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英文药名：Teysuno（tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil hard capsules） 中文药名：替吉奥（替加氟/吉美嘧啶/奥替拉西钾硬胶囊） 生产厂家：德国Nordic Pharma
Teysuno 15mg/4.35mg/11.8mg hard capsules/Teysuno 20mg/5.8mg/15.8mg hard capsules
Table 2: Standard and reduced dose calculations by body surface area (m2)
General Toxicity due to Teysuno administration should be managed with symptomatic treatment and/or treatment interruption or dose reduction. Patients taking Teysuno should be informed of the risks and instructed to contact their physician immediately if moderate or severe toxicity occurs. Doses omitted for toxicity are not replaced; and, if a patient vomits after taking a dose, this dose should not be replaced. Once the Teysuno dose has been reduced, it should not be increased again. Teysuno dose modification criteria Dose modifications for toxicity should be made according to Tables 1, 3, 4, and 5. A maximum of two consecutive dose reductions for each medicinal product, as described in Table 1, can be applied in case of toxicity. Each dose reduction results in approximately 20-25% reduction of dose. See Table 2 for the details of the number of Teysuno capsules to be administered for each dose level. For minimum criteria for resumption of Teysuno treatment, see Table 6. Teysuno dose modifications for toxicity when used in combination with cisplatin can be made in two ways. • During a 4-week cycle of treatment Teysuno should only be given on Days 1 to 21 of each cycle, i.e., treatment should not be given on Days 22 to 28 of a cycle. Treatment days missed in a cycle where drug was held due to toxicity should not be replaced. During a treatment cycle, dose adjustment should be performed for each individual medicinal product that is considered to be causally related to the toxicity, if such a distinction can be made. If both medicinal products are considered to be causing the toxicity or it is not possible to distinguish them, then dose reduction should be performed for both according to the recommended dose reduction schedule. • At the initiation of subsequent cycles of treatment If a treatment delay is indicated for either Teysuno or cisplatin, then administration of both medicinal products should be delayed until the requirements for restarting both are met unless one of the medicinal products has been permanently discontinued. Dose modifications for Teysuno for adverse reactions in general except for haematologic and renal toxicities Table 3: Teysuno dose reduction schedule for treatment-related toxicities in general, except for haematologic and renal toxicities
Creatinine clearance (CrCl) must be determined for every cycle before the start of treatment on Day 1. Table 4: Teysuno and cisplatin dose modification according to creatinine clearance values at the start of a cycle of treatment
Table 5: Haematologic toxicities for which Teysuno treatment should be suspended
Table 6: Minimum criteria to resume Teysuno treatment following its suspension due to a toxicity
Renal impairment • Mild renal impairment (CrCl 51 to 80 ml/min) No adjustment of the standard dose is recommended in patients with mild renal impairment (see section 5.2). • Moderate renal impairment (CrCl 30 to 50 ml/min) The recommended standard dose in patients with moderate renal impairment is 20 mg/m2 twice daily (expressed as tegafur content) (see sections 4.8 and 5.2). • Severe renal impairment (CrCl below 30 ml/min) Although roughly similar daily exposure to 5-FU would be expected in patients with severe renal impairment at a dose of 20 mg/m2 once daily compared to 30 mg/m2 twice daily in patients with normal renal function (see section 5.2), administration of Teysuno is not recommended due to possibly higher incidence of adverse events of the blood and lymphatic system disorders unless the benefits clearly outweigh the risks (see sections 4.4 and 4.8). No data is available regarding Teysuno administration in patients with end stage renal disease requiring dialysis (see section 4.3). Elderly No adjustment of the standard dose is recommended in patients >70 years old (see section 4.8). Hepatic impairment No adjustment of the standard dose is recommended for patients with hepatic impairment (see section 5.2). Ethnicity No adjustment of the standard dose is recommended for patients of Asian ethnicity (see section 5.2). Paediatric population The safety and efficacy of Teysuno in children and adolescents under 18 years old have not been established. No data are available. Therefore, Teysuno should not be administered to children or adolescents under 18 years of age. Method of administration Capsules should be taken by mouth with water at least 1 hour before or 1 hour after a meal (see section 5.2). 4.3 Contraindications • Hypersensitivity to any of the active substances (tegafur, gimeracil, and oteracil) or to any of the excipients (see sections 4.4 and 6.1). • History of severe and unexpected reactions to fluoropyrimidine therapy. • Known dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) deficiency. • Pregnancy and breastfeeding. • Severe bone marrow suppression (severe leukopaenia, neutropaenia, or thrombocytopaenia; see section 4.2, Table 5). • End stage renal disease patients requiring dialysis. • Co-administration of other fluoropyrimidines with Teysuno. • Treatment within 4 weeks with DPD inhibitors, including sorivudine or its chemically related analogues such as brivudine. • Contraindications for cisplatin; refer to the cisplatin SmPC. 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use Dose limiting toxicities include diarrhoea and dehydration. Most adverse reactions are reversible and can be managed by symptomatic therapy, dose interruptions and dose reductions. Bone marrow suppression Treatment-related bone marrow suppression, including neutropaenia, leukopaenia, thrombocytopaenia, anaemia, and pancytopaenia, has been reported among patients treated with Teysuno in combination with cisplatin. Patients with low white blood cell counts should be monitored carefully for infection and risk of other complications of neutropaenia and treated as medically indicated (e.g., with antibiotics, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor [G-CSF]). Patients with low platelet counts are at increased risk for bleeding and should be monitored carefully. The dose should be modified as recommended in section 4.2. Diarrhoea Patients with diarrhoea should be carefully monitored and given fluid and electrolyte replacement if they become dehydrated. Prophylactic treatment for diarrhoea should be administered as indicated. Standard anti-diarrhoeal therapy (e.g., loperamide) and intravenous fluids/electrolytes should be initiated early when diarrhoea develops. Dose suspension/adjustment should be implemented with the occurrence of Grade 2 or higher diarrhoea if symptoms persist despite adequate treatment. Dehydration Dehydration and any associated electrolyte disturbances should be prevented or corrected at onset. Patients with anorexia, asthenia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, stomatitis, and gastrointestinal obstruction should be monitored closely for signs of dehydration. Dehydration should be managed aggressively with rehydration and other appropriate measures. If Grade 2 (or higher) dehydration occurs, treatment should be immediately suspended and the dehydration corrected. Treatment should not be resumed until dehydration and its underlying causes are corrected or adequately controlled. Dose modifications should be applied for the precipitating adverse reaction as necessary (see section 4.2). Renal toxicity Treatment with Teysuno in combination with cisplatin may be associated with a transient decline of glomerular filtration rate caused primarily by pre-renal factors (e.g., dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, etc). Adverse reactions of Grade 3 or higher such as increased blood creatinine, decreased creatinine clearance, toxic nephropathy, and acute renal failure have all been reported in patients receiving Teysuno in combination with cisplatin (see section 4.8). To detect early changes in renal function during treatment, renal parameters should be closely monitored (e.g., serum creatinine, CrCl). If deterioration of glomerular filtration rate is observed, Teysuno and/or cisplatin dose should be adjusted according to Table 4, and appropriate supportive measures taken (see section 4.2). Dehydration and diarrhoea may increase the risk of renal toxicity for cisplatin. Hyperhydration (forced diuresis) should be administered according to the cisplatin SmPC to reduce the risk of renal toxicity associated with cisplatin therapy. Gimeracil increases 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) exposure by inhibiting DPD, the primary enzyme for metabolizing 5-FU. Gimeracil is primarily cleared by the kidney (see section 5.2); so, in patients with renal insufficiency gimeracil renal clearance is decreased and 5-FU exposure thus increased. Treatment-related toxicities can be expected to increase as 5-FU exposure increases (see section 5.2). Severe renal impairment Treatment with Teysuno is not recommended in patients with severe renal impairment due to possibly higher incidence of adverse events of the blood and lymphatic system and the possibility of unexpectedly higher exposure to 5-FU as a result of fluctuations in renal function in these patients, unless the benefits clearly outweigh the risks (see sections 4.2, 4.8 and 5.2). Ocular toxicity The most common treatment-related ocular disorders among patients in studies in Europe/United States of America (EU/USA) treated with Teysuno in combination with cisplatin were lacrimal disorders (8.8%), including increased lacrimation, dry eye, and acquired dacryostenosis (see section 4.8). Most ocular reactions will resolve or improve with suspension of medicinal product and proper treatment (instillation of artificial tears, antibiotic eye drops, implantation of glass or silicone tubes in lacrimal punctas or canaliculi, and/or use of spectacles rather than contact lenses). Efforts should be made to ensure early detection of ocular reactions, including an early ophthalmologic consultation in the event of any persistent or vision-reducing ocular symptoms such as lacrimation or corneal symptoms. Refer to the cisplatin SmPC for eye disorders observed with cisplatin therapy. Coumarin-derivative anticoagulant Patients receiving oral coumarin-derivative anticoagulant therapy must have their anticoagulant response (International Normalized Ratio for prothrombin time [INR] or prothrombin time [PT]) monitored closely and the anticoagulant dose adjusted accordingly (see section 4.5). The use of coumarin-derivative anticoagulant in clinical trials has been associated with elevated INR and gastrointestinal bleeding, bleeding tendency, haematuria, and anaemia in patients receiving Teysuno therapy. DPD inducers If a DPD inducer were to be concomitantly administered with Teysuno, the exposure of 5-FU might not reach the efficacious level. However, since no DPD inducers are currently known, the interaction between a DPD inducer and Teysuno can not be evaluated. Microsatellite instability (MSI) Teysuno has not been studied in gastric cancer patients with MSI. The association between 5-FU sensitivity and MSI in patients with gastric cancer is unclear and the association between Teysuno and MSI in gastric cancer is unknown. Glucose/galactose intolerance/malabsorption This medicinal product contains lactose. Patients with rare hereditory problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose/galactose malabasorption should not take this medicinal product. Other oral fluorpyrimidines No clinical trials are available comparing Teysuno versus other oral 5-FU compounds. Therefore, Teysuno cannot be used as a substitute for other oral 5-FU products. 4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction Interaction with other medicinal products No interaction studies have been performed in adult or paediatric patients. Other fluoropyrimidines Co-administration of other fluoropyrimidines such as capecitabine, 5-FU, tegafur, or flucytosine can lead to additive toxicities, and is contraindicated. A minimum washout period of 7 days is recommended between administration of Teysuno and other fluoropyrimidines. The washout period described in the SmPC of other fluoropyrimidine medicinal products should be followed if Teysuno is to be administered subsequent to other fluoropyrimidine medicinal products. Sorivudine and brivudine Sorivudine or its chemically related analogues such as brivudine irreversibly inhibit DPD, resulting in a significant increase in 5-FU exposure. This may lead to increased clinically significant fluoropyrimidine-related toxicities with potentially fatal outcomes. Teysuno must not be used with sorivudine or brivudine or within 4 weeks of the last dose of sorivudine or brivudine. CYP2A6 inhibitors As CYP2A6 is the major enzyme responsible for the conversion of tegafur to 5-FU, co-administration of a known CYP2A6 inhibitor and Teysuno should be avoided as effectiveness of Teysuno could be decreased (see section 5.2). Folinate/folinic acid No data are available on the concomitant use of folinic acid with Teysuno in combination with cisplatin. However, metabolites of folinate/folinic acid will form a ternary structure with thymidylate synthase and fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP), potentially increasing the cytotoxicity of 5-FU. Caution is advised as folinic acid is known to enhance the activity of 5-FU. Nitroimidazoles, including metronidazole and misonidazole No data are available on the concomitant use of nitromidazoles with Teysuno in combination with cisplatin. However, nitromidazoles may reduce clearance of 5-FU and thus increase plasma levels of 5-FU. Caution is advised as co-administration may increase the toxicity of Teysuno. Methotrexate No data are available on the concomitant use of methotrexate with Teysuno in combination with cisplatin. However, polyglutamated methotrexate inhibits thymidylate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase, potentially increasing cytotoxicity of 5-FU. Caution is advised as co-administration may increase the toxicity of Teysuno. Clozapine No data are available on the concomitant use of clozapine with Teysuno in combination with cisplatin. However, due to possible additive pharmacodynamic effects (myelotoxicity), caution is advised as co-administration may increase the risk and severity of haematologic toxicity of Teysuno. Cimetidine No data are available on the concomitant use of cimetidine with Teysuno in combination with cisplatin. However, co-administration may decrease clearance and, thus increase plasma levels of 5-FU. Caution is advised as co-administration may increase the toxicity of Teysuno. Coumarin-derivative anticoagulant The activity of a coumarin-derivative anticoagulant was enhanced by Teysuno. Caution is advised as co-administration of Teysuno and coumarin anticoagulation therapy may increase the risk of bleeding (see section 4.4). Phenytoin Fluoropyrimidines may increase phenytoin plasma concentration when administered concomitantly with phenytoin causing phenytoin toxicity. Frequent monitoring of phenytoin blood/plasma levels is advised when Teysuno and phenytoin are administered concomitantly. If indicated, the dose of phenytoin should be adjusted according to the phenytoin SmPC. If phenytoin toxicity develops, appropriate measures should be taken. Other Based on non-clinical data, allopurinol may decrease anti-tumour activity due to suppression of phosphorylation of 5-FU. Therefore, concurrent administration with Teysuno should be avoided. Other forms of interaction Food Administration of Teysuno with a meal reduced exposure to oteracil and gimeracil, with a more pronounced effect for oteracil than for gimeracil (see section 5.2). It should be taken with water at least 1 hour before or 1 hour after a meal (see section 4.2). 4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation Women of childbearing potential Women of childbearing potential should be advised to avoid becoming pregnant while receiving treatment with this medicinal product. Contraception in males and females Contraceptive measures must be taken by both male and female patients during and up to 6 months after stopping treatment with Teysuno. Pregnancy Teysuno is contraindicated in pregnancy (see section 4.3). There are no data from the use of Teysuno in pregnant women. Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity. As with other fluoropyrimidines, Teysuno administration caused embryolethality and teratogenicity in animals (see section 5.3). If the patient becomes pregnant while receiving Teysuno, treatment should be discontinued and the potential risk to the foetus must be explained. Genetic counseling should be considered. Breastfeeding Teysuno is contraindicated during breastfeeding (see section 4.3). It is not known whether Teysuno or its metabolites are excreted in human milk. Available pharmacodynamic/toxicological data in animals have shown excretion of Teysuno or its metabolites in milk (for details see section 5.3). A risk to newborns/infants cannot be excluded. Breastfeeding should be discontinued while receiving treatment with Teysuno. Fertility No data are available on the effect of Teysuno in combination with cisplatin on human fertility. Non-clinical studies demonstrated that Teysuno did not appear to affect male or female fertility in the rat (see section 5.3). Refer to the cisplatin SmPC for the effects of cisplatin on fertility, pregnancy and lactation. 4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines Teysuno has a moderate influence on the ability to drive and use machines as fatigue, dizziness, blurred vision, and nausea are common adverse reactions of Teysuno in combination with cisplatin. 4.8 Undesirable effects Summary of safety profile The overall safety profile of Teysuno in combination with cisplatin is based primarily on clinical study data from 593 patients with advanced gastric cancer treated with this regimen. In addition, there is post-marketing experience in over 866,000 Asian (mainly Japanese) patients. Among 593 patients treated with Teysuno in combination with cisplatin, the most common severe adverse reactions (Grade 3 or higher with frequency of at least 10%) were neutropaenia, anaemia, and fatigue. List of adverse reactions The following headings are used to rank the adverse reactions by frequency: very common (≥1/10), common (≥1/100 to <1/10), uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100), rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000), very rare (<1/10,000), and not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). The frequencies of very common, common, and uncommon adverse reactions are from 593 patients treated with Teysuno in combination with cisplatin in clinical trials. The frequencies of medically relevant rare and very rare adverse reactions are estimated from post-marketing surveillance of 866,000 patients in Asia (mostly Japanese) treated with Teysuno-based therapy. Each term is presented in its most common category only and within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness. Table 7: Adverse reactions reported by decreasing seriousness in each frequency grouping System Organ Classa Very Common Common Uncommon Rare/Very Rare Infections and Infestations Neutropenic sepsis, septic shock, sepsis, infection, pneumonia, bacteremia, respiratory tract infection, upper respiratory tract infection, pyelonephritis acute, urinary tract infection, pharyngitis, nasopharyngitis, rhinitis, tooth infection, candidiasis, oral herpes, paronychia, furuncle Neoplasms Benign, Malignant and Unspecified (Incl. cysts and polyps) Tumour haemorrhage, cancer pain Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders Neutropenia, leukopenia, anaemia, thrombo-cytopenia Febrile neutropenia, lymphopenia Pancytopenia, prothrombin time prolonged, international normalised ratio increased, hypoprothrombinaemia, prothrombin time shortened, granulocytosis, leukocytosis, eosinophilia, lymphocytosis, monocyte count decreased, monocyte count increased, thrombocythaemia Disseminated intravascular coagulation Immune System Disorders Hypersensitivity Endocrine Disorders Adrenal haemorrhage Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders Anorexia Dehydration, hypokalaemia, hyponatraemia, hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia, hypoalbuminaemia, hyperkalaemia Hyperglycaemia, blood alkaline phosphatase increased, blood lactate dehydrogenase increased, hypophosphatameia, hypermagnesaemia, gout, hypoproteinaemia, hyperglobulinaemia, hyperlipidaemia, oral intake reduced Psychiatric Disorders Insomnia Confusional state, restlessness, personality disorder, hallucination, depression, anxiety, libido decreased, sexual inhibition Nervous System Disorders Peripheral neuropathy Dizziness, headache, dysgeusia Cerebrovascular accident, cerebellar infarction, cerebrovascular disorder, convulsion, ischaemic stroke, syncope, hemiparesis, aphasia, ataxia, metabolic encephalopathy, loss of consciousness, acoustic neuritis, memory impairment, balance disorder, somnolence, tremor, ageusia, parosmia, burning sensation, formication Leukoenceph-alopathy, anosmia Eye Disorders Vision disorder, lacrimal disorder, conjunctivitis, corneal disorder b Eye allergy, eyelid ptosis, erythema of eyelid Ear and Labyrinth Disorders Hearing impairment, deafness Vertigo, ear congestion, ear discomfort Cardiac Disorders Cardiac failure, acute myocardial infarction, pericardial effusion, atrial fibrillation, angina pectoris, cardiac fibrillation, tachycardia, palpitations Vascular Disorders Hypotension, deep vein thrombosis, hypertension Iliac artery thrombosis, hypovolaemic shock, arterial limb thrombosis, thrombosis, flushing, pelvic venous thrombosis, thrombophlebitis, phlebitis, phlebitis superficial, orthostatic hypotension, haematoma, hyperaemia, hot flush Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders Dyspnoea, epistaxis, hiccups, cough Pulmonary embolism, respiratory tract haemorrhage, exertional dyspnoea, pharyngolaryngeal pain, rhinorrhoea, pharyngeal erythema, rhinitis allergic, dysphonia, productive cough, nasal congestion Interstitial lung disease Gastrointestinal Disorders Diarrhoea, vomiting, nausea, constipation Gastrointestinal haemorrhage, stomatitis, gastrointestinal inflammation, flatulence, abdominal pain, dysphagia, abdominal discomfort, dyspepsia, dry mouth Gastrointestinal perforation, oesophagitis, gastrointestinal infection, ileus, gastrointestinal obstruction, ascites, lip oedema, oesophageal spasm, gastric ulcer, gastroesophageal reflux disease, reflux gastritis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, gastrointestinal disorder, anal haemorrhage, haemorrhoids, salivary hypersecretion, retching, salivary gland disorder, cheilitis, aerophagia, eructation, glossodynia, oral pain, teeth brittle Acute pancreatitis Hepatobiliary Disorders Hyperbilirubin-aemia, alanine aminotransferase increased, aspartate aminotransferase increased Liver function test abnormal, gamma glutamyltransferase increased Acute hepatic failure Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders Palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia syndrome, rash, skin hyperpigmentation, dry skin, pruritus, alopecia, Exfoliative rash, skin exfoliation, necrolytic migratory erythema, blood blister, dermatitis allergic, skin reaction, dermatitis acneiform, erythema, increased tendency to bruise, purpura, hyperhidrosis, night sweats, nail atrophy, pigmentation disorder, skin discoloration, hypertrichosis Toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, photosensitivity reaction, nail disorder Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders Musculoskeletal pain Muscle spasms, arthralgia, pain in extremity, back pain, neck pain, bone pain, joint swelling, limb discomfort, muscle tightness, muscular weakness Rhabdomyolysis Renal and Urinary Disorders Renal failure, blood creatinine increased, glomerular filtration rate decreased, blood urea increased Toxic nephropathy, oligouria, haematuria, renal impairment, pollakiuria, blood creatine increased, blood creatinine decreased Reproductive System and Breast Disorders Erectile dysfunction, breast tenderness, nipple pain General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions Fatigue. asthenia Mucosal inflammation, pyrexia, weight decreased, peripheral oedema, chills Multi-organ failure, performance status decreased, pain, oedema, chest pain, chest discomfort, generalized oedema, face oedema, local swelling, localized oedema, weight increased, early satiety, feeling cold, injection site reaction, malaise Injury, Poisoning and Procedural Complications Contusion, medication error a Adverse reactions in the Investigations system organ class (SOC) have been reallocated to clinically appropriate SOCs related to their target organ. Different MedDRA preferred terms that were considered clinically similar have been grouped into a single term. b incl corneal epithelium defect, corneal erosion, corneal lesion, corneal opacity, corneal perforation, keratitis, punctate keratitis, ulcerative keratitis, visual acuity reduced, visual impairment, vision blurred. Other clinical studies with Teysuno in combination with cisplatin Although studies of Teysuno in combination with cisplatin that were conducted in Japan utilised doses and dosing schedules that differed from this regimen, the safety profile from these studies was similar, with the most common toxicities being haematologic, gastrointestinal, fatigue, and anorexia. Paediatric population No studies have been performed with Teysuno alone or in combination with cisplatin in paediatric patients. Post-marketing surveillance experience in gastric cancer patients The safety profile of Teysuno in a post-marketing safety surveillance study in Japan of 4,177 patients treated with Teysuno for advanced gastric cancer was generally similar to that seen with this regimen and in the Japanese registration studies (i.e., major toxicities were leukocytopaenia, anorexia, and nausea/vomiting). Description of selected adverse reactions Ocular toxicity Terms for treatment-related ocular toxicities have been combined as follows. The only Grade 3 or higher adverse reaction was reduced visual acuity. • Vision disorder includes adverse reactions of blurred vision, diplopia, photopsia, reduced visual acuity, and blindness; • Lacrimal disorder includes adverse reactions of increased lacrimation, dry eye, and acquired dacryostenosis; • Eye disorder includes adverse reactions of eye pruritus, ocular hyperaemia, eye irritation, eye disorder, and foreign body sensation in eyes. Neuropathy Central and peripheral neuropathy has been reported in patients treated with Teysuno in combination with cisplatin. The term peripheral neuropathy includes the following reported adverse reactions: peripheral sensory neuropathy, paraesthesia, hypoaesthesia, peripheral neuropathy, polyneuropathy, neurotoxicity, and dysaesthesia. Special populations Elderly (see section 4.2) Comparison of safety between 71 patients ≥70 years old (elderly) and 450 patients <70 years old treated with Teysuno in combination with cisplatin in the FLAGS study demonstrated that the incidence of all Grade 3 or higher adverse reactions (62% vs 52%), all serious adverse reactions (30% vs 19%), and the rate of premature withdrawal due to adverse reactions from both Teysuno and cisplatin (21% vs 12%) appeared to be higher among patients ≥70 years old. A population pharmacokinetics analysis demonstrated that 5-FU exposure also tended to increase with age, but the extent of the increase was within the range of individual variability. These changes with age were related to changes in renal function as measured by creatinine clearance (see section 5.2). Gender There were no clinically relevant differences in safety between males (N=382) and females (N=139) in the FLAGS study. Patients with renal impairment (see sections 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, and 5.2) Comparison of 218 patients with mild renal impairment at baseline (CrCl 51 to 80 ml/min) to 297 patients with normal renal function at baseline (CrCl >80 ml/min) treated with Teysuno in combination with cisplatin in the FLAGS study indicated that there were no clinically significant differences in safety between patients with mild renal impairment and patients with normal renal function. In a study performed in patients with renal impairment, the most common adverse reactions reported over all cycles across all cohorts were diarrhoea (57.6%), nausea (42.4%), vomiting (36.4%), fatigue (33.3%) and anaemia (24.2%). In this study, 7 patients with moderate renal impairment were treated with 20 mg/m2 Teysuno twice daily, while 7 patients with severe renal impairment received Teysuno 20 mg/m2 once daily. No dose limiting toxicities were observed in Cycle 1 in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment. The incidence of blood and lymphatic systems disorders adverse reactions observed across all cycles in the moderate and severe renal impairment patients were 28.6% and 44.4%, respectively. The dose for one patient in the severe cohort was reduced to 13.2 mg/m2 once daily at the start of Cycle 12 due to an adverse reaction (Grade 2 diarrhoea) in Cycle 11. Reporting of suspected adverse reactions Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard (UK) and www.imb.ie (Ireland) 4.9 Overdose The highest single dose of Teysuno taken was 1400 mg; this patient developed leukopenia (Grade 3). Manifestations of acute overdose reported include nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, mucositis, gastrointestinal irritation, bleeding, bone marrow depression, and respiratory failure. Medical management of overdose should include customary therapeutic and supportive medical interventions aimed at correcting the presenting clinical manifestations and preventing their possible complications. There is no known antidote available in case of overdose. 5. Pharmacological properties 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties Pharmacotherapeutic group: antineoplastic agents, antimetabolites, ATC code: L01BC53. Mechanism of action Teysuno is an oral fluoropyrimidine anti-cancer medicinal product. It is a fixed dose combination of three active substances, tegafur, which after absorption is converted into the anti-cancer substance 5-FU; gimeracil, a dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) inhibitor to prevent degradation of 5-FU by the body; and, oteracil, an orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (OPRT) inhibitor that decreases the activity of 5-FU in normal gastrointestinal mucosa. The combination of tegafur, gimeracil, and oteracil was set at 1:0.4:1 molar ratio as optimum in order to maintain 5-FU exposure and thus sustain anti-tumour activity while reducing toxicity associated with 5-FU alone. Tegafur is a prodrug of 5-FU with good oral bioavailability. Following oral administration, tegafur is gradually converted to 5-FU in vivo, mainly by CYP2A6 enzyme activity in the liver. 5-FU is metabolised by the liver enzyme DPD. 5-FU is activated within cells by phosphorylation to its active metabolite, 5-fluoro-deoxyuridine-monophosphate (FdUMP). FdUMP and reduced folate are bound to thymidylate synthase leading to formation of a ternary complex which inhibits DNA synthesis. In addition, 5-fluorouridine-triphosphate (FUTP) is incorporated into RNA causing disruption of RNA functions. Gimeracil inhibits the metabolism of 5-FU by reversibly and selectively inhibiting DPD, the primary metabolic enzyme for 5-FU, so that higher plasma concentrations of 5-FU are achieved with the administration of a lower dose of tegafur. After oral administration, oteracil was distributed at high concentrations in normal gastrointestinal tract tissues while considerably lower concentrations were seen in blood and tumour tissue in animal studies. Pharmacodynamic effects In a dose escalation study comparing the tolerability of 5-FU in Teysuno and tegafur + gimeracil (no oteracil), the 25 mg/m2 dose level could not be attained in the absence of oteracil due to the occurrence of dose limiting toxicities (Grade 3 diarrhoea in 2 patients, and cardio-respiratory arrest in 1 patient) in the tegafur+gimeracil arm. The 5-FU pharmacokinetic profile was similar in the presence and absence of oteracil. Mean 5-FU maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) values were approximately 3-fold higher after Teysuno administration than after administration of tegafur alone, despite a 16-fold lower Teysuno dose (50 mg of tegafur) compared to tegafur alone (800 mg), and are attributed to inhibition of DPD by gimeracil. Maximum plasma uracil concentration was observed at 4 hours, with a return to baseline levels within approximately 48 hours after dosing, indicating the reversibility of the DPD inhibition by gimeracil. A study of the effect of Teysuno on cardiac repolarisation conducted in advanced cancer patients met the definition for a negative study according to International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines. No consistent relationship was seen between absolute QTcF interval values or change from Baseline values and maximum plasma concentration of Teysuno components. A Phase I study established the current regimen by evaluating cohorts of Teysuno and cisplatin of 30 mg/m2 and 60 mg/m2 (dose-limiting toxicities [DLTs] seen were fatigue, and diarrhoea and dehydration); 25 mg/m2 and 60 mg/m2; and 25 mg/m2 and 75 mg/m2. Despite the lack of DLTs in the last cohort, the dose of cisplatin was not elevated beyond 75 mg/m2. In the Phase III FLAGS study, there was no apparent relationship between 5-FU AUC (Teysuno/cisplatin arm) and 5-FU concentration (5-FU/cisplatin arm) during Cycle 1 and efficacy outcomes of overall survival (OS) or progression-free survival (PFS). In the Phase III FLAGS study, there was no apparent relationship between 5-FU AUC (Teysuno/cisplatin arm) and 5-FU concentration (5-FU/cisplatin arm) during Cycle 1 and efficacy outcomes of overall survival (OS) or progression-free survival (PFS). A Phase I study was conducted to evaluate the PK of the components of Teysuno and their metabolites in cancer patients with impaired renal function compared to those with normal renal function. In this study, antitumor activity was measured by best overall tumour response. The majority (70.4%) of patients had Stable Disease as a best response (based on Investigator's assessment using RECIST criteria) and 29.6% patients had Progressive Disease as their best overall response. No dose limiting toxicities were observed in the first cycle of treatment. Advanced gastric cancer: Data from a multicentre, multinational (excluding Asia), randomised, controlled, open-label Phase III clinical study (FLAGS) support the use of Teysuno in combination with cisplatin for the treatment of patients with advanced gastric cancer. In this study, 521 patients were randomised to treatment with Teysuno (25 mg/m2 orally twice daily for 21 days followed by a 7-day rest period) and cisplatin (75 mg/m2 intravenous infusion once every 4 weeks); and 508 patients were randomised to treatment with 5-FU (1000 mg/m2/24 hours as a continuous intravenous infusion on Days 1 through 5 repeated every 4 weeks) and cisplatin (100 mg/m2 as an intravenous infusion on Day 1 repeated every 4 weeks). Patient characteristics are provided in Table 8. Table 8: Demographics and baseline characteristics of patients in the FLAGS study
Table 9: Overall survival and progression-free survival in FLAGS
Paediatric population The European Medicines Agency has waived the obligation to submit the results of studies with Teysuno in all subsets of the paediatric population in gastric adenocarcinoma (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use). 5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties The single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics (PK) of Teysuno in combination with cisplatin were evaluated in three studies. Eighteen additional PK studies were performed using the relevant regimen as monotherapy. All studies were performed in cancer patients. Absorption After administration of a single dose of 50 mg Teysuno (expressed as tegafur content) in man (approximately 30 mg/m2 based on body surface area of 1.56 to 2.10 m2 for a typical patient; N=14), the median Tmax for Teysuno components tegafur, gimeracil, and oteracil was 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 hours, respectively, and the mean ± standard deviation (SD) AUC0-inf and Cmax was 14595 ± 4340 ng.hr/ml and 1762 ± 279 ng/ml for tegafur, 1884 ± 640 ng.hr/ml and 452 ± 102 ng/ml for gimeracil, 556 ± 281 ng.hr/ml and 112 ± 52 ng/ml for oteracil. The median Tmax for 5-FU was 2.0 hours and the mean AUC0-inf and Cmax was 842 ± 252 ng.hr/ml and 174 ± 58 ng/ml. Levels of tegafur, gimeracil, oteracil and 5-FU were quantifiable through 10 hours postdose. After administration of 30 mg/m2 doses, steady-state conditions are reached for tegafur, gimeracil, and oteracil at the latest by Day 8. After multiple dose administration (30 mg/m2, expressed as tegafur content, twice daily for 14 days; N=10), the median Tmax of tegafur, gimeracil, and oteracil was 0.8, 1.0, and 2.0 hours, respectively, and the corresponding mean ± SD AUC(0-12h) and Cmax was 19967 ± 6027 ng.hr/ml and 2970 ± 852 ng/ml for tegafur, 1483 ± 527 ng.hr/ml and 305 ± 116 ng/ml for gimeracil, and 692 ± 529 ng.hr/ml and 122 ± 82 ng/ml for oteracil. The median Tmax for 5-FU was 2.0 hours and the mean AUC(0-12h) and Cmax was 870 ± 405 ng.hr/ml and 165 ± 62 ng/ml, respectively. Administration of Teysuno under fed conditions resulted in decreased AUC0-inf for oteracil of approximately 71% and gimeracil of approximately 25% relative to fasting administration. Concomitant administration of a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) reduced the effect of food on the pharmacokinetic profile of oteracil, but not by a sufficient margin to completely negate the food effect. There was a 15% decrease in AUC0-inf for 5-FU under fed versus fasting conditions, and tegafur exposure was not altered by food (thus demonstrating absence of a food effect). Mean AUC0-inf and Cmax for 5-FU were approximately 3-fold greater following administration of Teysuno (50 mg expressed as tegafur content) than following administration of tegafur alone (800 mg), while AUC0-inf and Cmax values for the 5-FU metabolite α-fluoro-β-alanine (FBAL) were approximately 15- to 22-fold lower following administration of Teysuno than following administration of tegafur. The oteracil component of Teysuno did not affect the pharmacokinetic profiles of 5-FU, tegafur, gimeracil, FBAL, or uracil. The gimeracil component did not affect the pharmacokinetic profile of tegafur. Distribution Oteracil, gimeracil, 5-FU, and tegafur were 8.4%, 32.2%, 18.4%, and 52.3% protein bound, respectively. The protein binding in human serum was not concentration-dependent over a range of 0.1 to 1.0 µg/ml for oteracil, gimeracil, and 5-FU and 1.2 to 11.8 µg/ml for tegafur. There are no clinical data on the distribution of radiolabeled components of Teysuno. Although no intravenous data are available for Teysuno in humans, the volume of distribution could be roughly estimated from the apparent volume of distribution and urinary excretion data as 16 l/m2, 17 l/m2, and 23 l/m2 for tegafur, gimeracil and oteracil, respectively. Biotransformation The main metabolic pathway for tegafur is through conversion to 5-FU via CYP2A6 in the liver, whereas gimeracil was stable in human liver homogenate (S9 fraction) with adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfphate lithium salt (PAPS; a co-factor for sulfotransferase) or nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). Based on the results of in vitro studies, a part of oteracil is non-enzymatically degraded to 5-azauracil (5-AZU) by gastric fluid, and is then converted to cyanuric acid (CA) in the digestive tract. 5-AZU and CA do not inhibit OPRT enzyme activity. Only a small amount of oteracil is metabolised in the liver because of its low permeability. In vitro evaluation using human liver microsomes indicated that neither tegafur, gimeracil nor oteracil showed any relevant inhibitory effects on enzyme activities of the cytochrome P450 isoforms tested (i.e., CYP1A1/2, CYP2A6, CYP2C8/9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1 and CYP3A4). In vitro evaluation using primary cultures of human hepatocytes indicated that tegafur (0.7-70 µM), gimeracil (0.2-25 µM) and oteracil (0.04-4 µM) had little or no inductive effect on CYP1A2, CYP2B6 or CYP3A4/5 metabolic activities. Using plasma uracil concentrations to assess DPD activity in clinical studies, no marked changes in plasma uracil concentrations were observed after administration of a single 800 mg dose of tegafur while plasma uracil concentrations increased markedly after administration of a single 50 mg dose of Teysuno (reflecting DPD inhibition by gimeracil). Following both single dose (50 mg) and multiple dose (30 mg/m2 twice daily) administration of Teysuno in man, maximum uracil concentrations reflecting DPD inhibition were observed approximately 4 hours postdose. Similar inhibition was seen following single and multiple dosing. The plasma concentrations of uracil returned to baseline levels approximately 48 hours after dosing indicating reversibility of DPD inhibition by gimeracil. Elimination In man, the apparent terminal elimination half-life (T1/2) of 5-FU observed after administration of Teysuno (containing tegafur, a 5-FU prodrug) was longer (approximately 1.6 - 1.9 hours) than that previously reported after intravenous administration of 5-FU (10 to 20 minutes). Following a single dose of Teysuno, T1/2 values ranged from 6.7 to 11.3 hours for tegafur, from 3.1 to 4.1 hours for gimeracil, and from 1.8 to 9.5 hours for oteracil. Following a single dose of Teysuno, approximately 3.8% to 4.2% of administered tegafur, 65% to 72% of administered gimeracil, and 3.5% to 3.9% of administered oteracil were excreted unchanged in the urine. Among the metabolites, 9.5% to 9.7% of the administered tegafur was excreted in the urine as 5-FU and approximately 70% to 77% as FBAL, accounting for approximately 83% to 91% of the administered Teysuno dose (total tegafur + 5-FU + FBAL). There was no effect of gimeracil on renal clearance of tegafur, FBAL, and 5-FU following administration of Teysuno as compared to their clearance following administration of tegafur alone. Linearity/non-linearity In a Japanese Phase I study that utilized 5 dose groups with doses ranging from 25 to 200 mg/body, there was a dose-proportional increase in exposure for tegafur, gimeracil and oteracil. However, the increase in 5-FU exposure tended to be greater than proportional to the increasing tegafur dose. Pharmacokinetics in special populations Population PK A population PK analysis of Teysuno components and metabolites assessed the influence of various factors, including gender, age, food, ethnicity (Caucasian vs Asian), renal function, and hepatic function in 315 patients. Renal function, as reflected by creatinine clearance, was the primary factor that influenced gimeracil exposure and 5-FU exposure. As renal function decreased, there was an increase in 5-FU steady state exposure. This analysis also demonstrated that the trend in changes in Teysuno pharmacokinetics observed with increasing age was related to change in renal function as measured by creatinine clearance. Renal impairment In a Phase I Teysuno monotherapy study that investigated the pharmacokinetics of components and metabolites in patients with normal and impaired renal function, patients with mild renal impairment (CrCl 51 to 80 ml/min) receiving the same monotherapy dose of 30 mg/m2 twice daily (the maximum tolerated dose for monotherapy) as patients with normal renal function (CrCl >80 ml/min) had an increase in mean 5-FU AUC0-inf relative to that of the normal patients. Patients with moderate renal impairment (CrCl 30 to 50 ml/min) who received a reduced dose of 20 mg/m2 twice daily showed no significant increase in mean 5-FU AUC0-inf relative to that of the normal group. The increase in 5-FU exposure in patients with mild renal impairment in this study together with the results of simulation in the population pharmacokinetic analysis suggest that a Teysuno dose of 25 mg/m2 twice daily in patients with mild renal impairment could achieve 5-FU plasma concentrations similar to those obtained in patients with normal renal function receiving 30 mg/m2 twice daily as monotherapy and also those with moderate renal impairment receiving 20 mg/m2 twice daily. Following a reduced dose of Teysuno 20 mg/m2 administered once daily to the severe renal impairment group (CrCl < 30 ml/min), the single-dose AUC0-inf and multiple-dose AUC0- values for 5-FU were approximately 2-fold higher in the severe renal impairment group compared to those observed in the normal renal function group receiving 30 mg/m2 twice daily. Therefore, the daily exposure to 5-FU would be expected to be comparable in these groups, since the daily exposure in patients in the severe renal impairment group is based on the administration of Teysuno once a day, while the daily exposure to 5-FU in the patients with normal renal function is based on the administration of Teysuno twice daily. However, it is to be noted that the exposure to 5-FU can be variable and unexpectedly higher in patients with severe renal impairment due to the impact of fluctuations in renal function in these patients. Hepatic impairment There were no significant differences in AUCs of 5-FU, tegafur, gimeracil, or oteracil after either single or multiple dose administration of Teysuno 30 mg/m2 twice daily in patients with mild, moderate, or severe hepatic impairment compared to those with normal hepatic function. After single dose administration, there was a statistically significant decrease in 5-FU and gimeracil Cmax for the severe hepatic impairment group relative to that of the normal group, but this difference was not observed after multiple dose administration. Ethnic differences A Phase I study investigated the pharmacokinetics of Teysuno monotherapy in Asian (Chinese/Malay) and Caucasian (US) patients. Consistent with the lower CYP2A6 activity in the Asian patients, tegafur AUC0-12 was higher and T1/2 was longer in the Asian group compared to the Caucasian group. Gimeracil and uracil AUC0-12 values were comparable between the two groups, suggesting that DPD inhibition was similar for the Asian and Caucasian groups. Exposure of 5-FU was not statistically significantly different between the two groups. Oteracil AUC0-12 in the Asian group was approximately half that of the Caucasian group, however, this difference was not statistically significant due to its large individual variability. Studies in Japanese patients have suggested an effect of CYP2A6*4 polymorphism on Teysuno pharmacokinetics. Although CYP2A6 variants are associated with pharmacokinetic variability of tegafur, the AUC of gimeracil, which is affected by renal function, is the key determinant in the pharmacokinetic variability of 5-FU. In the Phase III (FLAGS) study, tegafur AUC was significantly higher in patients with the CYP2A6*4 allele, however, no significant difference was found for 5-FU AUC and for the incidence of adverse reactions. Therefore, the CYP2A6 polymorphism differences between Asian and Western populations do not appear to be the key determinant for differences in the MTD between populations. However, limited data available on CYP2A6*4/*4 genotype in Japanese patients treated with Teysuno suggest significantly decreased 5-FU levels in this subpopulation. No dose advice for this subpopulation can be provided. This CYP2A6*4 allele is uncommon in the Caucasian population. Paediatric population No pharmacokinetc studies have been conducted with Teysuno in paediatric patients. 5.3 Preclinical safety data Repeat-dose toxicity studies in rats, dogs and monkeys produced changes typically associated with administration of an anti-cancer medicinal product eliciting cytotoxic effects on populations of rapidly dividing cells, such as anaemia, decrease in the immune and digestive system function, disruption of spermatogenesis, and atrophy in male and female reproductive organs. Treatment with Teysuno produced various skin effects in rat (keratosis of footpad and tail) and dog (skin crusts and erosions). In addition, hyperpigmentation in the skin and eyes and corneal opacity in dogs and cataracts in rats were observed following repeat dosing. These changes were reversible. Teysuno does not appear to affect male or female fertility in the rat; however, administration at any time after conception resulted in a range of external, visceral, and skeletal foetal abnormalities in rat and rabbit. There is therefore a high risk for developmental toxicity at clinical doses, primarily due to tegafur (5-FU) and to oteracil to a lesser extent. Teysuno was not carcinogenic in either the rat or the mouse. Teysuno was not found to be mutagenic when tested in the in vitro Ames assay. Teysuno was clastogenic in vitro using Chinese hamster lung cells and was weakly clastogenic in vivo in mouse bone marrow. 6. Pharmaceutical particulars 6.1 List of excipients Capsule contents Lactose monohydrate Magnesium stearate Capsule shell Gelatin Red iron oxide (E172) Titanium dioxide (E171) Sodium lauryl sulphate Talc Ink Red iron oxide (E172) Yellow iron oxide (E172) FD&C Blue No. 2 aluminium lake (E132) Carnauba wax Bleached shellac Glyceryl monooleate 6.2 Incompatibilities Not applicable. 6.3 Shelf life 4 years. 6.4 Special precautions for storage This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions. 6.5 Nature and contents of container PCTFE/PVC/Al opaque blisters containing either 42 capsules (3 blisters containing 14 capsules each), 84 capsules (6 blisters containing 14 capsules each) or 126 capsules (9 blisters containing 14 capsules each). Not all pack sizes may be marketed. 6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling Hands should be washed after handling capsules. Any unused product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements. 7. Marketing authorisation holder Nordic Group BV Siriusdreef 22 2132 WT Hoofddorp The Netherlands 8. Marketing authorisation number(s) EU/1/11/669/001 EU/1/11/669/002 EU/1/11/669/005 9. Date of first authorisation/renewal of the authorisation Date of first authorisation: 14 March 2011 10. Date of revision of the text 6 September 2013 Teysuno 20mg/5.8mg/15.8mg hard capsules（https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/26159） | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
