parasitic infections In allergic patients at chronic high risk of helminth infection, a placebo-controlled trial showed a slight numerical increase in infection rate with omalizumab that was not statistically significant. The course, severity, and response to treatment of infections were unaltered (see section 4.4). Reporting of suspected adverse reactions Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard. 4.9 Overdose Maximum tolerated dose of Xolair has not been determined. Single intravenous doses up to 4,000 mg have been administered to patients without evidence of dose-limiting toxicities. The highest cumulative dose administered to patients was 44,000 mg over a 20-week period and this dose did not result in any untoward acute effects. If an overdose is suspected, the patient should be monitored for any abnormal signs or symptoms. Medical treatment should be sought and instituted appropriately. 5. Pharmacological properties 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties Pharmacotherapeutic group: Drugs for obstructive airway diseases, other systemic drugs for obstructive airway diseases, ATC code: R03DX05 Omalizumab is a recombinant DNA-derived humanised monoclonal antibody that selectively binds to human immunoglobulin E (IgE). The antibody is an IgG1 kappa that contains human framework regions with the complementary-determining regions of a murine parent antibody that binds to IgE. Allergic asthma Omalizumab binds to IgE and prevents binding of IgE to FCεRI (high-affinity IgE receptor) on basophils and mast cells, thereby reducing the amount of free IgE that is available to trigger the allergic cascade. Treatment of atopic subjects with omalizumab resulted in a marked down-regulation of FCεRI receptors on basophils. Furthermore, the in vitro histamine release from basophils isolated from Xolair-treated subjects was reduced by approximately 90% following stimulation with an allergen compared to pre-treatment values. In clinical studies in allergic asthma patients, serum free IgE levels were reduced in a dose-dependent manner within one hour following the first dose and maintained between doses. One year after discontinuation of Xolair dosing, the IgE levels had returned to pre-treatment levels with no observed rebound in IgE levels after washout of the medicinal product. Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) Omalizumab binds to IgE and lowers free IgE levels. Subsequently, IgE receptors (FcεRI) on cells down-regulate. It is not entirely understood how this results in an improvement of CSU symptoms. In clinical studies in CSU patients, maximum suppression of free IgE was observed 3 days after the first subcutaneous dose. After repeated dosing once every 4 weeks, pre-dose serum free IgE levels remained stable between 12 and 24 weeks of treatment. After discontinuation of Xolair, free IgE levels increased towards pre-treatment levels over a 16-week treatment-free follow-up period. Clinical experience in allergic asthma Adults and adolescents ≥12 years of age The efficacy and safety of Xolair were demonstrated in a 28-week double-blind placebo-controlled study (study 1) involving 419 severe allergic asthmatics, ages 12-79 years, who had reduced lung function (FEV1 40-80% predicted) and poor asthma symptom control despite receiving high dose inhaled corticosteroids and a long-acting beta2-agonist. Eligible patients had experienced multiple asthma exacerbations requiring systemic corticosteroid treatment or had been hospitalised or attended an emergency room due to a severe asthma exacerbation in the past year despite continuous treatment with high-dose inhaled corticosteroids and a long-acting beta2-agonist. Subcutaneous Xolair or placebo were administered as add-on therapy to >1,000 micrograms beclomethasone dipropionate (or equivalent) plus a long-acting beta2-agonist. Oral corticosteroid, theophylline and leukotriene-modifier maintenance therapies were allowed (22%, 27%, and 35% of patients, respectively). The rate of asthma exacerbations requiring treatment with bursts of systemic corticosteroids was the primary endpoint. Omalizumab reduced the rate of asthma exacerbations by 19% (p = 0.153). Further evaluations which did show statistical significance (p<0.05) in favour of Xolair included reductions in severe exacerbations (where patient's lung function was reduced to below 60% of personal best and requiring systemic corticosteroids) and asthma-related emergency visits (comprised of hospitalisations, emergency room, and unscheduled doctor visits), and improvements in Physician's overall assessment of treatment effectiveness, Asthma-related Quality of Life (AQL), asthma symptoms and lung function. In a subgroup analysis, patients with pre-treatment total IgE ≥76 IU/ml were more likely to experience clinically meaningful benefit to Xolair. In these patients in study 1 Xolair reduced the rate of asthma exacerbations by 40% (p = 0.002). In addition more patients had clinically meaningful responses in the total IgE ≥76 IU/ml population across the Xolair severe asthma programme. Table 6 includes results in the study 1 population. Table 6: Results of study 1
** p-value for overall distribution of assessment Study 2 assessed the efficacy and safety of Xolair in a population of 312 severe allergic asthmatics which matched the population in study 1. Treatment with Xolair in this open label study led to a 61% reduction in clinically significant asthma exacerbation rate compared to current asthma therapy alone. Four additional large placebo-controlled supportive studies of 28 to 52 weeks duration in 1,722 adults and adolescents (studies 3, 4, 5, 6) assessed the efficacy and safety of Xolair in patients with severe persistent asthma. Most patients were inadequately controlled but were receiving less concomitant asthma therapy than patients in studies 1 or 2. Studies 3-5 used exacerbation as primary endpoint, whereas study 6 primarily evaluated inhaled corticosteroid sparing. In studies 3, 4 and 5 patients treated with Xolair had respective reductions in asthma exacerbation rates of 37.5% (p = 0.027), 40.3% (p<0.001) and 57.6% (p<0.001) compared to placebo. In study 6, significantly more severe allergic asthma patients on Xolair were able to reduce their fluticasone dose to ≤500 micrograms/day without deterioration of asthma control (60.3%) compared to the placebo group (45.8%, p<0.05). Quality of life scores were measured using the Juniper Asthma-related Quality of Life Questionnaire. For all six studies there was a statistically significant improvement from baseline in quality of life scores for Xolair patients versus the placebo or control group. Physician's overall assessment of treatment effectiveness: Physician's overall assessment was performed in five of the above studies as a broad measure of asthma control performed by the treating physician. The physician was able to take into account PEF (peak expiratory flow), day and night time symptoms, rescue medication use, spirometry and exacerbations. In all five studies a significantly greater proportion of Xolair treated patients were judged to have achieved either a marked improvement or complete control of their asthma compared to placebo patients. Children 6 to <12 years of age The primary support for safety and efficacy of Xolair in the group aged 6 to <12 years comes from one randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-centre trial (study 7). Study 7 was a placebo-controlled trial which included a specific subgroup (n=235) of patients as defined in the present indication, who were treated with high-dose inhaled corticosteroids (≥500 µg/day fluticasone equivalent) plus long-acting beta agonist. A clinically significant exacerbation was defined as a worsening of asthma symptoms as judged clinically by the investigator, requiring doubling of the baseline inhaled corticosteroid dose for at least 3 days and/or treatment with rescue systemic (oral or intravenous) corticosteroids for at least 3 days. In the specific subgroup of patients on high dose inhaled corticosteroids, the omalizumab group had a statistically significantly lower rate of clinically significant asthma exacerbations than the placebo group. At 24 weeks, the difference in rates between treatment groups represented a 34% (rate ratio 0.662, p = 0.047) decrease relative to placebo for omalizumab patients. In the second double-blind 28-week treatment period the difference in rates between treatment groups represented a 63% (rate ratio 0.37, p<0.001) decrease relative to placebo for omalizumab patients. During the 52-week double-blind treatment period (including the 24-week fixed-dose steroid phase and the 28-week steroid adjustment phase) the difference in rates between treatment groups represented a 50% (rate ratio 0.504, p<0.001) relative decrease in exacerbations for omalizumab patients. The omalizumab group showed greater decreases in beta-agonist rescue medication use than the placebo group at the end of the 52-week treatment period, although the difference between treatment groups was not statistically significant. For the global evaluation of treatment effectiveness at the end of the 52-week double-blind treatment period in the subgroup of severe patients on high-dose inhaled corticosteroids plus long-acting beta agonists, the proportion of patients rated as having 'excellent' treatment effectiveness was higher, and the proportions having 'moderate' or 'poor' treatment effectiveness lower in the omalizumab group compared to the placebo group; the difference between groups was statistically significant (p<0.001), while there were no differences between the omalizumab and placebo groups for patients' subjective Quality of Life ratings. Clinical experience in chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) The efficacy and safety of Xolair were demonstrated in two randomised, placebo-controlled phase III studies (study 1 and 2) in patients with CSU who remained symptomatic despite H1 antihistamine therapy at the approved dose. A third study (study 3) primarily evaluated the safety of Xolair in patients with CSU who remained symptomatic despite treatment with H1 antihistamines at up to four times the approved dose and H2 antihistamine and/or LTRA treatment. The three studies enrolled 975 patients aged between 12 and 75 years (mean age 42.3 years; 39 patients 12-17 years, 54 patients ≥65 years; 259 males and 716 females). All patients were required to have inadequate symptom control, as assessed by a weekly urticaria activity score (UAS7, range 0-42) of ≥16, and a weekly itch severity score (which is a component of the UAS7; range 0-21) of ≥8 for the 7 days prior to randomisation, despite having used an antihistamine for at least 2 weeks beforehand. In studies 1 and 2, patients had a mean weekly itch severity score of between 13.7 and 14.5 at baseline and a mean UAS7 score of 29.5 and 31.7 respectively. Patients in safety study 3 had a mean weekly itch severity score of 13.8 and a mean UAS7 score of 31.2 at baseline. Across all three studies, patients reported receiving on average 4 to 6 medications (including H1 antihistamines) for CSU symptoms prior to study enrollment. Patients received Xolair at 75 mg, 150 mg or 300 mg or placebo by subcutaneous injection every 4 weeks for 24 and 12 weeks in studies 1 and 2, respectively, and 300 mg or placebo by subcutaneous injection every 4 weeks for 24 weeks in study 3. All studies had a 16-week treatment-free follow-up period. The primary endpoint was the change from baseline to week 12 in weekly itch severity score. Omalizumab at 300 mg reduced the weekly itch severity score by 8.55 to 9.77 (p <0.0001) compared to a reduction of 3.63 to 5.14 for placebo (see Table 7). Statistically significant results were further observed in the responder rates for UAS7≤6 (at week 12) which were higher for the 300 mg treatment groups, ranging from 52-66% (p<0.0001) compared to 11-19% for the placebo groups, and complete response (UAS7=0) was achieved by 34-44% (p<0.0001) of patients treated with 300 mg compared to 5-9% of patients in the placebo groups. Patients in the 300 mg treatment groups achieved the highest mean proportion of angioedema-free days from week 4 to week 12, (91.0-96.1%; p<0.001) compared to the placebo groups (88.1-89.2%). Mean change from baseline to week 12 in the overall DLQI for the 300 mg treatment groups was greater (p<0.001) than for placebo showing an improvement ranging from 9.7-10.3 points compared to 5.1-6.1 points for the corresponding placebo groups. Table 7: Change from baseline to week 12 in weekly itch severity score, studies 1, 2 and 3 (mITT population*)
BOCF (Baseline Observation Carried Forward) was used to impute missing data. 1 The LS mean was estimated using an ANCOVA model. The strata were baseline weekly itch severity score (<13 vs. ≥13) and baseline weight (<80 kg vs. ≥80 kg). 2 p-value is derived from ANCOVA t-test. Figure 1 shows the mean weekly itch severity score over time in study 1. The mean weekly itch severity scores significantly decreased with a maximum effect around week 12 that was sustained over the 24-week treatment period. The results were similar in study 3. In all three studies the mean weekly itch severity score increased gradually during the 16-week treatment-free follow-up period, consistent with symptom re-occurrence. Mean values at the end of the follow-up period were similar to the placebo group, but lower than respective mean baseline values. Figure 1: Mean weekly itch severity score over time, study 1 (mITT population) BOCF=baseline observation carried forward; mITT=modified intention-to-treat population Efficacy after 24 weeks of treatment The magnitude of the efficacy outcomes observed at week 24 of treatment was comparable to that observed at week 12: For 300 mg, in studies 1 and 3, the mean decrease from baseline in weekly itch severity score was 9.8 and 8.6, the proportion of patients with UAS7≤6 was 61.7% and 55.6%, and the proportion of patients with complete response (UAS7=0) was 48.1% and 42.5%, respectively, (all p<0.0001, when compared to placebo). There is limited clinical experience in re-treatment of patients with omalizumab. Clinical trial data on adolescents (12 to 17 years) included a total of 39 patients, of whom 11 received the 300 mg dose. Results for the 300 mg are available for 9 patients at week 12 and 6 patients at week 24, and show a similar magnitude of response to omalizumab treatment compared to the adult population. Mean change from baseline in weekly itch severity score showed a reduction of 8.25 at week 12 and of 8.95 at week 24. The responder rates were: 33% at week 12 and 67% at week 24 for UAS7=0, and 56% at week 12 and 67% at week 24 for UAS7≤6. 5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties The pharmacokinetics of omalizumab have been studied in adult and adolescent patients with allergic asthma as well as in adult and adolescent patients with CSU. The general pharmacokinetic characteristics of omalizumab are similar in these populations. Absorption After subcutaneous administration, omalizumab is absorbed with an average absolute bioavailability of 62%. Following a single subcutaneous dose in adult and adolescent patients with asthma or CSU, omalizumab was absorbed slowly, reaching peak serum concentrations after an average of 6-8 days. In patients with asthma, following multiple doses of omalizumab, areas under the serum concentration-time curve from Day 0 to Day 14 at steady state were up to 6-fold of those after the first dose. The pharmacokinetics of omalizumab are linear at doses greater than 0.5 mg/kg. Following doses of 75 mg, 150 mg or 300 mg every 4 weeks in patients with CSU, trough serum concentrations of omalizumab increased proportionally with the dose level. Administration of Xolair manufactured as a lyophilised or liquid formulation resulted in similar serum concentration-time profiles of omalizumab. Distribution In vitro, omalizumab forms complexes of limited size with IgE. Precipitating complexes and complexes larger than one million Daltons in molecular weight are not observed in vitro or in vivo. Based on population pharmacokinetics, distribution of omalizumab was similar in patients with allergic asthma and patients with CSU. The apparent volume of distribution in patients with asthma following subcutaneous administration was 78 ± 32 ml/kg. Elimination Clearance of omalizumab involves IgG clearance processes as well as clearance via specific binding and complex formation with its target ligand, IgE. Liver elimination of IgG includes degradation in the reticuloendothelial system and endothelial cells. Intact IgG is also excreted in bile. In asthma patients the omalizumab serum elimination half-life averaged 26 days, with apparent clearance averaging 2.4 ± 1.1 ml/kg/day. Doubling of body weight approximately doubled apparent clearance. In CSU patients, based on population pharmacokinetic simulations, omalizumab serum elimination half-life at steady state averaged 24 days and apparent clearance at steady state for a patient of 80 kg weight was 3.0 ml/kg/day. Characteristics in patient populations Patients with asthma: The population pharmacokinetics of omalizumab were analysed to evaluate the effects of demographic characteristics. Analyses of these limited data suggest that no dose adjustments are necessary in patients with asthma for age (6-76 years), race/ethnicity, gender or body mass index (see section 4.2). Patients with CSU: The effects of demographic characteristics and other factors on omalizumab exposure were evaluated based on population pharmacokinetics. In addition, covariate effects were evaluated by analysing the relationship between omalizumab concentrations and clinical responses. These analyses suggest that no dose adjustments are necessary in patients with CSU for age (12-75 years), race/ethnicity, gender, body weight, body mass index, baseline IgE, anti-FcεRI autoantibodies or concomitant use of H2 antihistamines or LTRAs. Renal and hepatic impairment There are no pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic data in allergic asthma or CSU patients with renal or hepatic impairment (see sections 4.2 and 4.4). 5.3 Preclinical safety data The safety of omalizumab has been studied in the cynomolgus monkey, since omalizumab binds to cynomolgus and human IgE with similar affinity. Antibodies to omalizumab were detected in some monkeys following repeated subcutaneous or intravenous administration. However, no apparent toxicity, such as immune complex-mediated disease or complement-dependent cytotoxicity, was seen. There was no evidence of an anaphylactic response due to mast-cell degranulation in cynomolgus monkeys. Chronic administration of omalizumab at dose levels of up to 250 mg/kg (more than 14-fold the maximum allowable clinical dose of 17.5 mg/kg according to the recommended dosing table) was well tolerated in non-human primates (both adult and juvenile animals), with the exception of a dose-related and age-dependent decrease in blood platelets, with a greater sensitivity in juvenile animals. The serum concentration required to attain a 50% drop in platelets from baseline in adult cynomolgus monkeys was roughly 4- to 20-fold higher than anticipated maximum clinical serum concentrations. In addition, acute haemorrhage and inflammation were observed at injection sites in cynomolgus monkeys. Formal carcinogenicity studies have not been conducted with omalizumab. In reproduction studies in cynomolgus monkeys, subcutaneous doses up to 75 mg/kg (about 12-fold exposure ratio based on 28-day AUC values at 75 mg/kg versus the clinical maximum dose) did not elicit maternal toxicity, embryotoxicity or teratogenicity when administered throughout organogenesis and did not elicit adverse effects on foetal or neonatal growth when administered throughout late gestation, delivery and nursing. Omalizumab is excreted in breast milk in cynomolgus monkeys. Milk levels of omalizumab were 1.5% of the maternal blood concentration. 6. Pharmaceutical particulars 6.1 List of excipients L-arginine hydrochloride L-histidine hydrochloride L-histidine Polysorbate 20 Water for injections 6.2 Incompatibilities This medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products. 6.3 Shelf life 15 months. The shelf life includes potential temperature excursions. The product may be kept for a total of 4 hours at 25°C. If necessary, the product may be returned to the refrigerator for later use, but this must not be done more than once. 6.4 Special precautions for storage Store in a refrigerator (2°C - 8°C). Do not freeze. Store in the original package in order to protect from light. 6.5 Nature and contents of container 1 ml solution in a pre-filled syringe barrel (type I glass) with staked needle (stainless steel), (type I) plunger stopper (latex-free rubber), and needle shield. Pack sizes of 1, 4 or 10. Not all pack sizes may be marketed. 6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling Prior to completion of the injection, avoid contact with the device activation clips to keep from prematurely covering the needle with the needle guard. Using the syringe 1. Holding the syringe with the needle pointing upwards, carefully pull off the needle cap from the syringe and discard it. Do not touch the exposed needle. Then, gently tap the syringe with your finger until the air bubble rises to the top of the syringe. Slowly push the plunger up to force the air bubble out of the syringe without inadvertently expelling solution. 2. Gently pinch the skin at the injection site and insert the needle. 3. Holding onto the finger flange, slowly depress the plunger as far as it will go. If any solution leaks from the injection site, insert the needle further. 4. Keeping the plunger fully depressed, carefully lift the needle straight out from the injection site. 5. Slowly release the plunger and allow the needle guard to automatically cover the exposed needle. Disposal instructions Dispose of the used syringe immediately in a sharps container. 7. Marketing authorisation holder Novartis Europharm Limited Frimley Business Park Camberley, GU16 7SR United Kingdom 8. Marketing authorisation number(s) EU/1/05/319/008 EU/1/05/319/009 EU/1/05/319/010 9. Date of first authorisation/renewal of the authorisation Date of first authorisation: 25 October 2005 Date of latest renewal: 25 October 2010 10. Date of revision of the text 02 December 2014 Detailed information on this medicinal product is available on the website of the European Medicines Agency http://www.ema.europa.eu
Xolair 150mg Solution for Injection（http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/24912）
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XOLAIR（omalizumab Solution for Injection）奥马珠单抗简介：
2014年3月21日,欧盟(EC)批准Xolair®（奥马珠单抗）用于H1抗组胺剂治疗应答不充分的成人和青少年（12岁及以上）慢性自发性荨麻疹(CSU)患者的辅助治疗。批准剂量为300mg，每四周皮下注射一次。批准新 ... 责任编辑：admin |
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