首个血液透析铁替代药溶液Triferic（ferric pyrophosphate citrate，焦磷酸枸橼酸铁）获FDA批准 品牌名称：Triferic 通用名称：ferric pyrophosphate citrate solution 中文名称：焦磷酸铁柠檬酸 制药公司：Rockwell Medical, Inc. 治疗：贫血慢性肾功能衰竭 Triferic（焦磷酸铁钠）是一种铁替代药物用于治疗缺铁在接受血液透析的慢性肾脏疾病的患者。 HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION These highlights do not include all the information needed to use TRIFERIC safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for TRIFERIC. TRIFERIC ® (ferric pyrophosphate citrate) solution, for addition to bicarbonate concentrate Initial U.S. Approval: [2015] INDICATIONS AND USAGE TRIFERIC is indicated for the replacement of iron to maintain hemoglobin in adult patients with hemodialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (HDD- CKD). (1) Limitation of Use Triferic is not intended for use in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis. (1.1) Triferic has not been studied in patients receiving home hemodialysis (1.1) DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Add one Triferic ampule to 2.5 gallons of bicarbonate concentrate to achieve a final concentration of Triferic iron (III) in the final hemodialysate of 2 μM (110 mcg/L). (2.1) DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Ampule: 27.2 mg of iron (III) per 5 mL (5.44 mg of iron (III) per mL). (3) CONTRAINDICATIONS None (4) WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS Hypersensitivity Reactions: Observe for signs and symptoms of hypersensitivity during and after hemodialysis and until clinically stable. (5.1) ADVERSE REACTIONS The most common adverse reactions in controlled clinical studies include: headache, peripheral edema, asthenia, AV fistula thrombosis, urinary tract infection, AV fistula site hemorrhage, pyrexia, fatigue, procedural hypotension, muscle spasms, pain in extremity, back pain, and dyspnea. (6) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Rockwell Medical at 1-248-960-9009 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. (6) See 17 for PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION. Revised: 1/2015 FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION: CONTENTS* 1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE Triferic is indicated for the replacement of iron to maintain hemoglobin in adult patients with hemodialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (HDD-CKD). 1.1 Limitation of Use Triferic is not intended for use in patients receiving peritoneal dialysis. Triferic has not been studied in patients receiving home hemodialysis. 2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION 2.1 Recommended Dose Inspect Triferic ampules for signs of precipitation prior to mixing with the bicarbonate concentrate. Triferic ampules appear slightly yellow-green in color. Triferic should only be added to the bicarbonate concentrate and should NOT be added to acid concentrate mixtures. Add Triferic to bicarbonate concentrate used for generation of hemodialysate. The final concentration of Triferic iron (III) in the final hemodialysate is 2 micromolar (110 mcg/L). Add one Triferic ampule to 2.5 gallons (9.46 L) of bicarbonate concentrate for preparation of the hemodialysate with 2 micromolar (110 mcg/L) iron (III) final concentration. Multiple ampules can be added to the master bicarbonate mix at each center at a ratio of one (1) ampule to each 2.5 gallons of bicarbonate concentrate. Administer Triferic to patients at each dialysis procedure for as long as patients are receiving maintenance hemodialysis therapy for CKD. The dosage of Triferic® is expressed as mg of iron (III). Each mL of Triferic contains 5.44 mg of iron as iron (III). Hemodialysis solutions should be used within 24 hours of the preparation of the Triferic/bicarbonate concentrate mixture. 3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS Each Triferic ampule contains 27.2 mg iron (III) per 5 mL (5.44 mg of iron (III) per mL). 4 CONTRAINDICATIONS None 5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS 5.1 Hypersensitivity Reactions Serious hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylactic-type reactions, some of which have been life-threatening and fatal, have been reported in patients receiving parenteral iron products. Patients may present with shock, clinically significant hypotension, loss of consciousness, and/or collapse. Monitor patients for signs and symptoms of hypersensitivity during and after hemodialysis until clinically stable. Personnel and therapies should be immediately available for the treatment of serious hypersensitivity reactions. [see Adverse Reactions (6)] Hypersensitivity reactions have been reported in 1 (0.3%) of 292 patients receiving Triferic in two randomized clinical trials. 5.2 Iron Laboratory Testing Iron status should be determined on pre-dialysis blood samples. Post dialysis serum iron parameters may overestimate serum iron and transferrin saturation. 6 ADVERSE REACTIONS The following adverse reactions are described below and elsewhere in the labeling: Hypersensitivity Reactions. [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)] 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug may not reflect the rates observed in practice. In two randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials a total of 292 patients were administered Triferic for periods of up to 1 year [see Clinical Studies (14)]. The mean total exposure in the randomized treatment period was 5 months. A total of 296 patients received placebo treatment for a similar time period. In the two studies, 64% were male and 54% were Caucasian. The median age of patients was 60 years (range, 20 to 89 years). Adverse events occurring in 3% or greater of patients treated with Triferic in the randomized clinical trials are listed in Table 1. Table 1: Adverse Reactions Reported in Two Clinical Trials in at Least 3% of Patients Receiving Triferic and at an Incidence at Least 1% Greater than Placebo.  System organ class   Preferred term Triferic N=292 n (%) Placebo N=296 n (%) Number of patients with at least one adverse reaction 229 (78.4) 223 (75.3) General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions   Peripheral edema 20 (6.8) 11 (3.7)   Pyrexia 13 (4.5) 9 (3.0)   Asthenia 12 (4.1) 9 (3.0)   Fatigue 11 (3.8) 6 (2.0) Infections and Infestations   Urinary tract infection 13 (4.5) 4 (1.4) Injury, Poisoning, and Procedural Complications   Procedural hypotension 63 (21.6) 57 (19.3)   Arteriovenous fistula thrombosis 10 (3.4) 6 (2.0)   Arteriovenous fistula site hemorrhage 10 (3.4) 5 (1.7) Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders   Muscle spasms 28 (9.6) 24 (8.1)   Pain in extremity 20 (6.8) 17 (5.7)   Back pain 13 (4.5) 10 (3.4) Nervous System Disorders   Headache 27 (9.2) 16 (5.4) Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders   Dyspnea 17 (5.8) 13 (4.4) Adverse Reactions Leading to Treatment Discontinuation In clinical trials, adverse reactions leading to treatment discontinuation included headache, asthenia, dizziness, constipation, nausea, hypersensitivity reactions, intradialytic hypotension, pruritus, and pyrexia. Adverse reactions reported in the treatment extension period were similar to those observed in the randomized clinical studies. 8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS 8.1 Pregnancy Pregnancy Category C Risk Summary There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of Triferic in pregnant women. In pregnant rats and rabbits, ferric pyrophosphate citrate caused developmental toxicity at maternally toxic dose levels that were higher than the maximum theoretical amount of iron transferred to patients from Triferic. The incidence of major malformations in human pregnancies has not been established for Triferic. However, all pregnancies regardless of exposure to any drug have a background rate of 2 to 4% for major malformations, and 15 to 20% for pregnancy loss. Use Triferic during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Animal Data In a fertility and early embryonic development study in female rats, the maternally toxic ferric pyrophosphate citrate dose of 40 mg/kg administered three times per week by intravenous (IV) infusion was not toxic to the developing embryo. In embryo-fetal developmental toxicity studies, ferric pyrophosphate citrate was administered during the period of organogenesis as a one-hour IV infusion to pregnant rats and rabbits. No maternal or developmental toxicity was observed at doses up to 30 mg/kg/day in rats and 20 mg/kg/day in rabbits. Maternally toxic doses affected embryo-fetal development, resulting in post-implantation loss due to early resorptions, abnormal placentae, decreased fetal body weight and fetal head and vertebral malformations at 90 mg/kg/day in rats and vertebral malformations at 40 mg/kg/day in rabbits. A pre-and post-natal development study was conducted in pregnant rats with intravenous doses of ferric pyrophosphate citrate up to 90 mg/kg/day. The maternally toxic dose of 90 mg/kg/day resulted in reductions in the number of live offspring and lower offspring body weights. There were no adverse effects on survival of offspring at doses up to 30 mg/kg/day, or on behavior, sexual maturation or reproductive parameters of offspring at any dose level. 8.3 Nursing Mothers It is not known if ferric pyrophosphate citrate is present in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for adverse events in nursing infants, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to avoid Triferic, taking into account the importance of iron to the mother and the known benefits of nursing. 8.4 Pediatric Use Safety and effectiveness have not been established in pediatric patients. 8.5 Geriatric Use In controlled clinical trials, 99 (28.6%) patients ≥ 65 years of age were treated with Triferic®. No overall differences in safety and efficacy were observed between older and younger patients in these trials [see Clinical Studies (14)]. 10 OVERDOSAGE No data are available regarding overdosage of Triferic in humans. 11 DESCRIPTION Triferic (ferric pyrophosphate citrate) solution, an iron replacement product, is a mixed-ligand iron complex in which iron (III) is bound to pyrophosphate and citrate. It has a molecular formula of Fe4(C6H4O7)3(H2P2O7)2(P2O7) and a relative molecular weight of approximately 1313 daltons. Ferric pyrophosphate citrate has the following structure: Triferic (ferric pyrophosphate citrate) solution is a clear, slightly yellow-green color sterile solution containing 27.2 mg iron (III) per 5 mL (5.44 mg iron (III) per mL) filled in a 5 mL low density polyethylene (LDPE) ampule. Each Triferic ampule contains iron (7.5-9.0% w/w), citrate (15-22% w/w), pyrophosphate (15-22% w/w), phosphate (< 2% w/w), sodium (18-25% w/w) and sulfate (20-35%). One ampule is added to 2.5 gallons of bicarbonate concentrate. 12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 12.1 Mechanism of Action Triferic contains iron in the form of ferric pyrophosphate citrate and is added to hemodialysate solution to be administered to patients by transfer across the dialyzer membrane. Iron delivered into the circulation binds to transferrin for transport to erythroid precursor cells to be incorporated into hemoglobin. 12.3 Pharmacokinetics The pharmacokinetics of serum iron was investigated in healthy volunteers administered 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 mg Triferic intravenously over 4 hours, or 15 mg and 20 mg Triferic intravenously over 12 hours. After correcting for the basal iron levels, the AUC and Cmax of baseline-corrected serum iron increased in a dose proportional manner. The half-life of serum iron was approximately 1.48 hours, the mean clearance (CL) ranged from 0.406 to 0.556 L/hour, the mean apparent volume of distribution (Vz) ranged from 0.765 to 0.859 L after a 4 hour intravenous administration of Triferic. Compared to the 4 hour infusion of Triferic, higher mean CL and Vz were observed following the administration of Triferic 15 mg (CL = 0.672 L/hour and Vz = 1.66 L) and Triferic 20 mg (CL = 0.661 L/hour, Vz = 2.08L) infused over 12 hours. In a study that assessed the impact of different dialysis conditions on iron delivery in patients administered Triferic via hemodialysis, a reduction of the blood and dialysate flow rates (Qb/Qd of 200/400 mL/min vs. ≥ 350/ ≥ 600 mL/min) resulted in a 33% decrease in the median cumulative iron delivered. 13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY 13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility Studies examining the carcinogenic potential of ferric pyrophosphate citrate have not been conducted. Ferric pyrophosphate citrate was clastogenic in the in vitro chromosomal aberration assay in CHO cells in the presence of metabolic activation. Ferric pyrophosphate citrate was not mutagenic in the in vitro bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) test or clastogenic in the in vitro chromosomal aberration assay in CHO cells in the absence of metabolic activation or in the in vivo mouse micronucleus assay. In a combined male and female fertility study in rats, ferric pyrophosphate citrate was administered intravenously over one hour three times per week at doses of up to 40 mg/kg. No adverse effects on fertility or reproduction were noted. 14 CLINICAL STUDIES The safety and efficacy of Triferic in patients with HDD-CKD was assessed in two randomized, single blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Patients with hemoglobin of 9 g/dL to 12 g/dL with TSAT > 20% and serum ferritin concentrations > 200 mcg/L were enrolled. Patients were to remain in randomized treatment until pre-specified hemoglobin or ferritin criteria were met, indicating the need for a change in anemia management or if they completed 48 weeks. Triferic was added to bicarbonate concentrate with a final concentration of 110 mcg iron/L in the dialysate and was administered 3 or 4 times per week during hemodialysis. Most patients were receiving stable dose of erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) at baseline. After randomization, patients' ESA doses were not to be changed. In Study 1, the mean age of patients was 58 years (range 23 to 89); 32% were female, 55% were Caucasian, 32% were African American, and 13% were other races. In Study 2, the mean age of patients was 58 years (range 20 to 89); 41% were female, 54% were Caucasian, 40% were African American, and 6% were other races. The primary endpoint of the studies was the mean change in hemoglobin from baseline to the end-of-treatment period (average hemoglobin of the last one-sixth (1/6th) of the time in the randomized treatment period). About 18% of patients completed the planned 48 week treatment duration. Table 2 shows the mean changes in hemoglobin (Hgb) and iron parameters in each treatment group from baseline to the end-of-treatment period for the ITT population. Table 2: Changes from Baseline to End of Treatment in Hemoglobin, Ferritin, Reticulocyte Hgb (CHr), and Transferrin Saturation (TSAT). Study 1 Study 2 Triferic n=152 Placebo n=153 Triferic n=147 Placebo n=147   Baseline Hemoglobin Mean ± SD, g/dL 10.96 (0.592) 10.91 (0.632) 10.96 (0.605) 10.94 (0.622) Hemoglobin Change from Baseline to End-of-Treatment Period Mean ± SD g/dL -0.03 (1.147)* -0.38 (1.240) -0.08 (1.152)* -0.44 (1.157) Baseline Ferritin Mean (SD), mcg/L 508.2 (193.55) 509.3 (209.06) 519.0 (201.56) 478.4 (200.59) Ferritin, Change from Baseline to End-of-Treatment Mean (SD), mcg/L -70.8 (132.41) -141 .2 (187.74) -65.3 (162.45) -120.9 (268.19) Baseline Reticulocyte Hemoglobin (CHr) Mean (SD), pg 32.37 (1.967) 32.53 (1.965) 32.56 (2.210) 32.57 (1.932) CHr, Change from Baseline to End-of-Treatment Mean (SD), pg -0.22 (1.191) -0.90 (1.407) -0.55 (1.441) -0.85 (1.474) Baseline TSAT Mean (SD), % 28.2 (8.23) 27.1 (7.76) 28.0 (8.15) 28.2 (8.52) TSAT, Change from Baseline to End-of-Treatment) Mean (SD), % -1.0 (9.07) -2.9 (7.65) -0.9 (7.54) -3.6 (7.29) p < 0.05 for primary efficacy endpoint 16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING 16.1 How Supplied Triferic is available in single use ampules in the following package sizes: NDC Code Amount/Total Volume (per ampule) Ampules/Pouch NDC 57278-314-01 27.2 mg iron (III)/5mL (5.44 mg of iron (III) per mL) 5 Ampules/Pouch 16.2 Storage Store protected from light in the aluminum pouch at controlled room temperature (20° to 25°C [68° to 77°F]); excursions permitted to 15°-30°C (59° to 86°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]. 17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION Prior to the administration of Triferic®: Question patients regarding any prior history of reactions to parenteral iron products. Advise patients of the risks associated with Triferic®. Advise patient to report any signs and symptoms of hypersensitivity that may develop during and after the dialysis session, such as rash, itching, dizziness, lightheadedness, swelling and breathing problems [see Warnings and Precautions (5)]. http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=bef06c1f-eda6-4cfa-a578-379f23964599& 美国FDA批准Triferic用于治疗慢性肾病铁缺失 2015年1月26日，美国FDA批准Rockwell Medical药物Triferic用于治疗慢性肾病透析患者的铁损失。这款药物可替代患者5-7mg的铁，适用于每次透析期间倾向于损失铁的患者。 贫血在肾病患者中是常见的，这些患者要么因透析损失铁，要么因他们不能产生红细胞生成素而缺铁，红细胞生成素是有助于红细胞生成的激素。Triferic可被添加到透析方案中，这款药物是首款让患者不需要静脉注射铁就可以保持目标血红蛋白水平的药物。 关于Triferic™ Triferic™]是通过透析液输送到血液透析患者，取代了5-7毫克铁它们是在一个透析治疗丢失的一个独特的铁化合物。 Triferic™引入碳酸氢钠浓缩现场在透析诊所，随后混入透析液。一旦在透析液，Triferic™穿过透析器膜和进入血液的地方立即结合到脱辅基转铁蛋白和被取到骨髓，类似于铁如何饮食在人体内被处理。在完成的临床试验至今，Triferic™已经证明，它可以安全地和有效地提供足够的铁到骨髓，维持血红蛋白和不增加铁储备（铁蛋白），而显著减少ESA剂量。