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注射用米卡芬净钠粉剂|MYCAMINE Powder(MICAFUNGIN SODIUM)

2013-07-15 14:02:06  作者:新特药房  来源:互联网  浏览次数:228  文字大小:【】【】【
简介:3月16日,FDA已经批准Mycamine(micafungin 钠注射液)用于预防行造血干细胞移植术患者的念珠菌感染以及治疗食道念珠菌感染。 Mycamine属于新一代棘白菌素类抗真菌剂,可通过靶向抑制真菌细胞壁的合成达到治疗感 ...

Mycamine(micafungin 钠注射液)用于预防行造血干细胞移植术患者的念珠菌感染以及治疗食道念珠菌感染。 
Mycamine属于新一代棘白菌素类抗真菌剂,可通过靶向抑制真菌细胞壁的合成达到治疗感染的效果。
Mycamine 50mg and 100mg powder for solution for infusion
1. Name of the medicinal product
Mycamine® 50 mg powder for solution for infusion
Mycamine® 100 mg powder for solution for infusion
2. Qualitative and quantitative composition
Each vial contains 50 mg micafungin (as sodium).
After reconstitution each ml contains 10 mg micafungin (as sodium).
Each vial contains 100 mg micafungin (as sodium).
After reconstitution each ml contains 20 mg micafungin (as sodium).
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3. Pharmaceutical form
Powder for solution for infusion.
White compact powder.
4. Clinical particulars
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Mycamine is indicated for:
Adults, adolescents ≥ 16 years of age and elderly:
- Treatment of invasive candidiasis.
- Treatment of oesophageal candidiasis in patients for whom intravenous therapy is appropriate.
- Prophylaxis of Candida infection in patients undergoing allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation or patients who are expected to have neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count < 500 cells / µl) for 10 or more days.
Children (including neonates) and adolescents < 16 years of age:
- Treatment of invasive candidiasis.
- Prophylaxis of Candida infection in patients undergoing allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation or patients who are expected to have neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count < 500 cells / µl) for 10 or more days.
The decision to use Mycamine should take into account a potential risk for the development of liver tumours (see section 4.4). Mycamine should therefore only be used if other antifungals are not appropriate.
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Consideration should be given to official/national guidance on the appropriate use of antifungal agents.
Treatment with Mycamine should be initiated by a physician experienced in the management of fungal infections.
Specimens for fungal culture and other relevant laboratory studies (including histopathology) should be obtained prior to therapy to isolate and identify causative organism(s). Therapy may be instituted before the results of the cultures and other laboratory studies are known. However, once these results become available, antifungal therapy should be adjusted accordingly.
Posology
The dose regimen of Mycamine depends on the body weight of the patient as given in the following tables:
Use in adults, adolescents ≥ 16 years of age and elderly

Indication

 
 

Body weight > 40 kg

Body weight ≤ 40 kg

Treatment of invasive candidiasis

100 mg/day*

2 mg/kg/day*

Treatment of oesophageal candidiasis

150 mg/day

3 mg/kg/day

Prophylaxis of Candida infection

50 mg/day

1 mg/kg/day

*If the patient's response is inadequate, e.g. persistence of cultures or if clinical condition does not improve, the dose may be increased to 200 mg/day in patients weighing > 40 kg or 4 mg/kg/day in patients ≤ 40 kg.
Treatment duration
Invasive candidiasis: The treatment duration of Candida infection should be a minimum of 14 days. The antifungal treatment should continue for at least one week after two sequential negative blood cultures have been obtained and after resolution of clinical signs and symptoms of infection.
Oesophageal candidiasis:For the treatment of oesophageal candidiasis, Mycamine should be administered for at least one week after resolution of clinical signs and symptoms.
Prophylaxis of Candida infections: For prophylaxis of Candida infection, Mycamine should be administered for at least one week after neutrophil recovery.
Use in children (including neonates) and adolescents < 16 years of age

Indication

 
 

Body weight > 40 kg

Body weight ≤ 40 kg

Treatment of invasive candidiasis

100 mg/day*

2 mg/kg/day*

Prophylaxis of Candida infection

50 mg/day

1 mg/kg/day

If the patient's response is inadequate, e.g. persistence of cultures or if clinical condition does not improve, the dose may be increased to 200 mg/day in patients weighing > 40 kg or 4 mg/kg/day in patients weighing ≤ 40 kg.
Treatment duration
Invasive candidiasis: The treatment duration of Candida infection should be a minimum of 14 days. The antifungal treatment should continue for at least one week after two sequential negative blood cultures have been obtained and after resolution of clinical signs and symptoms of infection.
Prophylaxis of Candida infections: For prophylaxis of Candida infection, Mycamine should be administered for at least one week after neutrophil recovery. Experience with Mycamine in patients less than 2 years of age is limited.
Gender/race
No dose adjustment is necessary based on gender or race (see section 5.2).
Patients with hepatic impairment
No dose adjustment is necessary in patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment (see section 5.2). There are currently insufficient data available for the use of Mycamine in patients with severe hepatic impairment and its use is not recommended in these patients (see section 4.4 and 5.2).
Patients with renal impairment
No dose adjustment is necessary in patients with renal impairment (see section 5.2).
Method of administration
After reconstitution and dilution, the solution should be administered by intravenous infusion over approximately 1 hour. More rapid infusions may result in more frequent histamine mediated reactions.
For reconstitution instructions see section 6.6.
4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance, to other echinocandins or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Hepatic effects:
The development of foci of altered hepatocytes (FAH) and hepatocellular tumours after a treatment period of 3 months or longer were observed in rats. The assumed threshold for tumour development in rats is approximately in the range of clinical exposure. The relevance of this finding for the therapeutic use in patients can not be excluded. Liver function should be carefully monitored during micafungin treatment. To minimise the risk of adaptive regeneration and potentially subsequent liver tumour formation, early discontinuation in the presence of significant and persistent elevation of ALT/AST is recommended. Micafungin treatment should be conducted on a careful risk/benefit basis, particularly in patients having severe liver function impairment or chronic liver diseases known to represent preneoplastic conditions, such as advanced liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, viral hepatitis, neonatal liver disease or congenital enzyme defects, or receiving a concomitant therapy including hepatotoxic and/or genotoxic properties.
Micafungin treatment was associated with significant impairment of liver function (increase of ALT, AST or total bilirubin > 3 times ULN) in both healthy volunteers and patients. In some patients more severe hepatic dysfunction, hepatitis, or hepatic failure including fatal cases have been reported. Paediatric patients < 1 year of age might be more prone to liver injury (see section 4.8).
Anaphylactic reactions
During administration of micafungin, anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions including shock may occur. If these reactions occur, micafungin infusion should be discontinued and appropriate treatment administered.
Skin reactions
Exfoliative cutaneous reactions, such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis have been reported. If patients develop a rash they should be monitored closely and micafungin discontinued if lesions progress.
Haemolysis
Rare cases of haemolysis including acute intravascular haemolysis or haemolytic anaemia have been reported in patients treated with micafungin. Patients who develop clinical or laboratory evidence of haemolysis during micafungin therapy should be monitored closely for evidence of worsening of these conditions and evaluated for the risk/benefit of continuing micafungin therapy.
Renal effects
Micafungin may cause kidney problems, renal failure, and abnormal renal function test. Patients should be closely monitored for worsening of renal function.
Interactions with other medicinal products
Co-administration of micafungin and amphotericin B desoxycholate should only be used when the benefits clearly outweigh the risks, with close monitoring of amphotericin B desoxycholate toxicities (see section 4.5).
Patients receiving sirolimus, nifedipine or itraconazole in combination with Mycamine should be monitored for sirolimus, nifedipine or itraconazole toxicity and the sirolimus, nifedipine or itraconazole dosage should be reduced if necessary (see section 4.5).
Paediatric population
The incidence of some adverse reactions was higher in paediatric patients than in adult patients (see section 4.8).
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Micafungin has a low potential for interactions with medicines metabolised via CYP3A mediated pathways.
Drug interaction studies in healthy human subjects were conducted to evaluate the potential for interaction between micafungin and mycophenolate mofetil, ciclosporin, tacrolimus, prednisolone, sirolimus, nifedipine, fluconazole, ritonavir, rifampicin, itraconazole, voriconazole and amphotericin B. In these studies, no evidence of altered pharmacokinetics of micafungin was observed. No micafungin dose adjustments are necessary when these medicines are administered concomitantly. Exposure (AUC) of itraconazole, sirolimus and nifedipine was slightly increased in the presence of micafungin (22%, 21% and 18% respectively).
Co-administration of micafungin and amphotericin B desoxycholate was associated with a 30% increase in amphotericin B desoxycholate exposure. Since this may be of clinical significance this co-administration should only be used when the benefits clearly outweigh the risks, with close monitoring of amphotericin B desoxycholate toxicities (see section 4.4).
Patients receiving sirolimus, nifedipine or itraconazole in combination with Mycamine should be monitored for sirolimus, nifedipine or itraconazole toxicity and the sirolimus, nifedipine or itraconazole dosage should be reduced if necessary (see section 4.4).
4.6 Pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy
There are no data from the use of micafungin in pregnant women. In animal studies micafungin crossed the placental barrier and reproductive toxicity was seen (see section 5.3). The potential risk for humans is unknown.
Mycamine should not be used during pregnancy unless clearly necessary.
Breast-feeding
It is not known whether micafungin is excreted in human breast milk. Animal studies have shown excretion of micafungin in breast milk. A decision on whether to continue/discontinue breast-feeding or to continue/discontinue therapy with Mycamine should be made taking into account the benefit of breast-feeding to the child and the benefit of Mycamine therapy to the mother.
Fertility
Testicular toxicity was observed in animal studies (see section 5.3). Micafungin may have the potential to affect male fertility in humans.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed. However, adverse reactions may occur, which may influence the ability to drive and use machines (see section 4.8).
4.8 Undesirable effects
Summary of the safety profile
The safety profile of micafungin is based on 3028 patients treated with micafungin in clinical studies: 2.002 patients with Candida infections (including candidaemia, invasive candidiasis and oesophageal candidiasis), 375 with invasive aspergillosis (primarily refractory infections) and 651 for prophylaxis of systemic fungal infections.
The patients treated with micafungin in clinical studies represent a critically ill patient population that requires multiple medicinal products including antineoplastic chemotherapy, potent systemic immunosuppressants and broad spectrum antibiotics. These patients had a wide variety of complex underlying conditions such as haematological malignancies and HIV-infection or were transplant recipients and/or treated in intensive care. Patients treated prophylactically with micafungin were those undergoing haematopoetic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) who were at high risk for fungal infections.
Overall 32.2% of the patients experienced adverse drug reactions. The most frequently reported adverse reactions were nausea (2.8%), blood alkaline phosphatase increased (2.7%), phlebitis (2.5%, primarily in HIV infected patients with peripheral lines), vomiting (2.5%), and aspartate aminotransferase increased (2.3%). No clinically significant differences were seen when the safety data were analysed by gender or race.
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
In the following table adverse reactions are listed by system organ class and MedDRA preferred term. Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.

System Organ Class

Common

≥ 1/100 to < 1/10

Uncommon

≥ 1/1,000 to < 1/100

Rare

≥ 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000

Not known

(frequency cannot be estimated from available data)

Blood and lymphatic system disorders

leukopenia, neutropenia, anaemia

pancytopenia, thrombocytopenia, eosinophilia, hypoalbuminaemia

haemolytic anaemia, haemolysis (see section 4.4)

disseminated intravascular coagulation

Immune system disorders

 

anaphylactic / anaphylactoid reaction (see section 4.4), hypersensitivity

   

Endocrine disorders

 

hyperhidrosis

   

Metabolism and nutritional disorders

hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia, hypocalcaemia

hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemia, hypophosphataemia, anorexia

   

Psychiatric disorders

 

insomnia, anxiety, confusion

   

Nervous system disorders

headache

somnolence, tremor, dizziness, dysgeusia

   

Cardiac disorders

 

tachycardia, palpitations, bradycardia

   

Vascular disorders

phlebitis

hypotension, hypertension, flushing

 

shock

Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders

 

dyspnoea

   

Gastrointestinal disorders

nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain

dyspepsia, constipation

   

Hepatobiliary disorders

blood alkaline phosphatase increased, aspartate aminotransferase increased, alanine aminotransferase increased, blood bilirubin increased (including hyperbilirubinaemia), liver function test abnormal

hepatic failure (see section 4.4), gamma-glutamyltransferase increased, jaundice, cholestasis, hepatomegaly, hepatitis

 

hepatocellular damage including fatal cases (see section 4.4)

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders

rash

urticaria, pruritus, erythema

 

toxic skin eruption, erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis (see section 4.4)

Renal and urinary disorders

 

blood creatinine increased, blood urea increased, renal failure aggravated

 

renal impairment (see section 4.4), acute renal failure

General disorders and administration site conditions

pyrexia, rigors

injection site thrombosis, infusion site inflammation, injection site pain, peripheral oedema

   

Investigations

 

blood lactate dehydrogenase increased

 
Description of selected adverse reactions
Possible allergic-like symptoms
Symptoms such as rash and rigors have been reported in clinical studies. The majority were of mild to moderate intensity and not treatment limiting. Serious reactions (e.g. anaphylactoid reaction 0.2%, 6/3028) were uncommonly reported during therapy with micafungin and only in patients with serious underlying conditions (e.g. advanced AIDS, malignancies) requiring multiple co-medications.
Hepatic adverse reactions
The overall incidence of hepatic adverse reactions in the patients treated with micafungin in clinical studies was 8.6% (260/3028). The majority of hepatic adverse reactions were mild and moderate. Most frequent reactions were increase in AP (2.7%), AST (2.3%), ALT (2.0%), blood bilirubin (1.6%) and liver function test abnormal (1.5%). Few patients (1.1%; 0.4% serious) discontinued treatment due to a hepatic event. Cases of serious hepatic dysfunction occurred uncommonly (see section 4.4).
Injection-site reactions
None of the injection-site adverse reactions were treatment limiting.
Paediatric population
The incidence of some adverse reactions (listed in the table below) was higher in paediatric patients than in adult patients. Additionally, paediatric patients < 1 year of age experienced about two times more often an increase in ALT, AST and AP than older paediatric patients (see section 4.4). The most likely reason for these differences were different underlying conditions compared with adults or older paediatric patients observed in clinical studies. At the time of entering the study, the proportion of paediatric patients with neutropenia was several-fold higher than in adult patients (40.2% and 7.3% of children and adults, respectively), as well as allogeneic HSCT (29.4% and 13.4%, respectively) and haematological malignancy (29.1% and 8.7%, respectively).
Blood and lymphatic system disorders
common
 thrombocytopenia
Cardiac disorders
common
 tachycardia
Vascular disorders
common
 hypertension, hypotension
Hepatobiliary disorders
common
 hyperbilirubinaemia, hepatomegaly
Renal and urinary disorders
common
 acute renal failure, blood urea increased
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.
4.9 Overdose
Repeated daily doses up to 8 mg/kg (maximum total dose 896 mg) in adult patients have been administered in clinical trials with no reported dose-limiting toxicity. One case of mis-dosage of 7.8 mg/kg/day for 7 days was reported in a newborn patient. No adverse reactions associated with this high dose were noted.
There is no experience with overdoses of micafungin. In case of overdose, general supportive measures and symptomatic treatment should be administered. Micafungin is highly protein-bound and not dialysable.
5. Pharmacological properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antimycotics for systemic use, other antimycotics for systemic use, ATC code: J02AX05
Mode of action
Micafungin non-competitively inhibits the synthesis of 1,3-β-D-glucan, an essential component of the fungal cell wall. 1,3-β-D-glucan is not present in mammalian cells.
Micafungin exhibits fungicidal activity against most Candida species and prominently inhibits actively growing hyphae of Aspergillus species.
PK/PD relationship
In animals models of candidiasis, a correlation was observed between exposure of micafungin divided by MIC (AUC/MIC) and efficacy defined as the ratio required to prevent progressive fungal growth. A ratio of ~2400 and ~1300 was required for C. albicans and C. glabrata, respectively, in these models. At the recommended therapeutic dosage of Mycamine, these ratios are achievable for the wild-type distribution of Candida spp.
Mechanism(s) of resistance
As for all antimicrobial agents, cases of reduced susceptibility and resistance have been reported and cross-resistance with other echinocandins cannot be excluded. Reduced susceptibility to echinocandins has been associated with mutations in the Fks1 and Fks2 genes coding for a major subunit of glucan synthase.
Breakpoints
EUCAST breakpoints

Candida species

MIC breakpoint (mg/L)

≤S (Susceptible)

>R (Resistant)

Candida albicans

0.016

0.016

Candida glabrata

0.03

0.03

Candida parapsilosis

0.002

2

Candida tropicalis 1

Insufficient evidence

Candida krusei1

Insufficient evidence

Candida guilliermondii1

Insufficient evidence

Other Candida spp.

Insufficient evidence

Information from clinical studies
Candidaemia and Invasive Candidiasis: Micafungin (100 mg/day or 2 mg/kg/day) was as effective as and better tolerated than liposomal amphotericin B (3 mg/kg) as first-line treatment of candidaemia and invasive candidiasis in a randomised, double-blind, multinational non-inferiority study. Micafungin and liposomal amphotericin B were received for a median duration of 15 days (range, 4 to 42 days in adults; 12 to 42 days in children).
Non-inferiority was proven for adult patients, and similar findings were demonstrated for the paediatric subpopulations (including neonates and premature infants). Efficacy findings were consistent, independent of the infective Candida species, primary site of infection and neutropenic status (see Table). Micafungin demonstrated a smaller mean peak decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate during treatment (p<0.001) and a lower incidence of infusion-related reactions (p=0.001) than liposomal amphotericin B.
Overall Treatment Success in the Per Protocol Set, Invasive Candidiasis Study

Micafungin

Liposomal Amphotericin B

% Difference

[95% CI]

N

n (%)

N

n (%)

 

Adult Patients

Overall Treatment Success

202

181 (89.6)

190

170 (89.5)

0.1 [-5.9, 6.1]

Overall Treatment Success by Neutropenic Status

Neutropenia at baseline

24

18 (75.0)

15

12 (80.0)

0.7 [-5.3, 6.7] ‡

No neutropenia at baseline

178

163 (91.6)

175

158 (90.3)

Paediatric Patients

Overall Treatment Success

48

35 (72.9)

50

38 (76.0)

-2.7 [-17.3, 11.9] §

< 2 years old

26

21 (80.8)

31

24 (77.4)

Premature Infants

10

7 (70.0)

9

6 (66.7)

Neonates (0 days to < 4 weeks)

7

7 (100)

5

4 (80)

2 to 15 years old

22

14 (63.6)

19

14 (73.7)

Adults and Children Combined, Overall Treatment Success by Candida Species

Candida albicans

102

91 (89.2)

98

89 (90.8)

 

Non-albicans species : all

151

133 (88.1)

140

123 (87.9)

C. tropicalis

59

54 (91.5)

51

49 (96.1)

C. parapsilosis

48

41 (85.4)

44

35 (79.5)

C. glabrata

23

19 (82.6)

17

14 (82.4)

 

C. krusei

9

8 (88.9)

7

6 (85.7)

† Micafungin rate minus the liposomal amphotericin B rate, and 2-sided 95% confidence interval for the difference in overall success rate based on large sample normal approximation.
Adjusted for neutropenic status; primary endpoint.
The paediatric population was not sized to test for non-inferiority.
Clinical efficacy was also observed (< 5 patients) in the following Candida species: C. guilliermondii, C. famata, C. lusitaniae, C. utilis, C. inconspicua and C. dubliniensis.
Oesophageal Candidiasis: In a randomised, double-blind study of micafungin versus fluconazole in the first-line treatment of oesophageal candidiasis, 518 patients received at least a single dose of study drug. The median treatment duration was 14 days and the median average daily dose was 150 mg for micafungin (N=260) and 200 mg for fluconazole (N=258). An endoscopic grade of 0 (endoscopic cure) at the end of treatment was observed for 87.7% (228/260) and 88.0% (227/258) of patients in the micafungin and fluconazole groups, respectively (95% CI for difference: [-5.9%, 5.3%]). The lower limit of the 95% CI was above the predefined non-inferiority margin of -10%, proving non-inferiority. The nature and incidence of adverse events were similar between treatment groups.
Prophylaxis: Micafungin was more effective than fluconazole in preventing invasive fungal infections in a population of patients at high risk of developing a systemic fungal infection (patients undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplantation [HSCT] in a randomised, double-blind, multicentre study). Treatment success was defined as the absence of a proven, probable, or suspected systemic fungal infection through the end of therapy and absence of a proven or probable systemic fungal infection through the end of study. Most patients (97%, N=882) had neutropenia at baseline (< 200 neutrophils/µL). Neutropenia persisted for a median of 13 days. There was a fixed daily dose of 50 mg (1.0 mg/kg) for micafungin and 400 mg (8 mg/kg) for fluconazole. The mean period of treatment was 19 days for micafungin and 18 days for fluconazole in the adult population (N=798) and 23 days for both treatment arms in the paediatric population (N=84).
The rate of treatment success was statistically significantly higher for micafungin than fluconazole (1.6% versus 2.4% breakthrough infections). Breakthrough Aspergillus infections were observed in 1 versus 7 patients, and proven or probable breakthrough Candida infections were observed in 4 versus 2 patients in the micafungin and fluconazole groups, respectively. Other breakthrough infections were caused by Fusarium (1 and 2 patients, respectively) and Zygomycetes (1 and 0 patients, respectively). The nature and incidence of adverse reactions were similar between treatment groups.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Absorption
Micafungin is an intravenously administered medication.
Pharmacokinetics are linear over the daily dose range of 12.5 mg to 200 mg and 3 mg/kg to 8 mg/kg. There is no evidence of systemic accumulation with repeated administration and steady-state is generally reached within 4 to 5 days.
Distribution
Following intravenous administration concentrations of micafungin show a biexponential decline. The drug is rapidly distributed into tissues.
In systemic circulation, micafungin is highly bound to plasma protein (> 99%), primarily to albumin. Binding to albumin is independent of micafungin concentration (10-100 µg/ml).
The volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) was approximately 18-19 litres.
Biotransformation
Unchanged micafungin is the principal circulating compound in systemic circulation. Micafungin has been shown to be metabolised to several compounds; of these M-1 (catechol form), M-2 (methoxy form of M-1) and M-5 (hydroxylation at the side chain) of micafungin have been detected in systemic circulation. Exposure to these metabolites is low and metabolites do not contribute to the overall efficacy of micafungin.
Even though micafungin is a substrate for CYP3A in vitro, hydroxylation by CYP3A is not a major pathway for micafungin metabolism in vivo.
Elimination and excretion
The mean terminal half-life is approximately 10-17 hours and stays consistent across doses up to 8 mg/kg and after single and repeated administration. Total clearance was 0.15-0.3 ml/min/kg in healthy subjects and adult patients and is independent of dose after single and repeated administration.
Following a single intravenous dose of 14C-micafungin (25 mg) to healthy volunteers, 11.6% of the radioactivity was recovered in the urine and 71.0% in the faeces over 28 days. These data indicate that elimination of micafungin is primarily non-renal. In plasma, metabolites M-1 and M-2 were detected only at trace concentrations and metabolite M-5, the more abundant metabolite, accounted for a total of 6.5% relative to parent compound.
Special populations
Paediatric patients: In paediatric patients AUC values were dose proportional over the dose range of 0.5-4 mg/kg. Clearance was influenced by age, with mean values of clearance in younger children (2-11 years) being approximately 1.3 -fold greater than those in older children (12-17 years). Older children had mean clearance values similar to those determined in adult patients. Mean clearance in premature infants (gestational age approximately 26 weeks) is approximately 5-fold greater than in adults.
Elderly: When administered as a single 1-hour infusion of 50 mg the pharmacokinetics of micafungin in the elderly (aged 66-78 years) were similar to those in young (20-24 years) subjects. No dose adjustment is necessary for the elderly.
Patients with hepatic impairment: In a study performed in patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score 7-9), (n=8), the pharmacokinetics of micafungin did not significantly differ from those in healthy subjects (n=8). Therefore, no dose adjustment is necessary for patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment. In a study performed in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score 10-12) (n=8), lower plasma concentrations of micafungin and higher plasma concentrations of the hydroxide metabolite (M-5) were seen compared to healthy subjects (n=8). These data are insufficient to support a dosing recommendation in patients with severe hepatic impairment.
Patients with renal impairment: Severe renal impairment (Glomerular Filtration Rate [GFR] < 30 ml/min) did not significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of micafungin. No dose adjustment is necessary for patients with renal impairment.
Gender/Race: Gender and race (Caucasian, Black and Oriental) did not significantly influence the pharmacokinetic parameters of micafungin. No dose adjustment of micafungin is required based on gender or race.
5.3 Preclinical safety data
The development of foci of altered hepatocytes (FAH) and hepatocellular tumours in rats was dependent on both dose and duration of micafungin treatment. FAH recorded after treatment for 13 weeks or longer persisted after a 13-week withdrawal period and developed into hepatocellular tumours following a treatment free period which covered the life span of rats. No standard carcinogenicity studies have been conducted but the development of FAH was assessed in female rats after up to 20 and 18 months after cessation of a 3 and 6 month treatment, respectively. In both studies increased incidences/numbers of hepatocellular tumours were observed after the 18 and 20 month treatment free period in the high dose group of 32 mg/kg/day as well as in a lower dose group (although not statistically significant). The plasma exposure at the assumed threshold for tumour development in rats (i.e. the dose where no FAH and liver tumours were detected) was in the same range as the clinical exposure. The relevance of the hepatocarcinogenic potential of micafungin for the human therapeutic use is not known.
The toxicology of micafungin following repeated intravenous dosing in rats and/or dogs showed adverse responses in liver, urinary tract, red blood cells, and male reproductive organs. The exposure levels at which these effects did not occur (NOAEL) were in the same range as the clinical exposure or lower. Consequently, the occurrence of these adverse responses may be expected in human clinical use of micafungin.
In standard safety pharmacology tests, cardiovascular and histamine releasing effects of micafungin were evident and appeared to be time above threshold dependent. Prolongation of infusion time reducing the plasma concentration peak appeared to reduce these effects.
In repeated dose toxicity studies in rat signs of hepatotoxicity consisted of increased liver enzymes and degenerative changes of hepatocytes which were accompanied by signs of compensatory regeneration. In dog, liver effects consisted of increased weight and centrilobular hypertrophy, no degenerative changes of hepatocytes were observed.
In rats, vacuolation of the renal pelvic epithelium as well as vacuolation and thickening (hyperplasia) of the bladder epithelium were observed in 26-week repeat dose studies. In a second 26-week study hyperplasia of transitional cells in the urinary bladder occurred with a much lower incidence. These findings showed reversibility over a follow-up period of 18 months. The duration of micafungin dosing in these rat studies (6 months) exceeds the usual duration of micafungin dosing in patients (see section 5.1).
Micafungin haemolysed rabbit blood in vitro. In rats, signs of haemolytic anaemia were observed after repeated bolus injection of micafungin. In repeat dose studies in dogs, haemolytic anaemia was not observed.
In reproductive and developmental toxicity studies, reduced birth weight of the pups was noted. One abortion occurred in rabbits at 32 mg/kg/day. Male rats treated intravenously for 9 weeks showed vacuolation of the epididymal ductal epithelial cells, increased epididymis weights and reduced number of sperm cells (by 15%), however, in studies of 13 and 26 weeks duration these changes did not occur. In adult dogs, atrophy of seminiferous tubules with vacuolation of the seminiferous epithelium and decreased sperm in the epididymides were noted after prolonged treatment (39 weeks) but not after 13 weeks of treatment. In juvenile dogs, 39 weeks treatment did not induce lesions in the testis and epididymides in a dose dependent manner at the end of treatment but after a treatment free period of 13 weeks a dose dependent increase in these lesions were noted in the treated recovery groups. No impairment of male or female fertility was observed in the fertility and early embryonic development study in rats.
Micafungin was not mutagenic or clastogenic when evaluated in a standard battery of in vitro and in vivo tests, including an in vitro study on unscheduled DNA synthesis using rat hepatocytes.
6. Pharmaceutical particulars
6.1 List of excipients
Lactose monohydrate
Citric acid anhydrous (to adjust the pH)
Sodium hydroxide (to adjust the pH)
6.2 Incompatibilities
This medicinal product must not be mixed or co-infused with other medicinal products except those mentioned in section 6.6.
6.3 Shelf life
Unopened vial: 3 years.
Reconstituted concentrate in vial:
Chemical and physical in-use stability has been demonstrated for up to 48 hours at 25°C when reconstituted with sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution for infusion or glucose 50 mg/ml (5%) solution for infusion.
Diluted infusion solution:
Chemical and physical in-use stability has been demonstrated for 96 hours at 25°C when protected from light when diluted with sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution for infusion or glucose 50 mg/ml (5%) solution for infusion.
Mycamine contains no preservatives. From a microbiological point of view, the reconstituted and diluted solutions should be used immediately. If not used immediately, in-use storage times and conditions prior to use are the responsibility of the user and would normally not be longer than 24 hours at 2 to 8°C, unless the reconstitution and dilution have taken place in controlled and validated aseptic conditions.
6.4 Special precautions for storage
Unopened vials: This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.
For storage conditions after reconstitution and dilution of the medicinal product, see section 6.3.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
10 ml Type I glass vial with an isobutylene-isoprene (PTFE-laminated) rubber stopper and a flip-off cap. The vial is wrapped with an UV-protective film.
Supplied in packs of 1 vial.
6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
Any unused product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
Mycamine must not be mixed or co-infused with other medicinal products except those mentioned below. Using aseptic techniques at room temperature, Mycamine is reconstituted and diluted as follows:
1. The plastic cap must be removed from the vial and the stopper disinfected with alcohol.
2. Five ml of sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution for infusion or glucose 50 mg/ml (5%) solution for infusion (taken from a 100 ml bottle/bag) should be aseptically and slowly injected into each vial along the side of the inner wall. Although the concentrate will foam, every effort should be made to minimise the amount of foam generated. A sufficient number of vials of Mycamine must be reconstituted to obtain the required dose in mg (see table below).
3. The vial should be rotated gently. DO NOT SHAKE. The powder will dissolve completely. The concentrate should be used immediately. The vial is for single use only. Therefore, please discard unused reconstituted concentrate immediately.
4. All of the reconstituted concentrate should be withdrawn from each vial and returned into the infusion bottle/bag from which it was originally taken. The diluted infusion solution should be used immediately. Chemical and physical in-use stability has been demonstrated for 96 hours at 25°C when protected from light and diluted as described above.
5. The infusion bottle/bag should be gently inverted to disperse the diluted solution but NOT agitated in order to avoid foaming. Do not use if the solution is cloudy or has precipitated.
6. The infusion bottle/bag containing the diluted infusion solution should be inserted into a closable opaque bag for protection from light.
Preparation of the solution for infusion

Dose

(mg)

Mycamine vial to be used

(mg/vial)

Volume of sodium chloride (0.9%) or glucose (5%) to be added per vial

Volume (concentration) of reconstituted powder

Standard infusion (added up to 100 ml)

Final concentration

50

1 x 50

5 ml

approx. 5 ml (10 mg/ml)

0.5 mg/ml

100

1 x 100

5 ml

approx. 5 ml (20 mg/ml)

1.0 mg/ml

150

1 x 100 + 1 x 50

5 ml

approx. 10 ml

1.5 mg/ml

200

2 x 100

5 ml

approx. 10 ml

2.0 mg/ml

After reconstitution and dilution, the solution should be administered by intravenous infusion over approximately 1 hour.
7. Marketing authorisation holder
Astellas Pharma Europe B.V.
Sylviusweg 62
2333 BE Leiden
Netherlands
8. Marketing authorisation number(s)
EU/1/08/448/001 – 50mg
EU/1/08/448/002 – 100mg
9. Date of first authorisation/renewal of the authorisation
Date of first authorisation: 25 April 2008
Date of latest renewal: 20 December 2012
10. Date of revision of the text
18 December 2013
Detailed information on this medicinal product is available on the website of the European Medicines Agency http://www.ema.europa.eu/.


米卡芬净钠:第二种获准上市的棘白菌素类抗真菌药物
米卡芬净钠(Micafungin Sodium,又称FK463,商品名:Mycamine,日本藤泽公司)是继卡泊芬净(科赛斯,默克公司)之后FDA批准的第二种棘白菌素类抗真菌药物。与现有其他种类抗真菌药物相比,棘白菌素类药物的不良反应及药物相互作用相对少见。该药批准上市日期为2005年3月16日。
【适应症】
米卡芬净钠主要用于治疗食管念珠菌病以及预防造血干细胞移植患者的念珠菌感染。米卡芬净钠治疗念珠菌以外的真菌所致感染的疗效目前尚不十分清楚。
【药理及药代动力学】
米卡芬净钠为一种半合成脂肽类物质,由真菌Cokeophoma empetri的发酵产物研制而得。米卡芬净钠可特异性抑制真菌细胞壁的组成成分β(1,3)-D-葡聚糖的合成,破坏真菌细胞结构,使之溶解。由于哺乳动物细胞不合成β(1,3)-D-葡聚糖,因此米卡芬净钠一般不会产生类似两性霉素B样的细胞毒性。目前,米卡芬净钠的抗念珠菌活性已经明确,但其抗曲霉菌活性则需进一步研究。目前尚未观察到两性霉素B或唑类抗真菌药与米卡芬净钠之间存在交叉耐药性,也不清楚真菌是否会对米卡芬净钠产生耐药性。
【注意事项】
健康志愿者和患者在应用米卡芬净钠后可能出现肝功能异常。部分同时给予米卡芬净钠和其他药物的患者曾经出现过肝功能失调、肝炎,甚至恶化为肝衰竭。如果患者在给予米卡芬净钠后出现的肝功能异常情况持续发展,那么这些患者须密切观察其肝功能变化情况,以确定继续给药治疗所带来的益处是否大于可能存在的风险。
有报道指出米卡芬净钠可能导致患者血尿素氮和肌酐水平升高,个别病例还曾出现肾功能失调和急性肾功能衰竭。因此,肾功能检查异常患者应密切留意肾功能变化情况。此外,部分患者在米卡芬净钠治疗过程中还出现过溶血和溶血性贫血。因此,对出现有关症状的患者须密切观察,同时积极评价患者继续治疗的风险/利益比。
【药物相互作用】
到目前为止,已经在健康志愿者中进行了11项米卡芬净钠与其他药物之间的药物相互作用临床研究,其中包括霉酚酸酯、环孢霉素A、他克莫司、泼尼松龙、西罗莫司、硝苯地平、氟康唑、利托那韦和利福平。在这些研究中,未发现上述药物会影响米卡芬净钠的药代动力学;单剂量或多剂量米卡芬净钠也不会对霉酚酸酯、环孢霉素A、他克莫司、泼尼松龙、氟康唑的药代动力学产生影响。
与米卡芬净钠合用时,西罗莫司的药时曲线下面积(AUC)将升高21%,最大峰浓度(Cmax)则不受影响;硝苯地平的AUC和Cmax则分别升高18%和42%。因此,联合应用西罗莫司/米卡芬净钠和硝苯地平/米卡芬净钠的患者应留意西罗莫司或硝苯地的毒性反应,同时在必要时可减少此两种药物的给药剂量。米卡芬净钠不是P糖蛋白的抑制剂,因此,此药不会影响P糖蛋白介导的药物转运。
【不良反应】
米卡芬净钠较为严重的不良反应在“注意事项”中已有提及。此外,米卡芬净钠还有可能引起与组胺有关的不良反应,如皮疹、瘙痒、面部肿胀和血管舒张。当给药剂量在50~150mg/d时,米卡芬净钠可能引起注射部位反应,如静脉炎和血栓性静脉炎。这些不良事件通常发生在通过外周静脉给药的患者当中。
【剂量及用药】
米卡芬净钠为冻干粉针,其规格为50mg/瓶,须在室温下(15℃~30℃)避光保存。米卡芬净钠治疗食管念珠菌病的推荐剂量为150mg/d,预防造血干细胞移植患者的念珠菌感染的推荐剂量为50mg/d。在临床试验中,米卡芬净钠用于上述两种适应症时的平均疗程分别为15天和19天。
米卡芬净钠只能用生理盐水(可用5%葡萄糖注射液代替)配制和稀释。配制时,每50mg米卡芬净钠先加入5mk生理盐水溶解。为减少泡沫的产生,须轻轻转动玻璃瓶,不可用力振摇。随后将已溶解好的米卡芬净钠溶液加入到100mk生理盐水中滴注给药,给药时间至少1小时,否则易产生不良反应。给药前输液管路应先用生理盐水冲洗,加药输液应注意避光保存。
【用药提示】
使用米卡芬净钠前,患者应告知医师自己是否对此药或其他药物过敏,以及详细介绍自己的既往病史,包括是否患有肝病、肾病或血液疾病(如贫血、骨髓功能降低等)。
---------------------------------------------------------------
产地国家: 德国
原产地英文商品名:
MYCAMINE Powder and Solvent for Solution for Infusion 50mg/vial
原产地英文药品名:
MICAFUNGIN SODIUM
中文参考商品译名:
MYCAMINE注射用粉剂50毫克/支
中文参考药品译名:
MICAFUNGIN钠
生产厂家中文参考译名:
安斯泰来
生产厂家英文名:
ASTELLAS
---------------------------------------------------------------
产地国家: 德国
原产地英文商品名:
MYCAMINE Powder and Solvent for Solution for Infusion 100mg/vial
原产地英文药品名:
MICAFUNGIN SODIUM
中文参考商品译名:
MYCAMINE注射用粉剂100毫克/支
中文参考药品译名:
MICAFUNGIN钠
生产厂家中文参考译名:
安斯泰来
生产厂家英文名:
ASTELLAS

责任编辑:admin


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