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英文药名：Zykadia(Ceritinib hard Capsules) 中文药名：色瑞替尼硬胶囊 生产厂家：诺华制药德国公司
If long-term concomitant treatment with a strong CYP3A inhibitor is necessary and the patient tolerates the reduced dose well, the dose may be increased again with careful monitoring for safety, to avoid potential under-treatment. After discontinuation of a strong CYP3A inhibitor, resume at the dose that was taken prior to initiating the strong CYP3A inhibitor. Special populations Renal impairment A dedicated pharmacokinetic study in patients with renal impairment has not been conducted. However, based on available data, ceritinib elimination via the kidney is negligible. Therefore, no dose adjustment is necessary in patients with mild to moderate renal impairment. Caution should be used in patients with severe renal impairment as there is no experience with ceritinib in this population (see section 5.2). Hepatic impairment A dedicated pharmacokinetic study in patients with hepatic impairment has not been conducted. Based on available data, ceritinib is eliminated primarily via the liver. No dose adjustment is necessary in patients with mild hepatic impairment. Ceritinib is not recommended in patients with moderate to severe hepatic impairment (see section 5.2). Elderly (≥65 years) The limited data on the safety and efficacy of ceritinib in patients aged 65 years and older do not suggest that a dose adjustment is required in elderly patients (see section 5.2). There are no available data on patients over 85 years of age. Paediatric population The safety and efficacy of ceritinib in children and adolescents aged up to 18 years have not been established. No data are available. Method of administration Zykadia is for oral use. The capsules should be administered orally once daily at the same time every day. They should be swallowed whole with water and should not be chewed or crushed. The capsules must be taken on an empty stomach and no food should be eaten for at least two hours before and two hours after the dose is taken (see section 5.2). 4.3 Contraindications Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1. 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use Hepatotoxicity Cases of hepatotoxicity occurred in less than 1% of patients receiving ceritinib in clinical studies. Increases to grade 3 or 4 ALT elevations were observed in 25% of patients. The majority of cases were manageable with dose interruption and/or dose reduction. Few events required discontinuation of treatment. Patients should be monitored with liver laboratory tests (including ALT, AST and total bilirubin) prior to the start of treatment, every 2 weeks for the first month of treatment and monthly thereafter. In patients who develop transaminase elevations, more frequent monitoring of liver transaminases and total bilirubin should be carried out as clinically indicated (see sections 4.2 and 4.8). Ceritinib is not recommended for patients with moderate to severe hepatic impairment (see sections 4.2 and 4.8). Interstitial lung disease / Pneumonitis Severe, life-threatening or fatal interstitial lung disease (ILD) / pneumonitis have been observed in patients treated with ceritinib in clinical studies. Most cases improved or resolved with interruption of treatment. Patients should be monitored for pulmonary symptoms indicative of pneumonitis. Other potential causes of pneumonitis should be excluded, and Zykadia permanently discontinued in patients diagnosed with treatment-related pneumonitis (see sections 4.2 and 4.8). QT interval prolongation QTc prolongation has been observed in clinical studies in patients treated with ceritinib (see sections 4.8 and 5.2), which may lead to an increased risk for ventricular tachyarrhythmias (e.g. torsade de pointes) or sudden death. Use of Zykadia in patients with congenital long QT syndrome should be avoided. The benefits and potential risks of ceritinib should be considered before beginning therapy in patients who have pre-existing bradycardia (heart rate less than 60 beats per minute [bpm]), patients who have a history of or predisposition for QTc prolongation, patients who are taking anti-arrhythmics or other medicinal products that are known to prolong the QT interval and patients with relevant pre-existing cardiac disease and/or electrolyte disturbances. Periodic monitoring with ECGs and periodic monitoring of electrolytes (e.g. potassium) is recommended in these patients. In the event of vomiting, diarrhoea, dehydration or impaired renal function, correct electrolytes as clinically indicated. Zykadia should be permanently discontinued in patients who develop QTc >500 msec or >60 msec change from baseline and torsade de pointes or polymorphic ventricular tachycardia or signs/symptoms of serious arrhythmia. Zykadia should be withheld in patients who develop QTc >500 msec on at least two separate ECGs until recovery to baseline or a QTc ≤480 msec, then reinitiated with dose reduced by one decrement (see sections 4.2, 4.8 and 5.2). Bradycardia Asymptomatic cases of bradycardia (heart rate less than 60 bpm) have been observed in 10 out of 525 (1.9%) patients treated with ceritinib in clinical studies. Use of Zykadia in combination with other agents known to cause bradycardia (e.g. beta blockers, non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, clonidine and digoxin) should be avoided as far as possible. Heart rate and blood pressure should be monitored regularly. In cases of symptomatic bradycardia that is not life-threatening, Zykadia should be withheld until recovery to asymptomatic bradycardia or to a heart rate of 60 bpm or above, the use of concomitant medicinal products should be evaluated and the Zykadia dose adjusted if necessary. In the event of life-threatening bradycardia Zykadia should be permanently discontinued if no contributing concomitant medicinal product is identified; however, if associated with a concomitant medicinal product known to cause bradycardia or hypotension, Zykadia should be withheld until recovery to asymptomatic bradycardia or to a heart rate of 60 bpm or above. If the concomitant medicinal product can be adjusted or discontinued, Zykadia should be reinitiated with dose reduced by two decrements on recovery to asymptomatic bradycardia or to a heart rate of 60 bpm or above, with frequent monitoring (see sections 4.2 and 4.8). Gastrointestinal toxicity In clinical studies with ceritinib, diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting have been very commonly reported; grade 3-4 events of diarrhoea, nausea or vomiting were reported in 12.2% of patients. Patients should be monitored and managed using standards of care, including anti-diarrhoeals, anti-emetics or fluid replacement, as clinically indicated. Dose interruption and dose reduction should be employed as necessary (see sections 4.2 and 4.8). If vomiting occurs during the course of treatment, the patient should not take an additional dose, but should continue with the next scheduled dose. Hyperglycaemia Cases of hyperglycaemia (all grades) have been reported in less than 10% of patients treated with ceritinib in clinical studies; grade 3-4 hyperglycaemia was reported in 5% of patients. The risk of hyperglycaemia was higher in patients with diabetes mellitus and/or concurrent steroid use. Patients should be monitored for fasting plasma glucose prior to the start of Zykadia treatment and periodically thereafter as clinically indicated. Anti-hyperglycaemic medicinal products should be initiated or optimised as indicated (see sections 4.2 and 4.8). Lipase and/or amylase elevations Elevations of lipase and/or amylase have occurred in patients treated with ceritinib in clinical studies. Patients should be monitored for lipase and amylase elevations prior to the start of Zykadia treatment and periodically thereafter as clinically indicated (see sections 4.2 and 4.8). Cases of pancreatitis have been reported in patients treated with ceritinib (see section 4.8). 4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction Agents that may increase ceritinib plasma concentrations In healthy subjects, co-administration of a single 450 mg ceritinib dose with ketoconazole (200 mg twice daily for 14 days), a strong CYP3A/P-gp inhibitor, resulted in 2.9-fold and 1.2-fold increase in ceritinib AUCinf and Cmax, respectively, compared to when ceritinib was given alone. The steady-state AUC of ceritinib at reduced doses after co-administration with ketoconazole 200 mg twice daily for 14 days was predicted by simulations to be similar to the steady-state AUC of ceritinib alone. If it is not possible to avoid concomitant use with strong CYP3A inhibitors (including, but not limited to, ritonavir, saquinavir, telithromycin, ketoconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole and nefazodone), reduce the ceritinib dose by approximately one third, rounded to the nearest multiple of the 150 mg dosage strength. After discontinuation of a strong CYP3A inhibitor, resume the ceritinib dose that was taken prior to initiating the strong CYP3A inhibitor. Based on in vitro data, ceritinib is a substrate of the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp). If ceritinib is administered with medicinal products that inhibit P-gp, an increase in ceritinib concentration is likely. Caution should be exercised with concomitant use of P-gp inhibitors and ADRs carefully monitored. Agents that may decrease ceritinib plasma concentrations In healthy subjects, co-administration of a single 750 mg ceritinib dose with rifampicin (600 mg daily for 14 days), a strong CYP3A/P-gp inducer, resulted in 70% and 44% decreases in ceritinib AUCinf and Cmax, respectively, compared to when ceritinib was given alone. Co-administration of ceritinib with strong CYP3A/P-gp inducers decreases ceritinib plasma concentrations. Concomitant use of strong CYP3A inducers should be avoided; this includes, but is not limited to, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, rifabutin, rifampicin and St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum). Caution should be exercised with concomitant use of P-gp inducers. Gastric acid-reducing agents (e.g. proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists, antacids) may alter the solubility of ceritinib and reduce its bioavailability as ceritinib demonstrates pH-dependent solubility and becomes poorly soluble as pH increases in vitro. A dedicated study to evaluate the effect of gastric acid-reducing agents on the bioavailability of ceritinib has not been conducted. Agents whose plasma concentration may be altered by ceritinib Based on in vitro data, ceritinib competitively inhibits the metabolism of a CYP3A substrate, midazolam, and a CYP2C9 substrate, diclofenac. Time-dependent inhibition of CYP3A was also observed. The steady-state Cmax value of ceritinib at the recommended clinical dose of 750 mg daily may exceed the Ki values for CYP3A and CYP2C9, suggesting that ceritinib could inhibit the clearance of other medicinal products metabolised by these enzymes at clinically relevant concentrations. Dose reduction may be needed for co-administered medicinal products that are predominantly metabolised by CYP3A and CYP2C9. Co-administration of ceritinib with CYP3A substrates known to have narrow therapeutic indices (e.g. astemizole, cisapride, ciclosporin, ergotamine, fentanyl, pimozide, quinidine, tacrolimus, alfentanil and sirolimus) and CYP2C9 substrates known to have narrow therapeutic indices (e.g. phenytoin and warfarin) should be avoided. Based on in vitro data, ceritinib also inhibits CYP2A6 and CYP2E1 at clinically relevant concentrations. Therefore, ceritinib may have the potential to increase plasma concentrations of co-administered medicinal products that are predominantly metabolised by these enzymes. Caution should be exercised with concomitant use of CYP2A6 and CYP2E1 substrates and ADRs carefully monitored. A risk for induction of other PXR regulated enzymes apart from CYP3A4 cannot be completely excluded. The effectiveness of concomitant administration of oral contraceptives may be reduced. Agents that are substrates of transporters Based on in vitro data, ceritinib does not inhibit apical efflux transporter MRP2, hepatic uptake transporters OATP1B1 or OATP1B3, renal organic anion uptake transporters OAT1 and OAT3, or the organic cation uptake transporters OCT1 or OCT2 at clinically relevant concentrations. Therefore, clinical drug-drug interactions as a result of ceritinib-mediated inhibition of substrates for these transporters are unlikely to occur. Based on in vitro data, ceritinib is predicted to inhibit intestinal P-gp and BCRP at clinically relevant concentrations. Therefore, ceritinib may have the potential to increase plasma concentrations of co-administered medicinal products transported by these proteins. Caution should be exercised with concomitant use of BCRP substrates (e.g. rosuvastatin, topotecan, sulfasalazine) and P-gp substrates (digoxin, dabigatran, colchicine, pravastatin) and ADRs carefully monitored. Pharmacodynamic interactions In clinical studies, QT prolongation was observed with ceritinib. Therefore, ceritinib should be used with caution in patients who have or may develop prolongation of the QT interval, including those patients taking anti-arrhythmic medicinal products such as class I (e.g. quinidine, procainamide, disopyramide) or class III (e.g. amiodarone, sotalol, dofetilide, ibutilide) anti-arrhythmics or other medicinal products that may lead to QT prolongation such as astemizole, domperidone, droperidol, chloroquine, halofantrine, clarithromycin, haloperidol, methadone, cisapride and moxifloxacin. Monitoring of the QT interval is indicated in the event of combinations of such medicinal products (see sections 4.2 and 4.4). Food/drink interactions The bioavailability of ceritinib is increased in the presence of food depending on the fat content in the meal (see section 5.2). Ceritinib should be taken on an empty stomach. No food should be eaten for at least two hours before and two hours after the dose is taken. Patients should be instructed to avoid grapefruit and grapefruit juice as they may inhibit CYP3A in the gut wall and may increase the bioavailability of ceritinib. 4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation Women of childbearing potential Women of childbearing potential should be advised to use a highly effective method of contraception while taking Zykadia and for up to 3 months after discontinuing treatment (see section 4.5). Pregnancy There are no or limited amount of data from the use of ceritinib in pregnant women. Animal studies are insufficient with respect to reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3). Zykadia should not be used during pregnancy unless the clinical condition of the woman requires treatment with ceritinib. Breast-feeding It is unknown whether ceritinib/metabolites are excreted in human milk. A risk to the newborn/infant cannot be excluded. A decision must be made whether to discontinue breast-feeding or discontinue/abstain from Zykadia therapy taking into account the benefit of breast-feeding for the child and the benefit of therapy for the woman (see section 5.3). Fertility The potential for Zykadia to cause infertility in male and female patients is unknown (see section 5.3). 4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines Zykadia has minor influence on the ability to drive or use machines. Caution should be exercised when driving or using machines during treatment as patients may experience fatigue or vision disorders. 4.8 Undesirable effects Summary of the safety profile The data described below reflect exposure to Zykadia in 525 patients with tumours confirmed to have genetic abnormalities in ALK (515 ALK-positive NSCLC patients and 10 non-NSCLC patients) and treated at the dose of 750 mg in four open-label, single-arm clinical studies. The median duration of exposure to Zykadia was 33.0 weeks (range: 0.3 to 106.1 weeks). ADRs with an incidence of ≥10% were diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, liver laboratory test abnormalities, abdominal pain, decreased appetite, constipation, rash, blood creatinine increased, oesophageal disorder and anaemia. Grade 3-4 ADRs with an incidence of ≥5% were liver laboratory test abnormalities, fatigue, diarrhoea, nausea and hyperglycaemia. Tabulated list of ADRs Table 2 shows the frequency category of ADRs reported for Zykadia in patients treated at the starting dose of 750 mg in four clinical studies. ADRs are listed according to MedDRA system organ class. Within each system organ class, the ADRs are ranked by frequency, with the most frequent reactions first. In addition, the corresponding frequency category using the following convention (CIOMS III) is also provided for each ADR: very common (≥1/10); common (≥1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000); and not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). Table 2 ADRs in patients treated with Zykadia at a dose of 750 mg
a Vision disorder (vision impairment, vision blurred, photopsia, vitreous floaters, visual acuity reduced, accommodation disorder, presbyopia) b Pericarditis (pericardial effusion, pericarditis) c Bradycardia (bradycardia, sinus bradycardia) d Pneumonitis (interstitial lung disease, pneumonitis) e Abdominal pain (abdominal pain, abdominal pain upper, abdominal discomfort, epigastric discomfort) f Oesophageal disorder (dyspepsia, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, dysphagia) g Abnormal liver function test (hepatic function abnormal, hyperbilirubinaemia) h Hepatotoxicity (drug-induced liver injury, hepatitis cholestatic, hepatocellular injury, hepatotoxicity) i Rash (rash, dermatitis acneiform, rash maculopapular) j Renal failure (renal failure acute, renal failure) k Renal impairment (azotaemia, renal impairment) l Fatigue (fatigue, asthenia) m Liver laboratory test abnormalities (alanine aminotransferase increased, aspartate aminotransferase increased, gamma-glutamyltransferase increased, blood bilirubin increased, transaminases increased, hepatic enzyme increased, liver function test abnormal) Elderly (≥65 years) Across four clinical studies, 89 out of 525 patients (17.0%) treated with Zykadia were aged 65 years or older. The safety profile in patients aged 65 years or older was similar to that in patients less than 65 years of age (see section 4.2). There are no safety data in patients older than 85 years of age. Hepatotoxicity Concurrent elevations of ALT greater than 3× ULN and total bilirubin greater than 2× ULN without elevated alkaline phosphatase have been observed in less than 1% of patients in clinical studies with ceritinib. Increases to grade 3 or 4 ALT elevations were observed in 25% of patients receiving ceritinib. Hepatotoxicity events were managed with dose interruptions or reductions in 34.3% of patients. Less than 1% of patients required permanent discontinuation of treatment in clinical studies with ceritinib (see section 4.4). Ceritinib is not recommended in patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment (see section 4.2). Liver laboratory tests including ALT, AST and total bilirubin should be performed prior to the start of treatment, every 2 weeks for the first month and monthly thereafter, with more frequent testing for grade 2, 3 or 4 elevations. Patients should be monitored for liver laboratory test abnormalities and managed as recommended in sections 4.2 and 4.4. Gastrointestinal effects Nausea, diarrhoea and vomiting were the most commonly reported gastrointestinal events. Grade 3 or 4 events of diarrhoea, nausea or vomiting were reported in 12.2% of patients. Gastrointestinal events were managed primarily with concomitant medicinal products including anti-emetic/anti-diarrhoeal medicinal products (in 84.8% of patients) and/or with dose reduction or interruption (in 33.0% of patients). Gastrointestinal events led to discontinuation in 0.6% of patients. Patients should be managed as recommended in sections 4.2 and 4.4. QT interval prolongation QTc prolongation has been observed in patients treated with ceritinib. Across the four clinical studies, 6.5% of patients treated with ceritinib had events of QT prolongation (any grade), including grade 3 or 4 events in 0.8% of patients. These events required dose reduction or interruption in 1% of patients and led to discontinuation in 0.2% of patients. Treatment with ceritinib is not recommended in patients who have congenital long QT syndrome or who are taking medicinal products known to prolong the QTc interval (see sections 4.4 and 4.5). Particular care should be exercised when administering ceritinib to patients with an increased risk of experiencing torsade de pointes during treatment with a QTc-prolonging medicinal product. Patients should be monitored for QT prolongation and managed as recommended in sections 4.2 and 4.4. Bradycardia Across the four clinical studies, bradycardia and/or sinus bradycardia (heart rate less than 60 bpm) events (all grade 1) were reported in 1.9% of patients. None of these events led to dose reduction or interruption or to discontinuation of ceritinib treatment. The use of concomitant medicinal products associated with bradycardia should be carefully evaluated. Patients who develop symptomatic bradycardia should be managed as recommended in sections 4.2 and 4.4. Interstitial lung disease / Pneumonitis Severe, life-threatening, or fatal interstitial lung disease (ILD) / pneumonitis have been observed in patients treated with ceritinib. Across the four clinical studies, any grade ILD/pneumonitis has been reported in 3.2% of patients treated with ceritinib, and grade 3 or 4 events have been reported in 1.9% of patients. These events required dose reduction or interruption in 1.9% of patients and led to discontinuation in 1.1% of patients.Patients with pulmonary symptoms indicative of ILD/pneumonitis should be monitored. Other potential causes of ILD/pneumonitis should be excluded (see sections 4.2 and 4.4). Hyperglycaemia Hyperglycaemia (all grades) was reported in 7.8% of patients treated with ceritinib across the four clinical studies; grade 3 or 4 events were reported in 5.0% of patients. These events required dose reduction or interruption in 1.3% of patients and led to discontinuation in 0.2% of patients. The risk of hyperglycaemia was higher in patients with diabetes mellitus and/or concurrent steroid use. Monitoring of fasting serum glucose is required prior to the start of ceritinib treatment and periodically thereafter as clinically indicated. Administration of anti-hyperglycaemic medicinal products should be initiated or optimised as indicated (see sections 4.2 and 4.4). Reporting of suspected adverse reactions Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard. 4.9 Overdose There is no reported experience with overdose in humans. General supportive measures should be initiated in all cases of overdose. 5. Pharmacological properties 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties Pharmacotherapeutic group: antineoplasic and immunomodulating agents, ATC code: L01XE28. Mechanism of action Ceritinib is an orally highly selective and potent ALK inhibitor. Ceritinib inhibits autophosphorylation of ALK, ALK-mediated phosphorylation of downstream signalling proteins and proliferation of ALK-dependent cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. ALK translocation determines expression of the resulting fusion protein and consequent aberrant ALK signaling in NSCLC. In the majority of NSCLC cases, EML4 is the translocation partner for ALK; this generates an EML4-ALK fusion protein containing the protein kinase domain of ALK fused to the N-terminal part of EML4. Ceritinib was demonstrated to be effective against EML4-ALK activity in a NSCLC cell line (H2228), resulting in inhibition of cell proliferation in vitro and regression of tumours in H2228-derived xenografts in mouse and rat. Clinical efficacy and safety The use of Zykadia in the treatment of ALK-positive NSCLC patients previously treated with an ALK inhibitor was investigated in two global, multicentre, open-label, single-arm studies (Study A and Study B). Comparative efficacy data from randomised clinical studies are not yet available. The primary efficacy endpoint for these studies was overall response rate (ORR), defined as the proportion of patients with best response of complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) confirmed by repeat assessments performed not less than 4 weeks after the criteria for response was first met. Additional evaluations included duration of response (DOR) and progression-free survival (PFS) by investigator and blinded independent review committee (BIRC) assessment, and overall survival (OS). Tumour evaluations were performed according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.0 in Study A and RECIST 1.1 in Study B. Study A was a phase 1 study which included a dose-escalation phase and an expansion phase, at the recommended dose of 750 mg. All patients enrolled in the study had locally advanced or metastatic malignancy that had progressed despite standard therapy. A total of 246 ALK-positive NSCLC patients were enrolled who were treated at a Zykadia dose of 750 mg: 163 who had received prior treatment with an ALK inhibitor and 83 who were ALK inhibitor naïve. Of the 163 ALK-positive NSCLC patients who had received prior treatment with an ALK inhibitor, the median age was 52 years (range: 24-80 years); 86.5% of patients were younger than 65 years. A total of 54% of patients were female. The majority of patients were Caucasian (66.3%) or Asian (28.8%). The vast majority of patients had adenocarcinoma (93.3%) and had either never been or were former smokers (96.9%). All of the patients were treated with at least one regimen prior to enrolment into the study, 16.0% with one prior regimen, and 84% with two or more regimens. Study B was a phase 2 study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 750 mg ceritinib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic ALK-positive NSCLC. Study B involved 140 patients who had been previously treated with 1-3 lines of cytotoxic chemotherapy followed by treatment with crizotinib, and who had then progressed on crizotinib. In Study B, the median age was 51 years (range: 29-80 years); 87.1% of patients were younger than 65 years. A total of 50.0% of patients were female. The majority of patients were Caucasian (60.0%) or Asian (37.9%). The vast majority of patients had adenocarcinoma (92.1%). Main efficacy results from Studies A and B The main efficacy data for both studies are summarised in Table 3. Overall survival (OS) data were not yet mature at the time of the analysis in Studies A and B. Table 3 ALK-positive advanced NSCLC - overview of efficacy results from Studies A and B
In Studies A and B, brain metastases were seen in 60.1% and 71.4% of patients, respectively. The ORR, DOR and PFS (by BIRC assessment) for patients with brain metastases at baseline were in line with those reported for the overall population of these studies. Non-adenocarcinoma histology Limited information is available in ALK-positive NSCLC patients with non-adenocarcinoma histology. Elderly Limited efficacy data are available in elderly patients. No efficacy data are available in patients over 85 years of age. Paediatric population The European Medicines Agency has waived the obligation to submit the results of studies with Zykadia in all subsets of the paediatric population in lung carcinoma (small cell and non-small cell carcinoma) (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use). Conditional approval This medical product has been authorised under a so-called “conditional approval” scheme. This means that further evidence on this medicinal product is awaited. The European Medicines Agency will review new information on this medicinal product at least every year and this SmPC will be updated as necessary. 5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties Absorption Peak plasma levels (Cmax) of ceritinib are achieved approximately 4 to 6 hours after oral administration in patients. Oral absorption was estimated to be ≥25% based on metabolite percentages in the faeces. The absolute bioavailability of ceritinib has not been determined. Systemic exposure to ceritinib is increased when administered with food. Ceritinib AUCinf values were approximately 58% and 73% higher (Cmax approximately 43% and 41% higher) when administered with a low fat meal and a high fat meal, respectively. After single oral administration of ceritinib in patients, plasma exposure to ceritinib, as represented by Cmax and AUClast, increased dose-proportionally over the 50 to 750 mg dose range. In contrast with single-dose data, pre-dose concentration (Cmin) after repeated daily dosing appeared to increase in a greater than dose-proportional manner. Distribution Binding of ceritinib to human plasma proteins in vitro is approximately 97% in a concentration independent manner, from 50 ng/ml to 10,000 ng/ml. Ceritinib also has a slight preferential distribution to red blood cells, relative to plasma, with a mean in vitro blood-to-plasma ratio of 1.35. In vitro studies suggest that ceritinib is a substrate for P-glycoprotein (P-gp), but not of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) or multi-resistance protein 2 (MRP2). The in vitro apparent passive permeability of ceritinib was determined to be low. In rats, ceritinib crosses the intact blood brain barrier with a brain-to-blood exposure (AUCinf) ratio of about 15%. There are no data related to brain-to-blood exposure ratio in humans. Biotransformation In vitro studies demonstrated that CYP3A was the major enzyme involved in the metabolic clearance of ceritinib. Following a single oral administration of radioactive ceritinib dose at 750 mg, ceritinib was the main circulating component in human plasma. A total of 11 metabolites were found circulating in plasma at low levels with mean contribution to the radioactivity AUC of ≤2.3% for each metabolite. Main biotransformation pathways identified in healthy subjects included mono-oxygenation, O-dealkylation, and N-formylation. Secondary biotransformation pathways involving the primary biotransformation products included glucuronidation and dehydrogenation. Addition of a thiol group to O-dealkylated ceritinib was also observed. Elimination Following single oral doses of ceritinib, the geometric mean apparent plasma terminal half-life (T½) of ceritinib ranged from 31 to 41 hours in patients over the 400 to 750 mg dose range. Daily oral dosing of ceritinib results in achievement of steady-state by approximately 15 days and remains stable afterwards, with a geometric mean accumulation ratio of 6.2 after 3 weeks of daily dosing. The geometric mean apparent clearance (CL/F) of ceritinib was lower at steady-state (33.2 litres/hour) after 750 mg daily oral dosing than after a single 750 mg oral dose (88.5 litres/hour), suggesting that ceritinib demonstrates non-linear pharmacokinetics over time. The primary route of excretion of ceritinib and its metabolites is in the faeces. Recovery of unchanged ceritinib in the faeces accounts for a mean 68% of an oral dose. Only 1.3% of the administered oral dose is recovered in the urine. Special populations Hepatic impairment A dedicated pharmacokinetic study in patients with hepatic impairment has not been conducted. Based on available data, ceritinib is eliminated primarily via the liver. Therefore, hepatic impairment may increase ceritinib plasma concentrations. Based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis of 48 patients with mild hepatic impairment (total bilirubin ≤ULN and AST >ULN or total bilirubin >1.0 to 1.5 times ULN and any AST) and 254 patients with normal hepatic function (total bilirubin ≤ULN and AST ≤ULN), ceritinib exposures were similar in patients with mild hepatic impairment and normal hepatic function. Dose adjustment is not recommended for patients with mild hepatic impairment based on the results of a population pharmacokinetic analysis. The pharmacokinetics of ceritinib have not been studied in patients with moderate to severe hepatic impairment. Ceritinib is not recommended in these patients (see section 4.2). Renal impairment A dedicated pharmacokinetic study in patients with renal impairment has not been conducted. Based on available data, ceritinib elimination via the kidney is negligible (1.3% of a single oral administered dose). Based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis of 97 patients with mild renal impairment (CLcr 60 to <90 ml/min), 22 patients with moderate renal impairment (CLcr 30 to <60 ml/min) and 183 patients with normal renal function (≥90 ml/min), ceritinib exposures were similar in patients with mild and moderate renal impairment and normal renal function, suggesting that no dose adjustment is necessary in patients with mild to moderate renal impairment. Patients with severe renal impairment (CLcr <30 ml/min) were not included in the clinical studies of Zykadia (see section 4.2). Effects of age, gender, and race Population pharmacokinetic analyses showed that age, gender and race had no clinically meaningful influence on ceritinib exposure. Cardiac electrophysiology The potential for QT interval prolongation of ceritinib was assessed in four clinical studies with Zykadia. Serial ECGs were collected following a single dose and at steady-state to evaluate the effect of ceritinib on the QT interval. A central analysis of ECG data demonstrated new QTc >500 msec in one patient (0.2%). There were 23 patients (4.4%) with a QTc increase from baseline >60 msec. A concentration-QTc response analysis based on the data from Study A demonstrated that at average steady-state concentrations the upper bound of the 2-sided 90% CI for QTc increase from baseline was 16 msec at Zykadia 750 mg. A pharmacokinetic analysis suggested that ceritinib causes concentration-dependent increases in QTc (see section 4.4). 5.3 Preclinical safety data Safety pharmacology studies indicate that ceritinib is unlikely to interfere with vital functions of the respiratory and central nervous systems. In vitro data show that the IC50 for the inhibitory effect of ceritinib on the hERG potassium channel was 0.4 micromolar. An in vivo telemetry study in monkeys showed a modest QT prolongation in 1 of 4 animals after receiving the highest dose of ceritinib. ECG studies in monkeys after 4- or 13-weeks of dosing with ceritinib have not shown QT prolongation or abnormal ECGs. The micronucleus test in TK6 cells was positive. No signs of mutagenicity or clastogenicity were observed in other in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity studies with ceritinib. Therefore, genotoxic risk is not expected in humans. Carcinogenicity studies have not been performed with ceritinib. Reproductive toxicology studies (i.e. embryo-foetal development studies) in pregnant rats and rabbits indicated no foetotoxicity or teratogenicity after dosing with ceritinib during organogenesis; however, maternal plasma exposure was less than that observed at the recommended dose of 750 mg in clinical trials. Formal non-clinical studies on the potential effects of ceritinib on fertility have not been conducted. The principal toxicity related to ceritinib administration in rats and monkeys was inflammation of the extra-hepatic bile ducts accompanied by increased neutrophil counts in the peripheral blood. Mixed cell/neutrophilic inflammation of the extra-hepatic ducts extended to the pancreas and/or duodenum at higher doses. Gastrointestinal toxicity was observed in both species characterised by body weight loss, decreased food consumption, emesis (monkey), diarrhoea and, at high doses, by histopathological lesions including erosion, mucosal inflammation and foamy macrophages in the duodenal crypts and submucosa. The liver was also affected in both species, at exposures that approximate clinical exposures at the recommended dose of 750 mg, and included minimal increases in liver transaminases in a few animals and vacuolation of the intra-hepatic bile duct epithelium. Alveolar foamy macrophages (confirmed phospholipidosis) were seen in the lungs of rats, but not in monkeys, and the lymph nodes of rats and monkeys had macrophage aggregates. Target organ effects showed partial to complete recovery. Effects on the thyroid were observed in both rat (mild increases in thyroid stimulating hormone and triiodothyronine / thyroxine T3/T4 concentrations with no microscopic correlate) and monkey (depletion of colloid in males in 4-week study, and one monkey at high dose with diffuse follicular cell hyperplasia and increased thyroid stimulating hormone in 13-week study). As these non-clinical effects were mild, variable and inconsistent, the relationship between ceritinib and thyroid gland changes in animals is unclear. 6. Pharmaceutical particulars 6.1 List of excipients Capsule content Microcrystalline cellulose Low substituted-hydroxypropylcellulose Sodium starch glycolate (type A) Magnesium stearate Silica, colloidal anhydrous Capsule shell Gelatin Indigotine (E132) Titanium dioxide (E171) Printing ink Shellac (bleached, de-waxed) glaze 45% Iron oxide black (E172) Propylene glycol Ammonium hydroxide 28% 6.2 Incompatibilities Not applicable. 6.3 Shelf life 2 years 6.4 Special precautions for storage This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions. 6.5 Nature and contents of container PVC/polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) – Alu blisters containing 10 hard capsules. Multipacks containing 150 (3 packs of 50) hard capsules and unit packs containing 40 hard capsules. Not all pack sizes may be marketed. 6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements. 7. Marketing authorisation holder Novartis Europharm Limited Frimley Business Park Camberley GU16 7SR United Kingdom 8. Marketing authorisation number(s) EU/1/15/999/001-002 9. Date of first authorisation/renewal of the authorisation 06.05.2015 10. Date of revision of the text 25.08.2015 Detailed information on this medicinal product is available on the website of the European Medicines Agency http://www.ema.europa.eu LDK378色瑞替尼胶囊Zykadia(ceritinib)-针对间变性淋巴瘤激酶阳性(ALK+)转移性非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者的治疗药物 纽约时间4月28日，经历四个月的申请期，美国卫生监管机构FDA授权批准了由瑞士诺华制药研发用于治疗患者特定基因突变的一项药物ceritinib 色瑞替尼。 ceritinib色瑞替尼的是碱类药物的ALT（+）靶向抑制剂，靶点包括：ALK, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), insulin receptor (InsR), and ROS1，其中对ALK活性最好。 FDA和诺华制药表示：该药走的是加速批准通道，支持NDA申报的病例数才163例，ceritinib 色瑞替尼 将根据品牌Zykadia出售,。 Zykadia是诺华另一个筛选抑制剂，被批准用于非小细胞肺癌治疗。而ceritinib是有针对性的，发生群体多为非吸烟者。 FDA的癌症产品药物评价和研究中心主任Richard Pazdur在一份声明中说：“今天的审批说明，针对这些通路采用分子途径开发特定的疗法可以更好的理解潜在的疾病。” 无论从用药依从性还是现有的有效性结果来看，ceritinib 色瑞替尼 的上市都将对辉瑞的新明星药crizotinib产生重大影响。这也反应个性化治疗是小分子抗癌药物的趋势。 FDA于2014年4月29日批准诺华的ceritinib色瑞替尼(Zykadia®)上市，用于治疗ALT(+)、经Crizotinib疾病进展或不能耐受的转移性NSCLC患者(ZYKADIA is a kinase inhibitor indicated for the treatment of patients with anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who have progressed on or are intolerant to crizotinib.) 该药的靶点包括：ALK, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R), insulin receptor (InsR), and ROS1，其中对ALK活性最好； 又一个ALT（+）靶向抑制剂上市； 该药走的是加速批准通道，支持NDA申报的病例数才163例； 用法：750 mg，qd （制剂规格是150 mg） Crizotinib的用法是250 bid。 早先NEJM报道，既往接受过克唑替尼治疗的80例患者中，总体有效率为56%。研究人员还观察到，无论是否有ALK耐药突变，ceritinib色瑞替尼都有效。在每日至少接受400mg ceritinib治疗的NSCLC患者中，中位无进展生存期为7个月。在晚期ALK重排的NSCLC患者中，包括接受克唑替尼治疗后已有疾病进展的患者，无论是否出现ALK耐药突变，Ceritinib色瑞替尼高度有效。 无论从用药依从性还是现有的有效性结果来看，都将对辉瑞的新明星药crizotinib产生重大影响。 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
