Defitelio™（去纤维钠 defibrotide）已获欧盟批准上市，作为第一种用于成人和儿童接受造血干细胞移植的严重肝静脉闭塞病治疗
商标名称：Defitelio
英文药名：defibrotide
通用名：去纤维钠输液
生产商：爵士制药PLC
适应症：肝静脉闭塞病
Defitelio（去纤钠）是用于治疗肝静脉闭塞性疾病与以下造血干细胞移植的肾或肺功能不全脱氧核糖核酸衍生抗凝剂
关于Defitelio™
Defitelio在造血干细胞移植（HSCT）治疗重度肝VOD的处理得到的营销授权欧盟委员会。一项3期随机去纤维的对照研究在儿科移植患者预防肝VOD的也已完成。 Defitelio已普遍很好的耐受性;在上市前使用的治疗肝VOD的期间观察到的最常见的不良反应是出血，低血压和凝血功能障碍。
关于VOD
VOD是一个潜在的威胁生命的情况，这通常发生干细胞移植的显著并发症。用作干细胞移植的一部分可能损坏肝血管的内衬细胞，并导致VOD，以导致肝衰竭，并可能导致在其他器官显著功能障碍肝小静脉的阻塞某些高剂量预处理方案例如肾脏和肺（所谓严重VOD）。造血干细胞移植是血液肿瘤，并在成人和儿童等条件经常使用的治疗模式。
包装规格[德国上市：本品冷藏药品]
80mg/ml/瓶x10瓶/盒
Defitelio 80 mg/mL concentrate for solution for infusion
1. Name of the medicinal product
Defitelio 80 mg/mL concentrate for solution for infusion
2. Qualitative and quantitative composition
One mL contains defibrotide* 80mg corresponding to a quantity of 200 mg in 2.5 mL in a vial and corresponding to a concentration in the range of 4 mg/mL to 20 mg/mL after dilution
* produced from porcine intestinal mucosa.
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3. Pharmaceutical form
Concentrate for solution for infusion (sterile concentrate).
The solution is clear light yellow to brown, free from particulate matter or turbidity.
4. Clinical particulars
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Defitelio is indicated for the treatment of severe hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD) also known as sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) in haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) therapy.
It is indicated in adults and in adolescents, children and infants over 1 month of age .
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Defitelio must be prescribed and administered to patients by specialised physicians experienced in the diagnosis and treatment of complications of HSCT.
Posology
The recommended dose is 6.25 mg/kg body weight every 6 hours (25 mg/kg/day).
There is limited efficacy and safety data on doses above this level and consequently it is not recommended to increase the dose above 25 mg/kg/day.
Defitelio should be administered for a minimum of 21 days and continued until the symptoms and signs of severe VOD resolve.
Renal and Hepatic Impairment
No formal pharmacokinetic studies have been performed in patients with renal or hepatic impairment, however, the medicinal product has been used in clinical trials in patients developing renal and hepatic impairment without dose adjustment with no safety issues identified. No dose adjustment is therefore recommended but careful monitoring of patients should be undertaken (see section 5.2).
Paediatric population
The recommended dose for children aged 1 month to 18 years is the same mg/kg dose as for adults i.e. 6.25 mg/kg body weight every 6 hours.
Method of administration
Defitelio is administered by intravenous infusion, over two hours.
Defitelio should always be diluted prior to use. Defitelio can be diluted with 5% glucose solution for infusion or sodium chloride 9 mg/mL (0.9%) solution for infusion, to a suitable concentration to permit infusion over 2 hours. The total volume of infusion should be determined based on the individual's patient weight. The final concentration of Defitelio should be in the range of 4 mg/mL to 20 mg/mL.
Vials are intended for a single use and unused solution from a single dose must be discarded (see section 6.6)
For detailed instructions on dilution of the medicinal product before administration, see section 6.6.
4.3 Contraindications
− Hypersensitivity to defibrotide or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1
− Concomitant use of thrombolytic therapy (e.g. t-PA) (see section 4.5).
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Use of medicinal products that increase the risk of haemorrhage within 24 hours of Defitelio administration (within 12 hours in the case of unfractionated heparin) is not recommended.
Concomitant systemic anticoagulant therapy (e.g. heparin, warfarin, direct thrombin inhibitors and direct factor Xa inhibitors) (see section 4.5), except for routine maintenance or reopening of central venous line, requires careful monitoring. Consideration should be given to discontinuation of Defitelio during use of such therapy.
Medicinal products that affect platelet aggregation (e.g. non–steroidal anti-inflammatory agents) should be administered with care, under close medical supervision, during Defitelio administration.
In patients who have or develop clinically significant acute bleeding requiring blood transfusion, Defitelio is not recommended or should be discontinued. Temporary discontinuation of Defitelio is recommended in patients who undergo surgery or invasive procedures at significant risk of major bleeding.
Administration of Defitelio to patients who have haemodynamic instability, defined as inability to maintain mean arterial pressure with single pressor support, is not recommended.
The safety and efficacy of Defitelio in children aged less than 1 month has not yet been established. No data are available. The use of Defitelio in children aged less than one month is not recommended.
A bolus administration of Defitelio may cause flushing or a sensation of “generalised heat”.
This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per dose, i.e. essentially “sodium-free”.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Potential Interactions with recombinant t-PA
In a mouse model of thromboembolism, recombinant t-PA potentiated the antithrombotic effect of defibrotide when given intravenously and thus co-administration may present an increased risk of haemorrhage and is contraindicated (see section 4.3).
Potential Interactions with antithrombotic fibrinolytic agents
Defibrotide has a profibrinolytic effect (see section 5.1) and this may potentially enhance the activity of antithrombotic/fibrinolytic medicinal products.
There is currently no reported experience in patients on the concomitant treatment with Low Molecular Weight Heparins (LMWHs), warfarin or the concomitant treatment with direct thrombin inhibitors (e.g., dabigatran) or direct Factor Xa inhibitors (e.g., rivaroxaban and apixaban). Therefore, the use of defibrotide with antithrombotic/fibrinolytic medicinal products is not recommended.
However, if used, in exceptional cases, caution should be exercised by closely monitoring the coagulation parameters (see section 4.4).
Potential Interactions with other medicinal products
Defitelio does not inhibit or induce CYP450s (see section 5.2).
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy
There are no studies using defibrotide in pregnant women. Embryo-foetal developmental toxicology studies in pregnant rats and rabbits of defibrotide doses close to the recommended therapeutic human dose, revealed a high rate of haemorrhagic abortion (see section 5.3).
Defitelio should not be used during pregnancy unless the clinical condition of the woman requires treatment with Defitelio.
Contraception in males and females
Effective contraception is required for patients and partners of patients during exposure to Defitelio and for one week subsequent to discontinuation.
Breast-feeding
It is not known whether defibrotide is excreted in human milk. Considering the nature of the product, a risk to the newborns/infants is not expected. Defitelio may be used during breastfeeding.
Fertility
There are no studies investigating the effects of defibrotide on human fertility.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Defitelio is expected to have no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and operate machinery. However, patients would not be expected to drive or operate machinery due to the nature of the underlying disease.
4.8 Undesirable effects
Summary of the Safety Profile
In the Phase 3 pivotal treatment study (2005-01 Study), the overall incidence of adverse events was similar in the defibrotide treatment group and in the control group (historical).
Any events reported as possibly related on at least two occasions have been defined as ADRs and included in the table below.
The most frequent adverse reactions observed during the treatment of hepatic VOD in pre-marketing use are haemorrhage (including but not limited to gastrointestinal haemorrhage, pulmonary haemorrhage and epistaxis), hypotension and coagulopathy.
In addition, although in the defibrotide studies in VOD there have been no reports of hypersensitivity, cases of hypersensitivity including anaphylaxis were reported from a previously marketed formulation of defibrotide, consequently hypersensitivity is included as an ADR
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
Adverse reactions observed are listed below, by system organ class and frequency. Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness. Frequencies are defined as: very common (≥1/10), common (≥1/100 to <1/10), uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100), rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000), very rare (<1/10,000).

Blood and lymphatic system disorders
Common	Coagulopathy
Immune system disorders
Uncommon	Hypersensitivity
	Anaphylactic reaction
Nervous system disorders
Common	Cerebral haemorrhage
Uncommon	Cerebral haematoma
Eye disorders
Uncommon	Conjunctival haemorrhage
Vascular disorders
Common	Hypotension
	Haemorrhage
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Common	Pulmonary haemorrhage
	Epistaxis
Uncommon	Haemothorax
Gastrointestinal disorders:
Common	Gastrointestinal haemorrhage
	Vomiting
Uncommon	Haematemesis
	Melaena
	Mouth haemorrhage
	Diarrhoea
	Nausea
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
Uncommon	Ecchymosis
	Petechiae
	Rash
	Pruritus
Renal and urinary disorders
Common	Haematuria
General disorders and administration site conditions
Common	Catheter site haemorrhage
Uncommon	Injection site haemorrhage
	Pyrexia

Paediatric population
In the treatment studies over 50% of the patients were children. In doses above the recommended dose of 25 mg/kg/day there was a higher proportion of patients with bleeding events in the high dose group but since many events occurred in the follow-up period, a clear relationship with defibrotide treatment could not be determined. In the paediatric prevention study at 25 mg/kg/day there was an increased incidence of any bleeding events in the defibrotide group compared with the treatment group. However there was no difference in incidence of serious bleeding or bleeding events with fatal outcome.
The frequency nature and severity of adverse reactions in children are otherwise the same as in adults. No special precautions are indicated.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorization of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the the Yellow Card Scheme, website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.
4.9 Overdose
There is no specific antidote for overdose and treatment should be symptomatic.
5. Pharmacological properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: other antithrombotic agents ; ATC code: B01AX01 .
Mechanism of action
In vitro, defibrotide has been shown to bind to various sites on vascular endothelium that are involved in cell regulation, providing a stimulus that promotes protection of activated endothelial cells. Defibrotide has also been shown to protect endothelial cells from fludarabine-mediated apoptosis, while not impacting its anti-leukemic effect. Defibrotide also inhibits the expression of heparanase contributing to extracellular matrix integrity and thereby tissue homeostasis. It is postulated that these actions protect endothelial cells.
Also, in vitro, defibrotide has been shown to increase tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) function and decrease plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activity resulting in a decrease in procoagulant activity and an increase in the fibrinolytic potential of endothelial cells. Defibrotide also has been shown to have a weak profibrinolytic activity in vitro..
The pathophysiology of VOD is multifactorial and complex. Both endothelial cell damage and prothrombotic-hypofibrinolytic state are critical factors in the pathophysiology of this disease.
Whilst the mechanism of action of defibrotide has not been fully elucidated, in vitro data support a role for defibrotide in both endothelial cell protection and the restoration of the thrombo-fibrinolytic balance. However no pharmacodynamics effects from defibrotide have been identified in vivo.
Clinical efficacy and safety
The efficacy and safety of Defitelio in the treatment of severe VOD were studied in a pivotal Phase 3 historical-controlled study (2005-01). Forty-four children and 58 adult patients with severe VOD post-HSCT, were treated with Defitelio 25 mg/kg/day intravenous by infusion, and compared with 32 historical control patients. Median length of therapy in those treated with Defitelio was 22 days.
A significantly higher proportion of patients in the Defitelio treated group achieved a complete response defined as total bilirubin less than 2 mg/dL and resolution of MOF (multiple organ failure); Day+100 complete response was 23.5% (24/102) with Defitelio versus 9.4% (3/32) in the historical control (p=0.013). In addition, Day+100 survival rate was improved in the Defitelio group with 38.2% (39/102) of the patients surviving versus 25.0% (8/32) in the historical control group (p=0.034).
The efficacy data from this pivotal study are supported and confirmed with data from a dose-finding study (25 mg/kg arm) and the interim analysis of an ongoing Treatment IND study (severe VOD subset), as presented in Table 1 and 2.
Table 1: Treatment Study Results: Complete Response of Severe VOD at Day+100

Individual Studies
Dose-Finding (25mg/kg/day arm)	Open Label Treatment IND (25mg/kg/day)	Historically Controlled Trial (25mg/kg/day)
		Defibrotide treated group	Historical Control
Complete Response by Day+100	43% (32/75)	25.9% (57/220)	23.5% (24/102)	9.4% (3/32)
			p= 0.0131

Table 2: Treatment Study Results: Day+100 Survival

Individual Studies
Dose-Finding (25mg/kg/day arm)	Open Label Treatment IND (25mg/kg/day)	Historically Controlled Trial (25mg/kg/day)
		Defibrotide treated group	Historical Control
Survival by Day+100	43.9%*	44.8%*	38.2%*	25.0%*
			p=0.0341

Kaplan Meier estimates for time-to-event analysis by Day100
Outcome data available from 611 patients treated with Defitelio on a compassionate use basis for non-severe and severe VOD post-transplant, are consistent with the controlled clinical studies, with complete response rate 24% (51/212) and survival 37% (78/212) in the subset of patients with severe VOD.
A controlled randomised prophylaxis study (Study 2004-000592-33) was conducted in the paediatric patients undergoing HSCT. Patients (n=356) were randomised to receive 25 mg/kg/day from the start of conditioning or were randomised to receive no prophylaxis.
A 40% reduction in the overall incidence of VOD in the Defitelio prophylaxis arm (from 19.9% in the control arm to 12.2% in the Defitelio arm), has been shown. The use of Defitelio rescue treatment for all patients who developed VOD meant that the study was not designed to assess any survival advantage and none was seen in this study.
In secondary analyses on the subset of patients undergoing allogeneic transplants, Defitelio prophylaxis was also associated with a lower incidence and less Grade 2 to 4 severity of acute graft versus host disease (aGvHD) by Day+100.
Coppell et al in 2010 reported data from a large meta-analysis of 235 patients with severe VOD showing a background mortality rate of severe VOD of 84.3% and that this mortality rate has remained constant over several decades.
Data derived from an independent US registry have shown a beneficial effect of Defitelio in routine clinical practice. At an interim analysis of the on-going registry, data from 96 patients with severe VOD were available.
The Day+100 all-cause mortality in patients with severe VOD who were not treated with defibrotide was 69%, and 61% in those patients who received defibrotide. These data are from an open label registry and the subjects were not randomised.
Additional information is shown in the following Table 3
Table 3: US Registry data

Non-defibrotide treated	Defibrotide treated
55	41
Alive at Day +100	17 (31%)	16 (39%)
VOD resolved by Day +100	16 (29%)	21 (51%)

Paediatric population
In each of the clinical studies performed in the treatment of VOD, over 50% of patients were under the age of 18 years. Safety information in children are available from the prevention study conducted solely in children. Safety and efficacy in children aged less than 1 month have not yet been established.
Cardiac electrophysiology
Based on the results of the QTc study, conducted in healthy subjects at therapeutic and supra-therapeutic doses, it can be concluded that Defitelio has no significant or clinically relevant QTc-prolonging potential at doses up to 4 times higher than therapeutically indicated. Defitelio might be considered free of proarrhythmic toxicity related to QT changes.
This medicinal product has been authorised under 'exceptional circumstances'. This means that due to the rarity of the disease and for ethical reasons preventing to perform a placebo-controlled study, it has not been possible to obtain complete information on this medicinal product.
The European Medicines Agency will review any new information which may become available every year and this SmPC will be updated as necessary
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Absorption and Distribution
In healthy volunteers, after a single 6.25 mg/kg dose of Defitelio given as a 2-hour infusion, the pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows:
Table 4. Defitelio pharmacokinetic parameters after intravenous infusion of 6.25 mg/kg to healthy subjects.

Parameter	Defitelio PK Parameters Mean ± SD
Cmax (µg/mL)	17.3 ± 3.83
tmax (h)#	2.00 (1.00-2.00)
AUCt (µg/mL*h)	26.9 ± 8.53
AUC (µg/mL*h)	48.1 ± 6.49
Vd (mL)	9934 ± 3807
CL (L/h)	10.4 ± 1.77
Kel (1/h)	1.25 ± 0.66
t1/2 (h)	0.71 ± 0.35

median (min-max)

Maximum plasma concentrations peaked at the end of the infusion period and declined thereafter with a rapid clearance and most of samples were undetectable 3.5 hours after the start of the infusion.
Pharmacokinetic modelling simulation analysis showed that Defitelio plasma concentrations do not accumulate upon multiple doses administration and with doses up to 4-fold the therapeutic dose.
Volume of distribution is around 10 L and Defitelio is not bound to plasma proteins.
Elimination
98% of Defitelio is excreted unchanged in the urine in the first 4 hours after the start of the infusion. The remaining 2% is excreted within 24 hours.
Metabolism
Defitelio does not inhibit or induce CYP450s.
Special Populations
No formal pharmacokinetic studies have been performed in special populations. Defitelio has been used in clinical trials in patients developing renal and hepatic impairment without dose adjustment with no major safety issues identified (see section 4.2).
5.3 Preclinical safety data
Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, repeated dose toxicity, genotoxicity or carcinogenicity.
In both species, the main findings were accumulation of vacuolated macrophages in liver of dogs and in liver, kidneys and lymph nodes of rats. Macrophages are considered the main target organ.
Embryo-foetal development
In the Segment II reproductive studies in rats and rabbits, defibrotide has shown maternal toxicity by inducing a high rate of haemorrhagic abortion when infused intravenously over two hours at all dose levels tested including doses close to the human dose. Due to this maternal toxicity, no conclusion can be drawn regarding the effects of defibrotide on embryo-foetal development. PAI-2 is known to be uniquely up-regulated in the placenta.
Juvenile Toxicity
Repeated intravenous administration of defibrotide, at doses below and close to the human therapeutic dose, to juvenile rats resulted in a delay in the mean age of preputial separation, suggesting a delay in the onset of male puberty in rats. However, the clinical relevance of these findings is unknown.
6. Pharmaceutical particulars
6.1 List of excipients
Sodium citrate, dihydrate
Hydrochloric acid (for pH adjustment)
Sodium hydroxide (for pH adjustment)
Water for injection
6.2 Incompatibilities
This medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products except those mentioned in section 6.6.
6.3 Shelf life
Unopened vials: 2 years
In-use stability after first opening and/or dilution: from a microbiological point of view, after dilution, the reconstituted medicinal product should be used immediately. However, chemical and physical in-use stability has been demonstrated for 72 hours at 15-25°C for a concentration range of 4 mg/mL to 20 mg/mL in sodium chloride 9 mg/mL (0.9%) solution for infusion or 5% glucose solution for infusion at 15-25°C for 72 hours.
If not used immediately, in-use storage times and conditions prior to use are the responsibility of the user and would not normally be expected to exceed 24 hours at 2-8°C..
6.4 Special precautions for storage
Do not freeze.
For storage conditions of the diluted medicinal product see section 6.3.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
2.5 mL vials (Ph. Eur. Type I clear glass),closed with a stopper (butyl rubber) and seal (aluminium) .
Pack size of 10 vials.
6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
Defitelio is for single use only.
The concentrate solution for infusion has to be diluted using aseptic technique..
Defitelio should be diluted with sodium chloride 9 mg/mL (0.9%) solution for infusion or 5% glucose solution for infusion (see section 6.3 for concentration range and stability of the diluted solution) to a suitable concentration to permit 2 hours infusion time (see section 4.2).
Preparation of Defitelio (use aseptic technique):
1. The number of vials to be diluted should be determined based on the individual patient's weight (see section 4.2).
2. Before dilution, each vial should be inspected for particles. If particles are observed and/or the liquid in the vial is not clear, the vial must not be used.
3. The total volume of infusion should be determined based on the individual patient's weight. The final concentration of Defitelio should be in the concentration range of 4 mg/mL – 20 mg/mL (see section 6.3).
4. A volume of the sodium chloride 9 mg/mL (0.9%) solution for infusion or glucose 5% solution for infusion from the infusion bag should be withdrawn and discarded, equal to the total volume of Defitelio solution to be added.
5. The required volume from the Defitelio vials should be withdrawn and combined.
6. The combined volumes of Defitelio should be added to the sodium chloride 9 mg/mL (0.9%) solution for infusion or glucose 5% solution for infusion.
7. The solution for infusion should be mixed gently.
8. Prior to use the solution should be visually inspected for particulate matter. Only clear solutions without visible particles should be used. Depending on the type and amount of diluent the colour of the diluted solution may vary from colourless to light yellow. It is recommended that the diluted Defitelio solution be administered to patients using an infusion set equipped with a 0.2 μm in-line filter.
9. After the infusion is complete, the intravenous line should be flushed with sodium chloride 9 mg/mL (0.9%) solution for infusion or glucose 5% solution for infusion.
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
7. Marketing authorisation holder
Gentium SpA
Piazza XX Settembre 2,
Villa Guardia,
22079 Italy
Phone: +39 031 5373200
Fax: +39 031 5373241
info@gentium.it
8. Marketing authorisation number(s)
EU/1/13/878/001
9. Date of first authorisation/renewal of the authorisation
Date of first authorisation: 18 October 2013
10. Date of revision of the text
31 march 2015
Detailed information on this medicinal product is available on the website of the European Medicines Agency http://www.ema.europa.eu.