英文药名: Dacogen (Decitabine Injection)
中文药名: 达珂(地西他滨注射剂)
品牌药生产厂家: Johnson & Johnson Inc.
药品简介
达珂-地西他滨是通过磷酸化后直接掺入DNA,抑制DNA甲基化转移酶,引起DNA低甲基化和细胞分化或凋亡来发挥抗肿瘤作用。体外试验显示地西他滨抑制DNA甲基化,在产生该作用的浓度下不会明显抑制DNA的合成。地西他滨诱导肿瘤细胞的低甲基化,从而恢复控制细胞分化增殖基因的正常功能。在快速分裂的细胞中,掺入DNA的地西他滨可与DNA甲基转移酶共价结合从而产生细胞毒性作用。而非增殖期细胞则对地西他滨相对不敏感。
达珂适用于IPSS评分系统中中危-2和高危的初治、复治骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)患者,包括原发性和继发性的MDS,按照FAB分型所有的亚型:难治性贫血,难治性贫血伴环形铁粒幼细胞增多,难治性贫血伴原始细胞过多,难治性贫血伴有原始细胞增多-转变型,慢性粒-单核细胞白血病。
首次给药周期:达珂推荐剂量为15mg/m2,连续静脉输注3小时以上,每8小时1次,连续3天。患者可预先使用常规止吐药。每6周重复一个周期。推荐至少重复4个周期。然而,获得完全缓解或部分缓解的患者可以治疗4个周期以上。如果患者能继续获益可以持续用药。
依据血液学实验室检查值进行的剂量调整或延迟给药:如果经过前一个周期的治疗,血液学恢复(ANC≥1000/uL,血小板≥50000/uL)需要超过6周,则下一周期的治疗应延迟,且剂量应按以下原则进行暂时性的调整:如果出现以下任一非血液学毒性,暂停达珂治疗直至毒性恢复:血清肌酐≥2mg/dL;SGPT、总胆红素≥2倍ULN;活动性或未控制的感染。
恢复时间超过6周,但少于8周-达珂给药应延迟2周,且重新开始治疗剂量减少到11mg/m2,每8小时1次,(33mg/m2/天,99mg/m2/周期);恢复时间超过8周,但少于10周-患者应进行疾病进展的评估(通过骨髓穿刺评估),如未出现进展,达珂给药应延迟2周以上,重新开始时剂量减少到11mg/m2,每8小时1次(33mg/m2/天,99mg/m2/周期),然后在接下来的周期中,根据临床情况维持或增加剂量。
在欧洲进行了另两项开放、单臂、多中心研究,评价了本药治疗FAB分类中所有亚型的MDS患者的安全性和有效性。本药每8小时静脉输注15 mg/m24小时以上,第一周的第1,2,3天给药,6周为一周期。II期试验的结果与III期结果一致,总缓解率分别为26%(N=66)和24%(N=98)。 药物的结构与性质: 地西他滨(decitabine):5-氮杂-2′-脱氧胞苷酸,一种天然2′-脱氧胞苷酸的腺苷类似物,通过抑制DNA甲基转移酶,减少DNA的甲基化,从而抑制肿瘤细胞增殖以及防止耐药的发生。 地西他滨的分子式为C8H12N4O4,分子量为228.21。 化学名称:4-氨基-1-(2-脱氧-β-D-赤式-顺-呋喃核糖)-1,3,5-三嗪-2(氢)-1。化合物编号(CAS):2353-33-5 地西他滨微溶于乙醇/水(50/50)、甲醇/水(50/50)、甲醇,略溶于水,溶于二甲基亚砜(DMSO)。 地西他滨注射液单次剂量20 mL,其中包括50 mg地西他滨,68 mg磷酸二氢钾,11.6 mg氢氧化钠。
药理学研究 因为去甲基化药物可活化肿瘤细胞抑癌基因,增强分化基因等调控基因的表达,所以可达到治疗MDS的目的。地西他滨被磷酸化后,发挥其抗肿瘤作用。它直接作用于DNA,抑制DNA甲基转移酶,从而使DNA低甲基化,细胞分化死亡。地西他滨在体外抑制DNA甲基化,却不影响DNA的合成。它可导致肿瘤细胞去甲基化,可以恢复基因的正常功能,这对于控制细胞的分化和增殖是非常重要的。但非增殖性细胞对地西他滨不敏感。 以MDS-RAEB细胞株SKM-1为研究对象,了解地西他滨促进SKM-1株分化和诱导凋亡作用以及可能机制。 研究表明,3.2 mmol/L地西他滨可使异常甲基化的Pl5INK4B恢复正常的去甲基化,表达增强,从而抑制SKM-l细胞增殖,促进分化,可能是其治疗MDS的主要机制。 Bahar等最近报道,应用地西他滨可重新激活肿瘤细胞中DNA损伤诱导生长抑制基因(GADD45beta)的表达。Alleman等报道,地西他滨可使移植肾肿瘤细胞老鼠身上的肿瘤明显变小。Miotto等则报道,地西他滨可使CDH4肿瘤抑制基因在肠癌和胃癌细胞中重新表达。KAWAKAMI等研究则表明,地西他滨可使膀胱癌DNA修复基因(hMSH3)恢复表达,从而影响膀胱癌的生长。 Romaih.KI等在免疫缺陷大鼠的肾下被膜进行U2OS异种嫁接,进而研究地西他滨在体内对肿瘤生长和分化的影响。通过免疫组织化学方法,采用5-甲基胞苷抗体能检测到异种嫁接大鼠细胞核的甲基化水平降低了。地西他滨能显著地减小肿瘤异种嫁接的尺寸(P <0.05)。
临床药理和药物代谢动力学
SuperGen公司对17O例确诊的成年MDS患者进行了标记开放性多中心随机对照临床研究。试验组89例患者随机接受地西他滨治疗加支持性医护治疗,对照组81例患者随机仅接受支持医疗。试验组患者每8小时接受本品治疗,剂量为15 mg/m2静脉滴注3小时,连续用药3天。每6周使用地西他滨治疗1次。支持疗法包括输血或血液制品、预防性使用抗菌药物及生长因子。治疗288天后,本品治疗组平均总有效率为17%,支持疗法组为0(P <0.001)。本品组完全应答率为9%,部分应答率为8%。病理学确诊的MDS患者,以地西他滨至少治疗2个疗程,总有效率为21%。此外,本品组13%的患者血液学得到改善,支持疗法组改善率仅为7%。 Wijermans等用地西他滨治疗具有高危MDS的老年病人,每6周1个疗程,每疗程持续3天,剂量为15 mg/m2,每疗程总剂量在120~150 mg/m2之间。结果在121例中,49%对治疗有良好反应,其中20%完全好转,10%部分好转,19%血液学指标有改善。 Issa等采用地西他滨15 mg/m2/天,静脉滴注>1h,每周5天,连续两周治疗50例(其中,AMI/MDS 44例,CML 5例,ALL 1例),有效率为65%。而Kantarjian等认为地西他滨最佳剂量为20 mg/m2/天,静脉滴注>1h连续5天,且定期重复治疗,疗效更好。由于MDS的表现异质性,对IPSS系统中度-2和高危病人至少应接受4个疗程,部分可达6个疗程或更多,为了最大限度地增加低甲基化药物的疗效,应尽可能长期治疗。 目前,暂时无注射地西他滨15 mg/m2的药物代谢动力学有效数据。实体瘤患者注射地西他滨20~30 mg/m2/天,治疗72小时后,其药代动力学数据呈二相性分布特征。总体清除率为(124±19 )L/m2/时,终相消除半衰期为(0.51±0.31)小时。地西他滨的血浆蛋白结合率可忽略不计(<1%)。人体中的地西他滨准确代谢和消除途径机理尚未研究明确。在肝、粒细胞、肠的上皮组织中,地西他滨通过胞二磷胆碱的脱氨作用而消除,但这仅仅是一种可能的途径。
临床使用说明
[中文别名] 5-氮杂胞嘧啶脱氧胞苷,5-氮杂-2’-脱氧胞苷。
DACOGEN®(地西他滨)注射剂
美国首次批准:2006
适应症及用法 Dacogen是一种核苷代谢抑制剂,包括处理和未经处理的原发和继发性MDS的所有法国美国英国亚型(难治性贫血,难治性贫血伴环形铁粒幼细胞增多,难治性贫血伴骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)患者的治疗指示爆炸,难治性贫血伴原始细胞过多转型,慢性粒细胞白血病)和中间,中间,和高风险的国际预后评分系统组。 【用法用量】 有两个方案Dacogen管理。无论使用哪种治疗方案,建议患者接受了至少4个周期;然而,完全或部分缓解,可能需要更长的时间超过4个周期。 •治疗方案 - 方案1 超过3小时的连续静脉滴注的剂量为15静脉管理Dacogen重复每8小时3天。重复周期每6周。 •治疗 - 选项2 管理的Dacogen在剂量20mg/m2,连用每天重复5天在1小时内通过连续静脉输注。重复周期,每4周。 剂型和优势 单剂量小瓶中的冻干粉末,50毫克/瓶。 禁忌 无 警告和注意事项 中性粒细胞减少和血小板减少症:执行完整的血液计数和血小板计数。 怀孕:可引起胎儿造成伤害。建议孕妇对胎儿的潜在风险。 有生育能力的女性和男性与女性生育能力的合作伙伴应该采取有效的避孕措施,避免怀孕。 不良反应 最常见的不良反应是中性粒细胞减少,血小板减少,贫血,发热(> 50%)。 日期:03/2010
Decitabine Injection What is Decitabine Injection?
DECITABINE (Dacogen™) is a chemotherapy agent used to treat myelodysplastic syndromes. Decitabine interferes with the growth of rapidly dividing cells, like cancer cells, and eventually causes these cells to die. What should I tell my health care provider before I take this medicine? They need to know if you have any of these conditions: • dental disease • infection (especially viral infections such as chickenpox or herpes) • kidney disease • liver disease • an unusual reaction to decitabine, other medicines, foods, dyes, or preservatives • pregnant or trying to get pregnant • breast-feeding How should this medicine be used? Decitabine is given as an infusion into a vein. It is usually administered in a hospital or clinic setting. Contact your pediatrician or health care professional regarding the use of this medicine in children. Special care may be needed. What if I miss a dose? It is important not to miss a dose if you require regular therapy. Let your prescriber or health care professional know if you are unable to keep an appointment. What drug(s) may interact with Decitabine? • vaccines Talk to your prescriber or health care professional before taking any of these medicines: • aspirin • acetaminophen • digoxin • ibuprofen • naproxen • ketoprofen Tell your prescriber or health care professional about all other medicines you are taking, including non-prescription medicines, nutritional supplements, or herbal products. Also tell your prescriber or health care professional if you are a frequent user of drinks with caffeine or alcohol, if you smoke, or if you use illegal drugs. These may affect the way your medicine works. Check with your health care professional before stopping or starting any of your medicines.
What should I watch for while taking Decitabine?
Visit your prescriber or health care professional for checks on your progress. You will need to have regular blood checks. The side effects can continue after you finish your treatment; report side effects promptly. Decitabine may make you feel generally unwell. This is not uncommon because decitabine affects good cells as well as cancer cells. Report any side effects as above, but continue your course of medicine even though you feel ill, unless your prescriber or health care professional tells you to stop. Decitabine may decrease your body's ability to fight infections. Call your prescriber or health care professional if you have a fever, chills, sore throat or other symptoms of a cold or flu. Do not treat these symptoms yourself. Try to avoid being around people who are sick. Decitabine may increase your risk to bruise or bleed. Call your prescriber or health care professional if you notice any unusual bleeding. Be careful not to cut, bruise or injure yourself because you may get an infection and bleed more than usual. Be careful brushing and flossing your teeth or using a toothpick while receiving decitabine because you may get an infection or bleed more easily. If you have any dental work done, tell your dentist you are receiving decitabine. There is a possibility that decitabine could cause harm to an unborn child; this applies to both men and women. If you are pregnant or you or your partner are considering getting pregnant, talk to your health care provider about the risks of decitabine therapy. Women or men whose partner may have children should use appropriate birth control methods during decitabine therapy. Discuss possible methods of birth control with your health care provider. What side effects may I notice from receiving Decitabine? The side effects you may experience with decitabine therapy depend upon the dose, other types of chemotherapy or radiation therapy given, and the disease being treated. Not all of these effects occur in all patients. Discuss any concerns or questions with your prescriber or health care professional. Side effects that you should report to your prescriber or health care professional as soon as possible: • low blood counts - decitabine may decrease the number of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets. You may be at increased risk for infections and bleeding. • signs of infection - fever or chills, cough, sore throat, pain or difficulty passing urine • signs of decreased platelets or bleeding - bruising, pinpoint red spots on the skin, black, tarry stools, blood in the urine • signs of decreased red blood cells - unusual weakness or tiredness, fainting spells, lightheadednes • increased blood sugar Side effects that usually do not require medical attention (report to your prescriber or health care professional if they continue or are bothersome): • constipation • diarrhea • fatigue • headache • loss of appetite • nausea, vomiting • skin rash, itching • stomach pain • water retention
Where can I keep my medicine?
You will only receive this medicine in a hospital or clinic setting and will not need to store it at home. |