卡莫司汀植入膜剂(Gliadel)—全球第一个治疗脑癌的专利药品

简介：Gliadel为一种白色至灰白色的一角硬币大小的薄膜，包含生物可降解聚合物聚苯丙生20和7.7mg卡莫司汀（carmustine，BCNU），卡莫司汀是治疗恶性胶质瘤的常用静脉给药的化疗药物。当手术切除脑瘤时，在经手术创建的.
关键字：卡莫司汀植入膜剂(Gliadel)
Gliadel为一种白色至灰白色的一角硬币大小的薄膜，包含生物可降解聚合物聚苯丙生20和7.7mg卡莫司汀（carmustine，BCNU），卡莫司汀是治疗恶性胶质瘤的常用静脉给药的化疗药物。当手术切除脑瘤时，在经手术创建的空腔中可最多植入8片本品。在植入处，Gliadel将缓慢溶解，直接向肿瘤部位释放高浓度卡莫司汀，使扩撒到其它部位的药物减至最少。 
Gliadel适应证是新诊断为高度恶性胶质瘤的患者的手术和放疗辅助药物，也可作为多形性胶质母细胞瘤（GBM）复发患者的手术辅助用药。 
Polifeprosan 20 with Carmustine Implant
Gliadel Wafer格立得植入剂
 
成分及性状
Gliadel Wafer为直径1.45公分、厚约1公厘的灰白至淡黄色无菌植入製剂。每一片含可生物分解的聚酸酐polifeprosan 20 (polyanhydride
copolymer) 192.3 毫克及carmustine 7.7 毫克。Carmustine均匀分布於polifeprosan 20基质中，并由prolifeprosan 20负责控制carmustine的局部传送。
 
作用
Gliadel Wafer能够直接将carmustine释放至脑癌摘除手术后所造成的腔室内，并扩散至週边的脑组织，藉由对DNA及RNA的烷基化作用而发挥
抗惡性肿瘤作用。
 
药物动力学
Gliadel Wafer中的polifeprosan 20，在动物实验中发现，超过70%於三週内分解，分解后的单体包括carboxyphenoxypropane经由肾臟排除，而sebacic acid则经由肝臟代谢成二氧化碳排出体外。Prolifeprosan 20 在人体内的吸收、分佈、代谢及排除等特性尚不清楚。Gliadel Wafer释放至人体脑腔的carmustine浓度也尚无测量值。植入脑癌摘除手术后腔室的Gliadel Wafer能被生物分解，分解率因人而異。即使所有成分皆被充分分解，但於分解过程中，脑部影像扫瞄或再次手术皆可見到植入剂残餘物尚留在脑内。
 
适应症
作为復发性多形性神经胶母细胞瘤病人的手术辅助。
 
不良反应
1. 癲癇发作：高度惡性神经胶质瘤復发病人之再次手术臨床试验发现，兩组病人的癲癇发作率为19%，手术后五天内癲癇发作的发生率为54% (12/22，Gliadel Wafer组)及9% (2/22，安慰剂组)。手术后第一次癲癇发作时间的平均天數为Gliadel Wafer组3.5天，安慰剂组61天。
2. 脑水肿：新诊断罹患高度惡性神经胶质瘤病人之手术治療臨床试验显示，脑水肿发生率为22.5% (Gliadel Wafer组)及19.2%(安慰剂组)。脑水肿伴随肿块时(可能原因有肿瘤復发、颅内感染、坏死)，可能需要再次手术，
有些病人甚至必须取出Gliadel Wafer或其残留物。
3. 伤口癒合異常：高度惡性神经胶质瘤復发病人之再次手术臨床试验，伤口癒合異常发生率为14%(Gliadel Wafer组)及5%(安慰剂组)。
4. 颅内感染：高度惡性神经胶质瘤復发病人之再次手术臨床试验中，脑脓疡或脑膜炎的发生率为4%(Gliadel Wafer 组) 及1%( 安慰剂组)。
 
注意事项
手术摘除后的腔室应避免与脑室相通，以预防Gliadel Wafer移位至脑室，造成阻塞性水脑。如肿瘤摘除后之腔室与脑室之缺口大於Gliadel
Wafer 的直径， 应填补缺口后再植入GliadelWafer。
 
禁忌
已知对carmustine或本药品其它任一成分过敏的病人禁忌投与Gliadel Wafer。
 
交互作用
目前尚无Gliadel Wafer与其它药品交互作用的研究。化学治療併Gliadel Wafer的短期及长期毒性试验结果尚未完成。放射性治療併Gliadel
Wafer未見任何短期或慢性毒性。
 
剂量及用法
每一片Gliadel Wafer含carmustine 7.7 mg，手术植入八片等於投与剂量61.6 mg。一般建议剂量：於脑癌摘除手术后所造成的腔室内植入Gliadel Wafer八片。若空间不够植入八片，则尽可能以最大能植入的片數植入。目前尚无单次手术植入Gliadel Wafer八片以上的臨床经验，因此不建议植入八片以上。 Gliadel Wafer对儿童的安全性及有效性尚未建立。 
 
储存
零下20°C以下。
 
参考资料
1. McEvoy GK, ed. AHFS: Drug Information. Bethesda,MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists;2008:972-7.
2. DRUGDEX® System:Klasco RK (Ed): DRUGDEX®System (electronic version). Thomson Micromedex,Greenwood Village, Colorado, USA. Available at:http://www.thomsonhc.com (cited: 5/18/2008).
3. The circular from the manufacturer of Gliadel Wafer®.
4. Brem H, Piantadosi S, Burger PC, et al. Placebocontrolledtrial of safety and efficacy of intraoperativecontrolled delivery by biodegradable polymers ofchemotherapy for recurrent gliomas. Lancet 1995;345:1008-12.
5. Westphal M, Hilt DC, Bortey E, et al. A phase 3 trial oflocal chemotherapy with biodegradable carmustine(BCNU) wafers (Gliadel wafers) in patients with primarymalignant glioma. Neuro-Oncol 2003; 5: 79-88.
6. Westphal M, Ram Z, Riddle V, et al. Gliadel® wafer ininitial surgery for malignant gliomas: longtermfollowupofamulticenter controlled trial. Acta Neurochir 2006;148: 269-75.
GLIADEL WAFER IMPLANT DS 8
Generic Name: CARMUSTINE/POLIFEPROSAN 20
Class: R
Manufacture: ONCOLOGY THERAPEUTICS NET
中文名: 卡莫司汀植入膜剂
Strength: 7.7-192.3
Unit/Case: 1
Unit: UNIT

How to Use GLIADEL® Wafer
Six Steps to Using GLIADEL® Wafer

1. Preparation for Use
Maximize resection of tumor Send tumor specimen to pathologist to confirm malignant glioma Achieve hemostasis before implantation to eliminate bleeding Obtain clear irrigation fluid
2. Handle Wafers carefully due to fragility and toxicity of carmustine
Use double surgical gloves
Use a surgical instrument dedicated to wafer handling
Keep wafer pouches unopened until implantation
3. Opening the GLIADEL pouch (outer surface of foil pouch is not sterile)
Open outer pouch: peel folded corner in outward motion Do not pull downward this may break wafer Remove inner pouch: with forceps, grab crimped edge, pull upwards Open inner pouch: gently hold crimped edge, cut around wafer Remove wafer: gently grasp with forceps, place onto sterile field
4. Implanting GLIADEL
Line resection cavity surface with wafers Cover entire surface of cavity using mosaic pattern, using up to eight wafers (7.7 mg carmustine each) Pack wafers close without stacking; slight overlap and halving wafers are acceptable If necessary,stretch surface area to maximize exposure to wafers Prevent wafer migration into ventricular system and obstructive hydrocephalus by closing any communication larger than a wafer before implantation Dispose of unused wafers
5. Securing the Wafers
Anchor wafers with ½-inch-wide strips of Surgicel® (oxidized cellulose), starting at bottom of cavity and moving up Keep Surgicel® strips 1 layer deep: do not create large mass
6. Ensure watertight dural closure
 Take extra care to decrease risk of CSF leaks and infection Suction to ensure no blood in cavity Irrigate resection cavity before closure If necessary, use a graft of autologous, nonsynthetic or synthetic dura patch or substitute Treat CSF leaks aggressively Manage edema withaggressiveandprolongedcorticosteroidtreatmentBeginanticonvulsants before surgery (recommended for all patients) The information described above is a general example intended to help educate individuals on GLIADEL® Wafer. The information provided is neither a substitute for professional medical advice nor intended to provide treatment options. The text and graphics depicted do notreplacetheservicesofaphysicianordoctorpatientrelationship. The use of the information is at the discretion of the reader. The reader should always consult a qualified medical expert in the use of GLIADEL® Wafer. Eisai makes no representations or warranties with respect to any information provided on this graphic and is not liable for any direct or indirect claim, loss or damage resulting from the use of this information.

Important Safety Information
Indications:
GLIADEL® Wafer is indicated in patients with newly diagnosed high-grade malignant glioma as an adjunct to surgery and radiation. GLIADEL is also indicated in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme as an adjunct to surgery.
Contraindication:
GLIADEL® Wafer should not be given to patients who have demonstrated a previous hypersensitivity to carmustine or any of the components of GLIADEL.
Warnings:
Patients undergoing craniotomy for malignant glioma and implantation of GLIADEL should be monitored closely for known complications of craniotomy, including seizures, intracranial infections, abnormal wound healing, and brain edema.
Cases of intracerebral mass effect unresponsive to corticosteroids have been described in patients treated with GLIADEL, including one case leading to brain herniation.
Precautions:
Communication between the surgical resection cavity and the ventricular system should be avoided to prevent the wafers from migrating into the ventricular system and causing obstructive hydrocephalus. If a communication larger than the diameter of a wafer exists, it should be closed prior to wafer implantation.
Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the head may demonstrate enhancement in the brain tissue surrounding the resection cavity after implantation of GLIADEL. This enhancement may represent edema and inflammation caused by GLIADEL or tumor progression.
The short-term and long-term toxicity profiles of GLIADEL when given in conjunction with chemotherapy have not been fully explored.
Pregnancy and Nursing:
There are no studies assessing the reproductive toxicity of GLIADEL. Carmustine, the active component of GLIADEL, can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman.
It is recommended that patients receiving GLIADEL discontinue nursing.
Adverse Events:
Seizures:
In the initial surgery trial, the incidence of seizures was 33.3% in patients receiving GLIADEL and 37.5% in patients receiving placebo. Grand mal seizures occurred in 5% of GLIADEL-treated patients and 4.2% of placebo-treated patients. The incidence of seizures within the first 5 days after wafer implantation was 2.5% in the GLIADEL group and 4.2% in the placebo group.
In the surgery for recurrent disease trial, the incidence of post-operative seizures was 19% in both patients receiving GLIADEL and placebo. In this study, 12/22 (54%) of patients treated with GLIADEL and 2/22 (9%) of placebo patients experienced the first new or worsened seizure within the first five post-operative days. The median time to onset of the first new or worsened post-operative seizure was 3.5 days in patients treated with GLIADEL and 61 days in placebo patients.
Brain Edema:
In the initial surgery trial, brain edema was noted in 22.5% of patients treated with GLIADEL and in 19.2% of patients treated with placebo. Development of brain edema with mass effect (due to tumor recurrences, intracranial infection, or necrosis) may necessitate re-operation and, in some cases, removal of GLIADEL or its remnants.
Healing Abnormalities:
The following healing abnormalities have been reported in clinical trials of GLIADEL: wound dehiscence, delayed wound healing, subdural, subgaleal or wound effusions, and cerebrospinal fluid leak. In the initial surgery trial, healing abnormalities occurred in 15.8% of GLIADEL-treated patients and in 11.7% of placebo recipients. Cerebrospinal fluid leaks occurred in 5% of GLIADEL recipients and 0.8% of those given placebo. During surgery, a water-tight dural closure should be obtained to minimize the risk of cerebrospinal fluid leak.
In the surgery for recurrent disease trial, the incidence of healing abnormalities was the 14% of GLIADEL treated patients and 5% in patients receiving placebo wafers.
Intracranial Infection:
In the initial surgery trial, the incidence of brain abscess or meningitis was 5% in patients treated with GLIADEL and 6% in patients receiving placebo. In the recurrent setting, the incidence of brain abscess or meningitis was 4% in patients treated with GLIADEL and 1% in patients receiving placebo.

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Gliadel® (polifeprosan 20 with carmustine implant) Wafer
GLIADEL® Wafer (polifeprosan 20 with carmustine implant) is indicated in newly-diagnosed high-grade malignant glioma patients as an adjunct to surgery and radiation. GLIADEL Wafer is also indicated in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme patients as an adjunct to surgery.

GLIADEL Wafer is a small, dime-sized wafer that is designed to deliver a type of chemotherapy, carmustine, directly into the cavity created when a brain tumor is removed during surgery. Up to eight wafers may be implanted along the walls and floor of the cavity where the resection occurred.

Malignant glioma, a common type of brain cancer, is typically an infiltrative and aggressive tumor. Glioblastoma multiforme is a form of malignant glioma. Each year in the United States, approximately 22,000 people are diagnosed with, and about 13,000 patients die from, primary cancer of the brain and nervous system.

Important Safety Information
GLIADEL Wafer should not be given to patients who have demonstrated a previous hypersensitivity to carmustine or any of the components of GLIADEL Wafer.

Patients undergoing craniotomy for malignant glioma and implantation of GLIADEL Wafer should be monitored closely for known complications of craniotomy, including seizures, intracranial infections, abnormal wound healing, and brain edema. Cases of intracerebral mass effect unresponsive to corticosteroids have been described in patients treated with GLIADEL Wafer, including 1 case leading to brain herniation.

Carmustine, the active component of GLIADEL Wafer, can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. It is recommended that patients receiving GLIADEL Wafer discontinue nursing.

Communication between the surgical resection cavity and the ventricular system should be avoided to prevent the wafers from migrating into the ventricular system and causing obstructive hydrocephalus. If a communication larger than the diameter of a wafer exists, it should be closed prior to wafer implantation.

CT and MRI of the head may demonstrate enhancement in the brain tissue surrounding the resection cavity after implantation of GLIADEL Wafer. This enhancement may represent edema and inflammation caused by GLIADEL Wafer or tumor progression.

The short-term and long-term toxicity profiles of GLIADEL Wafer when given in conjunction with chemotherapy have not been fully explored. The following 4 categories of adverse events are possibly related to treatment with GLIADEL Wafer:

Seizures: In the initial surgery trial, the incidence of seizures was 33.3% in patients receiving GLIADEL Wafer and 37.5% in patients receiving placebo. Grand mal seizures occurred in 5% of GLIADEL Wafer-treated patients and 4.2% of placebo-treated patients. The incidence of seizures within the first 5 days after wafer implantation was 2.5% in the GLIADEL Wafer group and 4.2% in the placebo group.

In the surgery for recurrent disease trial, the incidence of post-operative seizures was 19% in both patients receiving GLIADEL Wafer and placebo. In this study, 12/22 (54%) of patients treated with GLIADEL Wafer and 2/22 (9%) of placebo patients experienced the first new or worsened seizure within the first 5 post-operative days.

The median time to onset of the first new or worsened post-operative seizure was 3.5 days in patients treated with GLIADEL Wafer and 61 days in placebo patients.

Brain Edema: In the initial surgery trial, brain edema was noted in 22.5% of patients treated with GLIADEL Wafer and in 19.2% of patients treated with placebo. Development of brain edema with mass effect (due to tumor recurrences, intracranial infection, or necrosis) may necessitate re-operation and, in some cases, removal of GLIADEL Wafer or its remnants.

Healing Abnormalities: The following healing abnormalities have been reported in GLIADEL Wafer clinical trials: wound dehiscence, delayed wound healing, subdural, subgaleal or wound effusions, and cerebrospinal fluid leak. In the initial surgery trial, healing abnormalities occurred in 15.8% of GLIADEL Wafer-treated patients and in 11.7% of placebo recipients. Cerebrospinal fluid leaks occurred in 5% of GLIADEL Wafer recipients and 0.8% of those given placebo.

During surgery, a water-tight dural closure should be obtained to minimize the risk of cerebrospinal fluid leak. In the surgery for recurrent disease trial, the incidence of healing abnormalities was 14% in GLIADEL Wafer-treated patients and 5% in patients receiving placebo wafers.

Intracranial Infection: In the initial surgery trial, the incidence of brain abscess or meningitis was 5% in patients treated with GLIADEL Wafer and 6% in patients receiving placebo. In the recurrent setting, the incidence of brain abscess or meningitis was 4% in GLIADEL Wafer patients and 1% in patients receiving placebo.
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原产地英文药品名：
Polifeprosan 20 with Carmustine Implant
中文参考药品译名：
卡莫司汀植入膜剂
原产地英文商品名：
GLIADEL WAFER
中文参考商品译名：
格立得植入剂
生产厂家英文名：
Eisai Corporation
生产厂家中文参考译名：
Eisai公司
该药品相关信息网址1：
http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm?fuseaction=Search.DrugDetails
曾用名：
卡氮芥、氯乙亚硝脲、亚硝基脲芥
化合物中文译名：
可生物分解的聚酸酐192.3毫克及卡莫司汀7.7毫克
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产地国家：美国
所属类别：抗癌药物 ->治疗脑癌药物
处方药：未知
进品批文号：未知
包装规格：7.7毫克/片,8片/盒
参考单价(美元 US$)：32,278
参考单价：(人民币 RMB)：203035