英文药名：Sandostatin(Octreotide Acetate Injection)

中文药名：醋酸奥曲肽注射剂

生产厂家：德国诺华制药
药品介绍
【别名】生长抑素八肽，善得定，奥曲肽
药理作用及用途
主要作用有：
①可抑制生长激素、促甲状腺激素、胃肠道和胰腺内分泌激素的病理性分泌过多。
②可选择性地减少门静脉及其侧枝循环血流量和压力；降低食管胃底静脉的压力；抑制胰高糖素的分泌和拮抗胰高糖素对内脏血管的扩张作用，而对全身血液动力学影响小。
③可抑制胆囊的排空，抑制胆囊收缩素，促胰液素的分泌，减少胰酶的损伤作用；对Oddi括约肌具有松弛作用，有利于胰液的排泄。
④可抑制胃酸-胃蛋白酶和胃泌素的分泌，可改善胃粘膜血液供应 。
⑤本品可抑制胃肠蠕动。用于门脉高压所致的食管及胃底静脉破坏出血；应激性溃疡及消化性溃疡所致出血；预防和治疗急性胰腺炎及其并发症；治疗胰瘘和胃肠道瘘管，以及其他突眼性甲状腺肿、肢端肥大症、特发性假性肠梗阻。
用法及用量
①食管静脉出血：0.1mg缓慢静注(不少于5分钟)，随后25～50g/小时静滴至少48小时。
②应激性溃疡和消化性溃疡出血：0.1mg/次皮下注射，1次/8小时，重者静脉给药。
③胰腺疾病：0.1～0.2mg/次，皮下注射(或静脉给药)，疗程7～14天。
④瘘管：0.1mg/次，1次/8小时，至瘘管闭合。
不良反应
①注射部位疼痛。
②有消化道不良反应；厌食、恶心、腹痛、腹泻及脂肪便等。
③长期应用可致胆石症和胃炎。
④偶见高血糖、糖耐量异常和肝功能异常。
注意事项
①禁用于对本品过敏者以及妊娠和哺乳期妇女。
②少数患者长期治疗有可能形成胆结石，因此于治疗前及治疗后6～12个月作B超检查。
③对胰岛素瘤本品有可能加至低血糖的程度，应注意观察。
④本品可减少环孢菌素的吸收，延缓西米替丁的吸收，应避免同时使用。
德国包装规格

0.1mg/1ML支x5支/盒
0.5mg/1ML支x5支/盒
0.05mg/1ML支x30支/盒
0.1mg/1ML支x30支/盒
0.5mg/1ML支x30支/盒

Sandostatin 0.05mg/ml, 0.1mg/ml, 0.5mg/ml Ampoules and Multidose Vial 1mg/5ml
1. Name of the medicinal product
Sandostatin®Ampoules 50 mcg/ml solution for injection or concentrate for solution for infusion
Sandostatin®Ampoules 100 mcg/ml solution for injection or concentrate for solution for infusion
Sandostatin®Ampoules 500 mcg/ml solution for injection or concentrate for solution for infusion
Sandostatin®Multidose Vial 1mg/5ml solution for injection or concentrate for solution for infusion
Octreotide® Ampoules 50 mcg/ml solution for injection or concentrate for solution for infusion
Octreotide® Ampoules 100 mcg/ml solution for injection or concentrate for solution for infusion
Octreotide® Ampoules 500 mcg/ml solution for injection or concentrate for solution for infusion
Octreotide® Multidose Vial 1mg/5ml solution for injection or concentrate for solution for infusion.
2. Qualitative and quantitative composition
The active substance is octreotide acetate.
0.05 mg octreotide (INN) per ml.
0.1 mg octreotide (INN) per ml.
0.5 mg octreotide (INN) per ml.
0.2 mg octreotide (INN) per ml.
Sandostatin solution for injection contains less than 1mmol (23mg) sodium per dose, i.e essentially “sodium-free”.
For a full list of excipients see section 6.1.
3. Pharmaceutical form
Solution for injection or concentrate for solution for infusion.
The solution is clear and colourless.
4. Clinical particulars
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Symptomatic control and reduction of growth hormone (GH) and IGF-1 plasma levels in patients with acromegaly who are inadequately controlled by surgery or radiotherapy. Sandostatin is also indicated for acromegalic patients unfit or unwilling to undergo surgery, or in the interim period until radiotherapy becomes fully effective.
Relief of symptoms associated with functional gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) endocrine tumours, e.g. carcinoid tumours with features of the carcinoid syndrome (see section 5.1).
Sandostatin is not an anti-tumour therapy and is not curative in these patients.
Prevention of complications following pancreatic surgery.
Emergency management to stop bleeding and to protect from re-bleeding owing to gastro-oesophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis. Sandostatin is to be used in association with specific treatment such as endoscopic sclerotherapy.
Treatment of TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas:
• when secretion has not normalised after surgery and/or radiotherapy;
• in patients in whom surgery is inappropriate;
• in irradiated patients, until radiotherapy is effective.
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Posology
Acromegaly
Initially 0.05 to 0.1 mg by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection every 8 or 12 hours. Dosage adjustment should be based on monthly assessment of GH and IGF-1 levels (target: GH <2.5 ng/mL; IGF-1 within normal range) and clinical symptoms, and on tolerability. In most patients, the optimal daily dose will be 0.3 mg. A maximum dose of 1.5 mg per day should not be exceeded. For patients on a stable dose of Sandostatin, assessment of GH should be made every 6 months.
If no relevant reduction in GH levels and no improvement in clinical symptoms have been achieved within 3 months of starting treatment with Sandostatin, therapy should be discontinued.
Gastro-entero-pancreatic endocrine tumours
Initially 0.05 mg once or twice daily by s.c. injection. Depending on clinical response, effect on levels of tumour-produced hormones (in cases of carcinoid tumours, on the urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid), and on tolerability, dosage can be gradually increased to 0.1 to 0.2 mg 3 times daily. Under exceptional circumstances, higher doses may be required. Maintenance doses have to be adjusted individually.
In carcinoid tumours, if there is no beneficial response within 1 week of treatment with Sandostatin at the maximum tolerated dose, therapy should not be continued.
Complications following pancreatic surgery
0.1mg 3 times daily by s.c. injection for 7 consecutive days, starting on the day of surgery at least 1 hour before laparotomy.
Bleeding gastro-oesophageal varices
25 micrograms/hour for 5 days by continuous intravenous (i.v.) infusion. Sandostatin can be used in dilution with physiological saline.
In cirrhotic patients with bleeding gastro-oesophageal varices, Sandostatin has been well tolerated at continuous i.v. doses of up to 50 micrograms/hour for 5 days.
Treatment of TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas
The dosage most generally effective is 100 micrograms three times a day by s.c. injection. The dose can be adjusted according to the responses of TSH and thyroid hormones. At least 5 days of treatment will be needed to judge the efficacy.
Use in the elderly
There is no evidence of reduced tolerability or altered dosage requirements in elderly patients treated with Sandostatin.
Use in children
Experience with Sandostatin in children is limited.
Use in patients with impaired liver function
In patients with liver cirrhosis, the half-life of the drug may be increased, necessitating adjustment of the maintenance dosage.
Use in patients with impaired renal function
Impaired renal function did not affect the total exposure (AUC) to octreotide administered as s.c. injection, therefore no dose adjustment of Sandostatin is necessary.
4.3 Contraindications
Known hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
General
As GH-secreting pituitary tumours may sometimes expand, causing serious complications (e.g. visual field defects), it is essential that all patients be carefully monitored. If evidence of tumour expansion appears, alternative procedures may be advisable.
The therapeutic benefits of a reduction in growth hormone (GH) levels and normalisation of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) concentration in female acromegalic patients could potentially restore fertility. Female patients of childbearing potential should be advised to use adequate contraception if necessary during treatment with octreotide (see section 4.6).
Thyroid function should be monitored in patients receiving prolonged treatment with octreotide.
Hepatic function should be monitored during octreotide therapy.
Cardiovascular related events
Common cases of bradycardia have been reported. Dose adjustments of medicinal products such as beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, or agents to control fluid and electrolyte balance, may be necessary (see section 4.5).
Gallbladder and related events
Octreotide inhibits secretion of cholecystokinin, resulting in reduced contractility of the gallbladder and an increased risk of sludge and stone formation. The incidence of gallstone formation with Sandostatin treatment is estimated to be between 15 to 30%. The incidence in the general population is 5 to 20%. Ultrasonic examination of the gallbladder before, and at about 6- to 12-month intervals during Sandostatin therapy is therefore recommended. The presence of gallstones in Sandostatin-treated patients is largely asymptomatic; symptomatic stones should be treated either by dissolution therapy with bile acids or by surgery.
GEP endocrine tumours
During the treatment of GEP endocrine tumours, there may be rare instances of sudden escape from symptomatic control by Sandostatin, with rapid recurrence of severe symptoms. If the treatment is stopped, symptoms may worsen or recur.
Glucose metabolism
Because of its inhibitory action on growth hormone, glucagon, and insulin, Sandostatin may affect glucose regulation. Post-prandial glucose tolerance may be impaired and, in some instances, the state of persistent hyperglycaemia may be induced as a result of chronic administration. Hypoglycaemia has also been reported.
In patients with insulinomas, octreotide, because of its greater relative potency in inhibiting the secretion of GH and glucagon than that of insulin, and because of the shorter duration of its inhibitory action on insulin, may increase the depth and prolong the duration of hypoglycaemia. These patients should be closely monitored during initiation of Sandostatin therapy and at each change of dosage. Marked fluctuations in blood glucose concentration may possibly be reduced by smaller, more frequently administered doses.
Insulin requirements of patients with type I diabetes mellitus therapy may be reduced by administration of Sandostatin. In non-diabetics and type II diabetics with partially intact insulin reserves, Sandostatin administration can result in post-prandial increases in glycaemia. It is therefore recommended to monitor glucose tolerance and antidiabetic treatment.
Oesophageal varices
Since, following bleeding episodes from oesophageal varices, there is an increased risk for the development of insulin-dependent diabetes or for changes in insulin requirement in patients with pre-existing diabetes, an appropriate monitoring of blood glucose levels is mandatory.
Local Site Reactions
In a 52-week toxicity study in rats, predominantly in males, sarcomas were noted at the s.c. injection site only at the highest dose (about 8 times the maximum human dose based on body surface area). No hyperplastic or neoplastic lesions occurred at the s.c. injection site in a 52-week dog toxicity study. There have been no reports of tumour formation at the injection sites in patients treated with Sandostatin for up to 15 years. All the information available at present indicates that the findings in rats are species specific and have no significance for the use of the drug in humans (see section 5.3).
Nutrition
Octreotide may alter absorption of dietary fats in some patients.
Depressed vitamin B12 levels and abnormal Schilling's tests have been observed in some patients receiving octreotide therapy. Monitoring of vitamin B12 levels is recommended during therapy with Sandostatin in patients who have a history of vitamin B12 deprivation.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Dose adjustment of medicinal products such as beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, or agents to control fluid and electrolyte balance may be necessary when Sandostatin is administered concomitantly (see section 4.4).
Dose adjustments of insulin and antidiabetic medicinal products may be required when Sandostatin is administered concomitantly (see section 4.4).
Sandostatin has been found to reduce the intestinal absorption of ciclosporin and to delay that of cimetidine.
Concomitant administration of octreotide and bromocriptine increases the bioavailability of bromocriptine.
Limited published data indicate that somatostatin analogues might decrease the metabolic clearance of compounds known to be metabolised by cytochrome P450 enzymes, which may be due to the suppression of growth hormone. Since it cannot be excluded that octreotide may have this effect, other drugs mainly metabolised by CYP3A4 and which have a low therapeutic index should therefore be used with caution (e.g. quinidine, terfenadine).
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy
There is a limited amount of data (less than 300 pregnancy outcomes) from the use of octreotide in pregnant women, and in approximately one third of the cases the pregnancy outcomes are unknown. The majority of reports were received after post-marketing use of octreotide and more than 50% of exposed pregnancies were reported in patients with acromegaly. Most women were exposed to octreotide during the first trimester of pregnancy at doses ranging from 100-1200 micrograms/day of Sandostatin s.c. or 10-40 mg/month of Sandostatin LAR. Congenital anomalies were reported in about 4% of pregnancy cases for which the outcome is known. No causal relationship to octreotide is suspected for these cases.
Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3).
As a precautionary measure, it is preferable to avoid the use of Sandostatin during pregnancy (see section 4.4).
Breastfeeding
It is unknown whether octreotide is excreted in human breast milk. Animal studies have shown excretion of octreotide in breast milk. Patients should not breast-feed during Sandostatin treatment.
Fertility
It is not known whether octreotide has an effect on human fertility. Late descent of the testes was found for male offsprings of dam treated during pregnancy and lactation. Octreotide, however, did not impair fertility in male and female rats at doses of up to 1 mg/kg body weight per day (see section 5.3).
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Sandostatin has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines. Patients should be advised to be cautious when driving or using machines if they experience dizziness, asthenia/fatigue, or headache during treatment with Sandostatin.
4.8 Undesirable effects
Summary of the safety profile
The most frequent adverse reactions reported during octreotide therapy include gastrointestinal disorders, nervous system disorders, hepatobiliary disorders, and metabolism and nutritional disorders.
The most commonly reported adverse reactions in clinical trials with octreotide administration were diarrhoea, abdominal pain, nausea, flatulence, headache, cholelithiasis, hyperglycaemia and constipation. Other commonly reported adverse reactions were dizziness, localised pain, biliary sludge, thyroid dysfunction (e.g. decreased thyroid stimulating hormone [TSH], decreased total T4, and decreased free T4), loose stools, impaired glucose tolerance, vomiting, asthenia, and hypoglycaemia.
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
The following adverse drug reactions, listed in Table 1, have been accumulated from clinical studies with octreotide:
Adverse drug reactions (Table 1) are ranked under heading of frequency, the most frequent first, using the following convention: very common (≥ 1/10); common (≥ 1/100, < 1/10); uncommon (≥ 1/1,000, ≤ 1/100); rare (≥ 1/10,000, ≤ 1/1,000) very rare (≤ 1/10,000), including isolated reports. Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are ranked in order of decreasing seriousness.
Table 1 Adverse drug reactions reported in clinical studies

Gastrointestinal disorders
Very common:	Diarrhoea, abdominal pain, nausea, constipation, flatulence.
Common:	Dyspepsia, vomiting, abdominal bloating, steatorrhoea, loose stools, discolouration of faeces.
Nervous system disorders
Very common:	Headache.
Common:	Dizziness.
Endocrine disorders
Common:	Hypothyroidism, thyroid dysfunction (e.g. decreased TSH, decreased total T4, and decreased free T4).
Hepatobiliary disorders
Very common:	Cholelithiasis.
Common:	Cholecystitis, biliary sludge, hyperbilirubinaemia.
Metabolism and nutrition disorders
Very common:	Hyperglycaemia.
Common:	Hypoglycaemia, impaired glucose tolerance, anorexia.
Uncommon:	Dehydration.
General disorders and administration site conditions
Very common:	Injection site reactions.
Common:	Asthenia.
Investigations
Common:	Elevated transaminase levels.
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
Common:	Pruritus, rash, alopecia.
Respiratory disorders
Common:	Dyspnoea.
Cardiac disorders
Common:	Bradycardia
Uncommon:	Tachycardia.

Post-marketing
Spontaneously reported adverse reactions presented in Table 2, are reported voluntarily and it is not always possible to reliably establish frequency or a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Table 2 Adverse drug reactions derived from spontaneous reports

Immune System disorders Anaphylaxis, allergy/hypersensitivity reactions.

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders

Urticaria

Hepatobiliary disorders

Acute pancreatitis, acute hepatitis without cholestasis, cholestatic hepatitis, cholestasis, jaundice, cholestatic jaundice.

Cardiac disorders

Arrhythmias.

Investigations

Increased alkaline phosphatase levels, increased gamma glutamyl transferase levels.

Description of selected adverse reactions
Gastrointestinal disorders
In rare instances, gastrointestinal side effects may resemble acute intestinal obstruction, with progressive abdominal distension, severe epigastric pain, abdominal tenderness and guarding.
The frequency of gastrointestinal adverse events is known to decrease over time with continued treatment.
Occurrence of gastrointestinal side-effects may be reduced by avoiding meals around the time of Sandostatin s.c. administration, that is, by injecting between meals or on retiring to bed.
Injection site reactions
Pain or a sensation of stinging, tingling or burning at the site of s.c. injection, with redness and swelling, rarely lasting more than 15 minutes. Local discomfort may be reduced by allowing the solution to reach room temperature before injection, or by injecting a smaller volume using a more concentrated solution.
Metabolism and nutrition disorders
Although measured faecal fat excretion may increase, there is no evidence to date that long term treatment with octreotide has led to nutritional deficiency due to malabsorption.
Pancreatic enzymes
In very rare instances, acute pancreatitis has been reported within the first hours or days of Sandostatin s.c. treatment and resolved on withdrawal of the drug. In addition, cholelithiasis induced pancreatitis has been reported for patients on long-term Sandostatin s.c. treatment.
Cardiac disorders
In both acromegalic and carcinoid syndrome patients, ECG changes were observed such as QT prolongation, axis shifts, early repolarisation, low voltage, R/S transition, early R wave progression, and non-specific ST-T wave changes. The relationship of these events to octreotide acetate is not established because many of these patients have underlying cardiac diseases (see section 4.4).
4.9 Overdose
A limited number of accidental overdoses of Sandostatin in adults and children have been reported. In adults, the doses ranged from 2,400-6,000 micrograms/day administered by continuous infusion (100-250 micrograms/hour) or subcutaneously (1,500 micrograms three times a day). The adverse events reported were arrhythmia, hypotension, cardiac arrest, brain hypoxia, pancreatitis, hepatic steatosis, diarrhoea, weakness, lethargy, weight loss, hepatomegaly, and lactic acidosis.
In children, the doses ranged from 50-3,000 micrograms/day administered by continuous infusion (2.1-500 micrograms/hour) or subcutaneously (50-100 micrograms). The only adverse event reported was mild hyperglycaemia.
No unexpected adverse events have been reported in cancer patients receiving Sandostatin at doses of 3,000-30,000 micrograms/day in divided doses subcutaneously.
The management of overdosage is symptomatic.
5. Pharmacological properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Somatostatin and analogues, ATC code: H01CB02
Octreotide is a synthetic octapeptide derivative of naturally occurring somatostatin with similar pharmacological effects, but with a considerably prolonged duration of action. It inhibits pathologically increased secretion of growth hormone (GH) and of peptides and serotonin produced within the GEP endocrine system.
In animals, octreotide is a more potent inhibitor of GH, glucagon and insulin release than somatostatin is, with greater selectivity for GH and glucagon suppression.
In healthy subjects Sandostatin has been shown to inhibit
• release of GH stimulated by arginine, exercise- and insulin-induced hypoglycaemia,
• postprandial release of insulin, glucagon, gastrin, other peptides of the GEP endocrine system, and arginine-stimulated release of insulin and glucagon,
• thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-stimulated release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
Unlike somatostatin, octreotide inhibits GH secretion preferentially over insulin and its administration is not followed by rebound hypersecretion of hormones (i.e. GH in patients with acromegaly).
In acromegalic patients Sandostatin lowers plasma levels of GH and IGF-1. A GH reduction by 50% or more occurs in up to 90% patients, and a reduction of serum GH to <5 ng/mL can be achieved in about half of the cases. In most patients Sandostatin markedly reduces the clinical symptoms of the disease, such as headache, skin and soft tissue swelling, hyperhidrosis, arthralgia, paraesthesia. In patients with a large pituitary adenoma, Sandostatin treatment may result in some shrinkage of the tumour mass.
In patients with functional tumours of the GEP endocrine system, Sandostatin, because of its diverse endocrine effects, modifies a number of clinical features. Clinical improvement and symptomatic benefit occur in patients who still have symptoms related to their tumours despite previous therapies, which may include surgery, hepatic artery embolization, and various chemotherapies, e.g. streptozocin and 5-fluorouracil.
Sandostatin's effects in the different tumour types are as follows
Carcinoid tumours
Administration of Sandostatin may result in improvement of symptoms, particularly of flushing and diarrhoea. In many cases, this is accompanied by a fall in plasma serotonin and reduced urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid.
VIPomas
The biochemical characteristic of these tumours is overproduction of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). In most cases, administration of Sandostatin results in alleviation of the severe secretory diarrhoea typical of the condition, with consequent improvement in quality of life. This is accompanied by an improvement in associated electrolyte abnormalities, e.g. hypokalaemia, enabling enteral and parenteral fluid and electrolyte supplementation to be withdrawn. In some patients, computed tomography scanning suggests a slowing or arrest of progression of the tumour, or even tumour shrinkage, particularly of hepatic metastases. Clinical improvement is usually accompanied by a reduction in plasma VIP levels, which may fall into the normal reference range.
Glucagonomas
Administration of Sandostatin results in most cases in substantial improvement of the necrolytic migratory rash which is characteristic of the condition. The effect of Sandostatin on the state of mild diabetes mellitus which frequently occurs is not marked and, in general, does not result in a reduction of requirements for insulin or oral hypoglycaemic agents. Sandostatin produces improvement of diarrhoea, and hence weight gain, in those patients affected. Although administration of Sandostatin often leads to an immediate reduction in plasma glucagon levels, this decrease is generally not maintained over a prolonged period of administration, despite continued symptomatic improvement.
Gastrinomas/Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
Therapy with proton pump inhibitors or H2 receptor blocking agents generally controls gastric acid hypersecretion. However, diarrhoea, which is also a prominent symptom, may not be adequately alleviated by proton pump inhibitors or H2 receptor blocking agents. Sandostatin can help to further reduce gastric acid hypersecretion and improve symptoms, including diarrhoea, as it provides suppression of elevated gastrin levels, in some patients.
Insulinomas
Administration of Sandostatin produces a fall in circulating immunoreactive insulin, which may, however, be of short duration (about 2 hours). In patients with operable tumours Sandostatin may help to restore and maintain normoglycaemia pre-operatively. In patients with inoperable benign or malignant tumours, glycaemic control may be improved without concomitant sustained reduction in circulating insulin levels.
Complications following pancreatic surgery
For patients undergoing pancreatic surgery, the peri- and post-operative administration of Sandostatin reduces the incidence of typical postoperative complications (e.g. pancreatic fistula, abscess and subsequent sepsis, postoperative acute pancreatitis).
Bleeding gastro-oesophageal varices
In patients presenting with bleeding gastro-oesophageal varices due to underlying cirrhosis, Sandostatin administration in combination with specific treatment (e.g. sclerotherapy) is associated with better control of bleeding and early re-bleeding, reduced transfusion requirements, and improved 5-day survival. While the precise mode of action of Sandostatin is not fully elucidated, it is postulated that Sandostatin reduces splanchnic blood flow through inhibition of vaso-active hormones (e.g. VIP, glucagon).
Treatment of TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas
The treatment effects of Sandostatin were prospectively observed in 21 patients and pooled with series of 37 published cases. Among 42 patients with evaluable biochemical data, there were 81% of patients (n=34) with satisfactory results (at least 50% reduction of TSH and substantial reduction of thyroid hormones), whereas 67% (n=28) had normalisations of TSH and thyroid hormones. In these patients, the response was maintained throughout the duration of treatment (up to 61 months, mean, 15.7 months).
Regarding clinical symptoms, a clear improvement was reported in 19 out of 32 patients with clinical hyperthyroidism. Tumour volume reduction greater than 20% was observed in 11 cases (41%) with a decrease greater than 50% in 4 cases (15%). The earliest reduction was reported after 14 days of treatment.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Absorption
After s.c. injection, Sandostatin is rapidly and completely absorbed. Peak plasma concentrations are reached within 30 minutes.
Distribution
The volume of distribution is 0.27 L/kg and the total body clearance 160 mL/min. Plasma protein binding amounts to 65%. The amount of Sandostatin bound to blood cells is negligible.
Elimination
The elimination half-life after s.c. administration is 100 minutes. After i.v. injection, the elimination is biphasic, with half-lives of 10 and 90 minutes. Most of the peptide is eliminated via the faeces, while approximately 32% is excreted unchanged into the urine.
Special patient population
Impaired renal function did not affect the total exposure (AUC) to octreotide administered as s.c. injection.
The elimination capacity may be reduced in patients with liver cirrhosis, but not in patients with fatty liver disease.
5.3 Preclinical safety data
Acute and repeated dose toxicology, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicology studies in animals revealed no specific safety concerns for humans.
Reproduction studies in animals revealed no evidence of teratogenic, embryo/foetal or other reproduction effects due to octreotide at parental doses of up to 1 mg/kg/day. Some retardation of physiological growth was noted in the offspring of rats which was transient and attributable to GH inhibition brought about by excessive pharmacodynamic activity (see section 4.6).
No specific studies were conducted in juvenile rats. In the pre- and post-natal developmental studies, reduced growth and maturation was observed in the F1 offspring of dams given octreotide during the entire pregnancy and lactation period. Delayed descent of the testes was observed for male F1 offsprings, but fertility of the affected F1 male pups remained normal. Thus, the abovementioned observations were transient and considered to be the consequence of GH inhibition.
Carcinogenicity/chronic toxicity
In rats receiving octreotide acetate at daily doses up to 1.25 mg/kg body weight, fibrosarcomas were observed, predominantly in a number of male animals, at the s.c. injection site after 52, 104 and 113/116 weeks. Local tumours also occurred in the control rats, however development of these tumours was attributed to disordered fibroplasia produced by sustained irritant effects at the injection sites, enhanced by the acidic lactic acid/mannitol vehicle. This non-specific tissue reaction appeared to be particular to rats. Neoplastic lesions were not observed either in mice receiving daily s.c. injections of octreotide at doses up to 2 mg/kg for 98 weeks, or in dogs treated with daily s.c. doses of the drug for 52 weeks.
6. Pharmaceutical particulars
6.1 List of excipients
Sandostatin Ampoules and Multidose vials:
Lactic acid, phenol (multidose vials only), mannitol, sodium hydrogen carbonate, water for injections.
6.2 Incompatibilities
None known
6.3 Shelf life
Ampoules: 3 years
Multidose vials: 4 years unopened. Opened vials may be stored for 2 weeks at room temperature for day to day use.
6.4 Special precautions for storage
For prolonged storage Sandostatin Ampoules and Multidose vials should be stored between 2°C and 8°C. For day-to-day use they may be stored at room temperature for up to two weeks. Protect from light. Do not freeze.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
Ampoules:  1 ml vial of uncoloured glass containing clear colourless solution.
Boxes of 5 ampoules.
Multidose vials:  5 ml vial of uncoloured glass containing clear colourless solution.
Boxes of 1vial.
6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
For i.v. use Sandostatin should be diluted with normal saline to a ratio of not less than 1vol : 1 vol and not more than 1 vol : 9 vol . Dilution of Sandostatin with glucose solution is not recommended.
If Sandostatin has been diluted, the prepared solution may be kept at room temperature but should be administered within 8 hours of preparation.
To prevent contamination, it is recommended to puncture the cap of the vial not more than 10 times (Multidose vials only).
To reduce local discomfort, let the solution reach room temperature before injection. Avoid multiple injections at short intervals at the same site.
Special precautions for disposal
Any unused product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
7. Marketing authorisation holder
NOVARTIS PHARMACEUTICALS UK LIMITED
(trading as Sandoz Pharmaceuticals)
Frimley Business Park
Frimley
Camberley
Surrey GU16 7SR
8. Marketing authorisation number(s)
Sandostatin Ampoules 0.05mg/ml - PL 00101/0212
Sandostatin Ampoules 0.1mg/ml - PL 00101/0213
Sandostatin Ampoules 0.5mg/ml - PL 00101/0214
Sandostatin Multidose Vials 1mg/5ml - PL 00101/0300
9. Date of first authorisation/renewal of the authorisation
Ampoules:  03 April 1989 / 07 June 2007
Multidose vials:  20 October 1990 / 07 June 2007
10. Date of revision of the text
3 December 2014