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英文药名：Ibrance(palbociclib hard capsules) 中文药名：帕博西尼片 生产厂家：辉瑞制药
Absolute neutrophil counts (ANC) of ≥1000/mm3 and platelet counts of ≥50,000/mm3 are recommended to receive IBRANCE. Table 2. IBRANCE dose modification and management – Haematological toxicities
ANC=absolute neutrophil counts; CTCAE=Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events; LLN=lower limit of normal. a Table applies to all haematological adverse reactions except lymphopenia (unless associated with clinical events, e.g., opportunistic infections). b ANC: Grade 1: ANC < LLN - 1500/mm3; Grade 2: ANC 1000 - <1500/mm3; Grade 3: ANC 500 - <1000/mm3; Grade 4: ANC <500/mm3. Table 3. IBRANCE dose modification and management – Non-haematological toxicities
Elderly No dose adjustment of IBRANCE is necessary in patients ≥65 years of age (see section 5.2). Hepatic impairment No dose adjustments of IBRANCE are required for patients with mild hepatic impairment (total bilirubin ≤1 × upper limit of normal [ULN] and aspartate aminotransferase [AST] >1 × ULN, or total bilirubin >1.0 to 1.5 × ULN and any AST). Insufficient data are available in patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment (total bilirubin >1.5 × ULN and any AST) to provide any dose adjustment recommendation. Administer IBRANCE to patients with moderate and severe hepatic impairment only after careful consideration of the potential benefits and risks and with close monitoring of signs of toxicity (see section 5.2). Renal impairment No dose adjustments of IBRANCE are required for patients with mild to moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance [CrCl] ≥30 mL/min). Insufficient data are available in patients with severe renal impairment (CrCl <30 mL/min) or requiring haemodialysis to provide any dose adjustment recommendation. Administer IBRANCE to patients with severe renal impairment only after careful consideration of the potential benefits and risks and with close monitoring of signs of toxicity (see section 5.2). Paediatric population The safety and efficacy of IBRANCE in children and adolescents ≤18 years of age have not been established. No data are available. Method of administration IBRANCE is for oral use. It should be taken with food, preferably a meal to ensure consistent palbociclib exposure (see section 5.2). Palbociclib should not be taken with grapefruit or grapefruit juice (see section 4.5). IBRANCE capsules should be swallowed whole (should not be chewed, crushed, or opened prior to swallowing). No capsule should be ingested if it is broken, cracked, or otherwise not intact. 4.3 Contraindications Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1. Use of preparations containing St. John's Wort (see section 4.5). 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use Pre/perimenopausal women Ovarian ablation or suppression with an LHRH agonist is mandatory when pre/perimenopausal women are administered IBRANCE in combination with an aromatase inhibitor, due to the mechanism of action of aromatase inhibitors. Palbociclib in combination with fulvestrant in pre/perimenopausal women has only been studied in combination with an LHRH agonist. Critical visceral disease The efficacy and safety of palbociclib have not been studied in patients with critical visceral disease (see section 5.1). Haematological disorders Dose interruption, dose reduction, or delay in starting treatment cycles is recommended for patients who develop Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia. Appropriate monitoring should be performed (see sections 4.2 and 4.8). Infections Since IBRANCE has myelosuppressive properties, it may predispose patients to infections. Infections have been reported at a higher rate in patients treated with IBRANCE in randomised clinical studies compared to patients treated in the respective comparator arm. Grade 3 and Grade 4 infections occurred respectively in 4.5% and 0.7% of patients treated with IBRANCE in any combination (see section 4.8). Patients should be monitored for signs and symptoms of infection and treated as medically appropriate (see section 4.2). Physicians should inform patients to promptly report any episodes of fever. Hepatic impairment In the absence of data, IBRANCE should be administered with caution in patients with moderate and severe hepatic impairment (see sections 4.2 and 5.2). Renal impairment In the absence of data, IBRANCE should be administered with caution in patients with severe renal impairment (see sections 4.2 and 5.2). Concomitant treatment with inhibitors or inducers of CYP3A4 Strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 may lead to increased toxicity (see section 4.5). Concomitant use of strong CYP3A inhibitors during treatment with palbociclib should be avoided. Coadministration should only be considered after careful evaluation of the potential benefits and risks. If coadministration with a strong CYP3A inhibitor is unavoidable, reduce the IBRANCE dose to 75 mg once daily. When the strong inhibitor is discontinued, increase the IBRANCE dose (after 3–5 half-lives of the inhibitor) to the dose used prior to the initiation of the strong CYP3A inhibitor (see section 4.5). Coadministration of CYP3A inducers may lead to decreased palbociclib exposure and consequently a risk for lack of efficacy. Therefore, concomitant use of palbociclib with strong CYP3A4 inducers should be avoided. No dose adjustments are required for coadministration of palbociclib with moderate CYP3A inducers (see section 4.5). Women of childbearing potential or their partners Women of childbearing potential or their male partners must use a highly effective method of contraception while taking IBRANCE (see section 4.6). Lactose This medicinal product contains lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency, or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine. 4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction Palbociclib is primarily metabolised by CYP3A and sulphotransferase (SULT) enzyme SULT2A1. In vivo, palbociclib is a weak, time-dependent inhibitor of CYP3A. Effects of other medicinal products on the pharmacokinetics of palbociclib Effect of CYP3A inhibitors Coadministration of multiple 200 mg doses of itraconazole with a single 125 mg palbociclib dose increased palbociclib total exposure (AUCinf) and the peak concentration (Cmax) by approximately 87% and 34%, respectively, relative to a single 125 mg palbociclib dose given alone. The concomitant use of strong CYP3A inhibitors including, but not limited to: clarithromycin, indinavir, itraconazole, ketoconazole, lopinavir/ritonavir, nefazodone, nelfinavir, posaconazole, saquinavir, telaprevir, telithromycin, voriconazole, and grapefruit or grapefruit juice, should be avoided (see sections 4.2 and 4.4). No dose adjustments are needed for mild and moderate CYP3A inhibitors. Effect of CYP3A inducers Coadministration of multiple 600 mg doses of rifampin with a single 125 mg palbociclib dose decreased palbociclib AUCinf and Cmax by 85% and 70%, respectively, relative to a single 125 mg palbociclib dose given alone. The concomitant use of strong CYP3A inducers including, but not limited to: carbamazepine, enzalutamide, phenytoin, rifampin, and St. John's Wort should be avoided (see sections 4.3 and 4.4). Coadministration of multiple 400 mg daily doses of modafinil, a moderate CYP3A inducer, with a single 125 mg IBRANCE dose decreased palbociclib AUCinf and Cmax by 32% and 11%, respectively, relative to a single 125 mg IBRANCE dose given alone. No dose adjustments are required for moderate CYP3A inducers (see section 4.4). Effect of acid reducing agents Under fed conditions (intake of a moderate-fat meal), coadministration of multiple doses of the proton pump inhibitor (PPI) rabeprazole with a single dose of 125 mg IBRANCE decreased palbociclib Cmax by 41%, but had limited impact on AUCinf (13% decrease) compared with a single dose of 125 mg IBRANCE administered alone. Under fasting conditions, the coadministration of multiple doses of the proton pump inhibitor (PPI) rabeprazole with a single dose of 125 mg IBRANCE decreased palbociclib AUCinf and Cmax by 62% and 80%, respectively. Therefore, IBRANCE should be taken with food, preferably a meal (see sections 4.2 and 5.2). Given the reduced effect on gastric pH of H2-receptor antagonists and local antacids compared to PPIs, no clinically relevant effect of H2-receptor antagonists or local antacids on palbociclib exposure is expected when palbociclib is taken with food. Effects of palbociclib on the pharmacokinetics of other medicinal products Palbociclib is a weak, time-dependent inhibitor of CYP3A following daily 125 mg dosing at steady state. Coadministration of multiple doses of palbociclib with midazolam increased the midazolam AUCinf and Cmax values by 61% and 37%, respectively, as compared with administration of midazolam alone. The dose of sensitive CYP3A substrates with a narrow therapeutic index (e.g., alfentanil, cyclosporine, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, everolimus, fentanyl, pimozide, quinidine, sirolimus, and tacrolimus) may need to be reduced when coadministered with IBRANCE as IBRANCE may increase their exposure. Drug-drug interaction between palbociclib and letrozole Data from the drug-drug interaction (DDI) evaluation portion of a clinical study in patients with breast cancer showed that there was no drug interaction between palbociclib and letrozole when the 2 medicinal products were coadministered. Effect of tamoxifen on palbociclib exposure Data from a DDI study in healthy male subjects indicated that palbociclib exposures were comparable when a single dose of palbociclib was coadministered with multiple doses of tamoxifen and when palbociclib was given alone. Drug-drug interaction between palbociclib and fulvestrant Data from a clinical study in patients with breast cancer showed that there was no clinically relevant drug interaction between palbociclib and fulvestrant when the two medicinal products were coadministered. Drug-drug interaction between palbociclib and oral contraceptives DDI studies of palbociclib with oral contraceptives have not been conducted (see section 4.6). In vitro studies with transporters Based on in vitro data, palbociclib is predicted to inhibit intestinal P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) mediated transport. Therefore, administration of palbociclib with medicinal products that are substrates of P-gp (e.g., digoxin, dabigatran, colchicine, pravastatin) or BCRP (e.g., rosuvastatin, sulfasalazine) may increase their therapeutic effect and adverse reactions. Based on in vitro data, palbociclib may inhibit the uptake transporter organic cationic transporter OCT1 and then may increase the exposure of medical product substrates of this transporter (e.g., metformin). 4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation Women of childbearing potential/Contraception Females of childbearing potential who are receiving this medicinal product, or their male partners should use adequate contraceptive methods (e.g., double-barrier contraception) during therapy and for at least 3 weeks or 14 weeks after completing therapy for females and males, respectively (see section 4.5). Pregnancy There are no or limited amount of data from the use of palbociclib in pregnant women. Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3). IBRANCE is not recommended during pregnancy and in women of childbearing potential not using contraception. Breast-feeding No studies have been conducted in humans or animals to assess the effect of palbociclib on milk production, its presence in breast milk, or its effects on the breast-fed child. It is unknown whether palbociclib is excreted in human milk. Patients receiving palbociclib should not breast feed. Fertility There were no effects on oestrous cycle (female rats) or mating and fertility in rats (male or female) in nonclinical reproductive studies. However, no clinical data have been obtained on fertility in humans. Based on male reproductive organ findings (seminiferous tubule degeneration in testis, epididymal hypospermia, lower sperm motility and density, and decreased prostate secretion) in nonclinical safety studies, male fertility may be compromised by treatment with palbociclib (see section 5.3). Thus, men may consider sperm preservation prior to beginning therapy with IBRANCE. 4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines IBRANCE has minor influence on the ability to drive and use machines. However, IBRANCE may cause fatigue and patients should exercise caution when driving or using machines. 4.8 Undesirable effects Summary of the safety profile The overall safety profile of IBRANCE is based on pooled data from 872 patients who received palbociclib in combination with endocrine therapy (N=527 in combination with letrozole and N=345 in combination with fulvestrant) in randomised clinical studies in HR-positive, HER2-negative advanced or metastatic breast cancer. The most common (≥20%) adverse reactions of any grade reported in patients receiving palbociclib in randomised clinical studies were neutropenia, infections, leukopenia, fatigue, nausea, stomatitis, anaemia, alopecia, and diarrhoea. The most common (≥2%) Grade ≥3 adverse reactions of palbociclib were neutropenia, leukopenia, anaemia, fatigue, and infections. Dose reductions or dose modifications due to any adverse reaction occurred in 34.4% of patients receiving IBRANCE in randomised clinical studies regardless of the combination. Permanent discontinuation due to an adverse reaction occurred in 4.1% of patients receiving IBRANCE in randomised clinical studies regardless of the combination. Tabulated list of adverse reactions Table 4 reports the adverse reactions from the pooled dataset of 3 randomised studies. The median duration of palbociclib treatment across the pooled dataset was 12.7 months. The adverse reactions are listed by system organ class and frequency category. Frequency categories are defined as: very common (≥1/10), common (≥1/100 to <1/10), and uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100). Table 4. Adverse reactions based on pooled dataset from 3 randomised studies (N=872)
a Preferred Terms (PTs) are listed according to MedDRA 17.1. b Infections includes all PTs that are part of the System Organ Class Infections and infestations. c Neutropenia includes the following PTs: Neutropenia, Neutrophil count decreased. d Leukopenia includes the following PTs: Leukopenia, White blood cell count decreased. e Anaemia includes the following PTs: Anaemia, Haemoglobin decreased, Haematocrit decreased. f Thrombocytopenia includes the following PTs: Thrombocytopenia, Platelet count decreased. g Stomatitis includes the following PTs: Aphthous stomatitis, Cheilitis, Glossitis, Glossodynia, Mouth ulceration, Mucosal inflammation, Oral pain, Oropharyngeal discomfort, Oropharyngeal pain, Stomatitis. h Rash includes the following PTs: Rash, Rash maculo-papular, Rash pruritic, Rash erythematous, Rash papular, Dermatitis, Dermatitis acneiform, Toxic skin eruption. Description of selected adverse reactions Overall, neutropenia of any grade was reported in 703 (80.6%) patients receiving IBRANCE regardless of the combination, with Grade 3 neutropenia being reported in 482 (55.3%) patients, and Grade 4 neutropenia being reported in 88 (10.1 %) patients (see Table 4). The median time to first episode of any grade neutropenia was 15 days (13-317) and the median duration of Grade ≥3 neutropenia was 7 days across 3 randomised clinical studies. Febrile neutropenia has been reported in 0.9% patients receiving IBRANCE in combination with fulvestrant and in 2.1% of patients receiving palbociclib in combination with letrozole. Febrile neutropenia has been reported in about 2% of patients exposed to IBRANCE across the overall clinical programme. Reporting of suspected adverse reactions Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard. 4.9 Overdose In the event of a palbociclib overdose, both gastrointestinal (e.g., nausea, vomiting) and haematological (e.g., neutropenia) toxicity may occur and general supportive care should be provided. 5. Pharmacological properties 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antineoplastic agents, protein kinase inhibitors, ATC code: L01XE33. Mechanism of action Palbociclib is a highly selective, reversible inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) 4 and 6. Cyclin D1 and CDK4/6 are downstream of multiple signalling pathways which lead to cellular proliferation. Pharmacodynamic effects Through inhibition of CDK4/6, palbociclib reduced cellular proliferation by blocking progression of the cell from G1 into S phase of the cell cycle. Testing of palbociclib in a panel of molecularly profiled breast cancer cell lines revealed high activity against luminal breast cancers, particularly ER-positive breast cancers. In the cell lines tested, the loss of retinoblastoma (Rb) was associated with loss of palbociclib activity. Available clinical data are reported in the clinical efficacy and safety section (see section 5.1). Mechanistic analyses revealed that the combination of palbociclib with antioestrogen agents enhanced the reactivation of Rb through inhibition of Rb phosphorylation resulting in reduced E2F signalling and growth arrest. In vivo studies using a patient-derived ER-positive breast cancer xenograft model (HBCx-34) demonstrated that the combination of palbociclib and letrozole further enhanced inhibition of Rb phosphorylation, downstream signalling and dose-dependent tumour growth. Studies are ongoing investigating the importance of Rb expression for the activity of palbociclib in fresh tumour samples. Cardiac electrophysiology The effect of palbociclib on the QT interval corrected for heart rate (QTc) interval was evaluated using time matched electrocardiogram (ECG) change from baseline and pharmacokinetic data in 77 patients with breast cancer. The upper bound of the one-sided 95% CI for the increase from baseline in QTc at all time points at steady state concentrations at the recommended dose of 125 mg (Schedule 3/1) was less than 8 msec. Therefore, at the recommended dose, no palbociclib relevant effects on QT have been observed. Clinical efficacy and safety Randomised Phase 3 Study PALOMA-2: IBRANCE in combination with letrozole The efficacy of palbociclib in combination with letrozole versus letrozole plus placebo was evaluated in an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicentre study conducted in women with ER-positive, HER2-negative locally advanced breast cancer not amenable to resection or radiation therapy with curative intent or metastatic breast cancer who had not received prior systemic treatment for their advanced disease. A total of 666 postmenopausal women were randomised 2:1 to the palbociclib plus letrozole arm or placebo plus letrozole arm and were stratified by site of disease (visceral versus nonvisceral), disease-free interval from the end of (neo)adjuvant treatment to disease recurrence (de novo metastatic versus ≤12 months versus >12 months), and by the type of prior (neo)adjuvant anticancer therapies (prior hormonal therapy versus no prior hormonal therapy). Patients with advanced symptomatic, visceral spread, that were at risk of life-threatening complications in the short term (including patients with massive uncontrolled effusions [pleural, pericardial, peritoneal], pulmonary lymphangitis, and over 50% liver involvement), were not eligible for enrolment into the study. Patients continued to receive assigned treatment until objective disease progression, symptomatic deterioration, unacceptable toxicity, death, or withdrawal of consent, whichever occurred first. Crossover between treatment arms was not allowed. Patients were well matched for baseline demographics and prognostic characteristics between the palbociclib plus letrozole arm and the placebo plus letrozole arm. The median age of patients enrolled in this study was 62 years (range 28-89), 48.3% of patients had received chemotherapy and 56.3% had received antihormonal therapy in the (neo)adjuvant setting prior to their diagnosis of advanced breast cancer while 37.2% of patients had received no prior systemic therapy in the (neo)adjuvant setting. The majority of patients (97.4%) had metastatic disease at baseline, 23.6% of patients had bone-only disease, and 49.2% of patients had visceral disease. The primary endpoint of the study was progression-free survival (PFS) evaluated according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) v1.1, as assessed by investigator. Secondary efficacy endpoints included objective response (OR), clinical benefit response (CBR), safety, and change in quality of life (QoL). The study met its primary objective of improving PFS. The observed hazard ratio (HR) was 0.576 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.46, 0.72) in favour of palbociclib plus letrozole, with a stratified log-rank test 1-sided p-value of <0.000001. The median PFS for patients in the palbociclib plus letrozole arm was 24.8 months (95% CI: 22.1, NE) and 14.5 months (95% CI: 12.9, 17.1) for patients in the placebo plus letrozole arm. Efficacy data from PALOMA-2 study are summarised in Table 5 and the Kaplan-Meier curve for PFS is shown in Figure 1. Table 5. Efficacy results from PALOMA 2 study (intent-to-treat population)
N=number of patients; CI=confidence interval; NE=not estimable; OR=objective response; CBR=clinical benefit response; DOR=duration of response. Figure 1. Kaplan-Meier plot of progression-free survival (Investigator assessment, intent-to-treat population) – PALOMA-2 study
N=number of patients; CI=confidence interval; OR=objective response; TTR=time to first tumor response. Randomised Phase 3 Study PALOMA-3: IBRANCE in combination with fulvestrant The efficacy of palbociclib in combination with fulvestrant versus fulvestrant plus placebo was evaluated in an international, randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, multicentre study conducted in women with HR-positive, HER2-negative locally advanced breast cancer not amenable to resection or radiation therapy with curative intent or metastatic breast cancer, regardless of their menopausal status, whose disease progressed after prior endocrine therapy in the (neo)adjuvant or metastatic setting. A total of 521 pre/peri- and postmenopausal women who had progressed on or within 12 months from completion of adjuvant endocrine therapy or on or within 1 month from prior endocrine therapy for advanced disease, were randomised 2:1 to palbociclib plus fulvestrant or placebo plus fulvestrant and stratified by documented sensitivity to prior hormonal therapy, menopausal status at study entry (pre/peri- versus postmenopausal), and presence of visceral metastases. Pre/perimenopausal women received the LHRH agonist goserelin. Patients with advanced/metastatic, symptomatic, visceral spread, that were at risk of life-threatening complications in the short term (including patients with massive uncontrolled effusions [pleural, pericardial, peritoneal], pulmonary lymphangitis, and over 50% liver involvement), were not eligible for enrolment into the study. Patients continued to receive assigned treatment until objective disease progression, symptomatic deterioration, unacceptable toxicity, death, or withdrawal of consent, whichever occurred first. Crossover between treatment arms was not allowed. Patients were well matched for baseline demographics and prognostic characteristics between the palbociclib plus fulvestrant arm and the placebo plus fulvestrant arm. The median age of patients enrolled in this study was 57 years (range 29, 88). In each treatment arm the majority of patients were White, had documented sensitivity to prior hormonal therapy, and were postmenopausal. Approximately 20% of patients were pre/perimenopausal. All patients had received prior systemic therapy and most patients in each treatment arm had received a previous chemotherapy regimen for their primary diagnosis. More than half (62%) had an ECOG PS of 0, 60% had visceral metastases, and 60% had received more than 1 prior hormonal regimen for their primary diagnosis. The primary endpoint of the study was investigator-assessed PFS evaluated according to RECIST 1.1. Supportive PFS analyses were based on an Independent Central Radiology Review. Secondary endpoints included OR, CBR, OS, safety, and time-to-deterioration (TTD) in pain endpoint. The study met its primary endpoint of prolonging investigator-assessed PFS at the interim analysis conducted on 82% of the planned PFS events; the results crossed the prespecified Haybittle-Peto efficacy boundary (α=0.00135), demonstrating a statistically significant prolongation in PFS and a clinically meaningful treatment effect. A more mature update of efficacy data is reported in Table 7. Table 7. Efficacy results – PALOMA-3 study (Investigator assessment, intent-to-treat population)
N=number of patients; CI=confidence interval; NE=not estimable; OR=objective response; CBR=clinical benefit response; DOR=duration of response; PFS=progression-free-survival; Figure 2. Kaplan-Meier plot of progression-free survival (investigator assessment, intent-to-treat population) – PALOMA-3 study
Time-to-Deterioration was prespecified as time between baseline and first occurrence of ≥10 points increase from baseline in pain symptom scores. Addition of palbociclib to fulvestrant resulted in a symptom benefit by significantly delaying time-to-deterioration in pain symptom compared with placebo plus fulvestrant (median 8.0 months versus 2.8 months; HR of 0.64 [95% CI: 0.49, 0.85]; p<0.001). The European Medicines Agency has waived the obligation to submit the results of studies with IBRANCE in all subsets of the paediatric population in the treatment of breast carcinoma (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use). 5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties The pharmacokinetics of palbociclib were characterised in patients with solid tumours including advanced breast cancer and in healthy volunteers. Absorption The mean Cmax of palbociclib is generally observed between 6 to 12 hours following oral administration. The mean absolute bioavailability of palbociclib after an oral 125 mg dose is 46%. In the dosing range of 25 mg to 225 mg, the area under the curve (AUC) and Cmax increase proportionally with dose in general. Steady state was achieved within 8 days following repeated once daily dosing. With repeated once daily administration, palbociclib accumulates with a median accumulation ratio of 2.4 (range 1.5-4.2). Food effect Palbociclib absorption and exposure were very low in approximately 13% of the population under the fasted condition. Food intake increased the palbociclib exposure in this small subset of the population, but did not alter palbociclib exposure in the rest of the population to a clinically relevant extent. Compared to palbociclib given under overnight fasted conditions, the AUCinf and Cmax of palbociclib increased by 21% and 38% when given with high-fat food, by 12% and 27% when given with low-fat food, and by 13% and 24% when moderate-fat food was given 1 hour before and 2 hours after palbociclib dosing. In addition, food intake significantly reduced the intersubject and intrasubject variability of palbociclib exposure. Based on these results, palbociclib should be taken with food (see section 4.2). Distribution Binding of palbociclib to human plasma proteins in vitro was ~85%, with no concentration dependence. In vitro, the uptake of palbociclib into human hepatocytes occurred mainly via passive diffusion. Palbociclib is not a substrate of OATP1B1 or OATP1B3. Biotransformation In vitro and in vivo studies indicate that palbociclib undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism in humans. Following oral administration of a single 125 mg dose of [14C]palbociclib to humans, the major primary metabolic pathways for palbociclib involved oxidation and sulphonation, with acylation and glucuronidation contributing as minor pathways. Palbociclib was the major circulating drug-derived entity in plasma. The majority of the material was excreted as metabolites. In faeces, the sulfamic acid conjugate of palbociclib was the major drug-related component, accounting for 25.8% of the administered dose. In vitro studies with human hepatocytes, liver cytosolic and S9 fractions, and recombinant sulphotransferase (SULT) enzymes indicated that CYP3A and SULT2A1 are mainly involved in the metabolism of palbociclib. Elimination The geometric mean apparent oral clearance (CL/F) of palbociclib was 63 L/h, and the mean plasma elimination half-life was 28.8 hours in patients with advanced breast cancer. In 6 healthy male subjects given a single oral dose of [14C]palbociclib, a median of 92% of the total administered radioactive dose was recovered in 15 days; faeces (74% of dose) was the major route of excretion, with 17% of the dose recovered in urine. Excretion of unchanged palbociclib in faeces and urine was 2% and 7% of the administered dose, respectively. In vitro, palbociclib is not an inhibitor of CYP1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, and 2D6, and is not an inducer of CYP1A2, 2B6, 2C8, and 3A4 at clinically relevant concentrations. In vitro evaluations indicate that palbociclib has low potential to inhibit the activities of organic anion transporter (OAT)1, OAT3, organic cation transporter (OCT)2, organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B1, OATP1B3, and bile salt export pump (BSEP) at clinically relevant concentrations. Special populations Age, gender, and body weight Based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis in 183 patients with cancer (50 male and 133 female patients, age ranging from 22 to 89 years, and body weight ranging from 38 to 123 kg), gender had no effect on the exposure of palbociclib, and age and body weight had no clinically important effect on the exposure of palbociclib. Paediatric population Pharmacokinetics of palbociclib has not been evaluated in patients ≤18 years of age. Hepatic impairment Based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis that included 183 patients with cancer, where 40 patients had mild hepatic impairment (total bilirubin ≤ ULN and AST > ULN, or total bilirubin >1.0-1.5 × ULN and any AST), mild hepatic impairment had no effect on the exposure of palbociclib. The pharmacokinetics of palbociclib have not been studied in patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment (total bilirubin >1.5 × ULN and any AST). Renal impairment Based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis that included 183 patients with cancer, where 73 patients had mild renal impairment (60 mL/min ≤ CrCl <90 mL/min) and 29 patients had moderate renal impairment (30 mL/min ≤ CrCl <60 mL/min), mild and moderate renal impairment had no effect on the exposure of palbociclib. The pharmacokinetics of palbociclib has not been studied in patients with severe renal impairment. Ethnicity While palbociclib geometric mean AUCinf and Cmax values were 30% and 35% higher in Japanese healthy subjects compared with those in non-Asian healthy subjects, palbociclib geometric mean steady-state Ctrough values were similar in Japanese, Asian (excluding Japanese), and non-Asian advanced breast cancer patients in PALOMA-3. In addition, the safety profile of palbociclib in Japanese patients was similar to that in non-Japanese patients following administration of palbociclib 125 mg once daily according to Schedule 3/1. No dose adjustment based on Japanese ethnicity is necessary. 5.3 Preclinical safety data The primary target organ findings of potential relevance to humans included haematolymphopoietic and male reproductive organ effects in rats and dogs in studies up to 39 weeks duration. Effects on glucose metabolism were associated with findings in the pancreas and secondary effects on eye, teeth, kidney, and adipose tissue in studies ≥15 weeks duration in rats only and bone changes were observed in rats only following 27 weeks of dosing. These systemic toxicities were generally observed at clinically relevant exposures based on AUC. In addition, cardiovascular effects (QTc prolongation, decreased heart rate, and increased RR interval and systolic blood pressure) were identified in telemetered dogs at ≥4 times human clinical exposure based on Cmax. The reversibility of the effects on glucose homeostasis, pancreas, eye, kidney, and bone was not established following a 12-week nondosing period, whereas partial to full reversal of effects on the haematolymphopoietic and male reproductive systems, teeth, and adipose tissue was observed. Carcinogenicity Carcinogenicity studies have not been conducted with palbociclib. Genotoxicity Palbociclib was not mutagenic in a bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) assay and did not induce structural chromosomal aberrations in the in vitro human lymphocyte chromosome aberration assay. Palbociclib induced micronuclei via an aneugenic mechanism in Chinese Hamster Ovary cells in vitro and in the bone marrow of male rats at doses ≥100 mg/kg/day. The exposure of animals at the no observed effect level for aneugenicity was approximately 7 times human clinical exposure based on AUC. Impairment of fertility Palbociclib did not affect mating or fertility in female rats at any dose tested up to 300 mg/kg/day (approximately 3 times human clinical exposure based on AUC), and no adverse effects were observed in female reproductive tissues in repeat-dose toxicity studies up to 300 mg/kg/day in the rat and 3 mg/kg/day in the dog (approximately 5 and 3 times human clinical exposure based on AUC, respectively). Palbociclib is considered to have the potential to impair reproductive function and fertility in male humans based on nonclinical findings in rats and dogs. Palbociclib-related findings in the testis, epididymis, prostate, and seminal vesicle included decreased organ weight, atrophy or degeneration, hypospermia, intratubular cellular debris, lower sperm motility and density, and decreased secretion. These findings were observed in rats and/or dogs at exposures ≥7 times or subtherapeutic compared to human clinical exposure based on AUC, respectively. Partial reversibility of male reproductive organ effects was observed in the rat and dog following a 4- and 12-week nondosing period, respectively. Despite these male reproductive organ findings, there were no effects on mating or fertility in male rats at projected exposure levels 13 times human clinical exposure based on AUC. Developmental toxicity Palbociclib is a reversible inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6, which are both involved in regulating the cell cycle. It may therefore have risk of foetal harm if used during pregnancy. Palbociclib was foetotoxic in pregnant animals. An increased incidence of a skeletal variation (increased incidence of a rib present at the seventh cervical vertebra) at ≥100 mg/kg/day was observed in rats. Reduced foetal body weights were observed at a maternally toxic dose of 300 mg/kg/day in rats (3 times human clinical exposure based on AUC), and an increased incidence of skeletal variations, including small phalanges in the forelimb was observed at a maternally toxic dose of 20 mg/kg/day in rabbits (4 times human clinical exposure based on AUC). Actual foetal exposure and cross-placenta transfer have not been examined. 6. Pharmaceutical particulars 6.1 List of excipients Capsule content Microcrystalline cellulose Lactose monohydrate Sodium starch glycolate type A Colloidal anhydrous silica Magnesium stearate Capsule shell Gelatin Red iron oxide (E172) Yellow iron oxide (E172) Titanium dioxide (E171) Printing ink Shellac Titanium dioxide (E171) Ammonium hydroxide (28% solution) Propylene glycol Simeticone 6.2 Incompatibilities Not applicable. 6.3 Shelf life 3 years. 6.4 Special precautions for storage This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions. 6.5 Nature and contents of container PVC/PCTFE/PVC/Al blister strip containing 7 hard capsules (one capsule per cell). Each carton contains 21 hard capsules (3 blister strips per pack). HDPE bottle with a PP closure containing 21 hard capsules. Not all pack sizes may be marketed. 6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements. 7. Marketing authorisation holder Pfizer Limited Ramsgate Road Sandwich Kent CT13 9NJ United Kingdom 8. Marketing authorisation number(s) IBRANCE 75 mg hard capsules EU/1/16/1147/001 EU/1/16/1147/002 IBRANCE 100 mg hard capsules EU/1/16/1147/003 EU/1/16/1147/004 IBRANCE 125 mg hard capsules EU/1/16/1147/005 EU/1/16/1147/006 9. Date of first authorisation/renewal of the authorisation Date of first authorisation: 09 November 2016 10. Date of revision of the text 03/2017 Detailed information on this medicinal product is available on the website of the European Medicines Agency http://www.ema.europa.eu.
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