英文药名：Buphenyl(Sodium Phenylbutyrate tablets) 中文药名：苯丁酸钠片 生产厂家：美国MEDICIS制药 药品介绍 药物名称：Buphenyl(Sodium Phenylbutyrate 中文药名：苯丁酸钠)于1996年获FDA批准在美国上市的新药。本品对于因氨基甲酰磷酸合成酶(CPS)、鸟氨酸氨甲酰转移酶(OTC)或精氨基琥珀酸合成酶(AS)缺乏而致慢性脲循环紊乱的病人，可用作辅助治疗。 药物别名：Buphenyl powder、Ucyclyd Pharma 药理毒理： 为了观察鸟氨酸氨甲酰转移酶缺乏(OTCD)患者体内的代谢能力，有人用质谱法测定口服同位素标记的15N H4Cl后血中15N-尿素和(5-15N)谷氨酸的浓度。 结果表明： ①此测定方法可有效地测定体内含氮代谢物，也许能在将来取代对OTCD患者做肝脏活检法测定酶活性的需要。 ②无症状OTCD 患者以正常速率生成尿素，表明在酶活性低于正常水平时仍然有能力生成尿素。 ③虽然无症状者生成尿素的速率正常，但其含氮代谢物水平不正常，即(5-15 N)谷氨酸的浓度较高。 ④此测定新方法对于评价肝移植和基因治疗等方法治疗OTCD后的疗效有十分重要意义。 　　 新生儿期发生高血氨脑病则通常在一岁以内死亡。血透、服用苯丁酸等药物、限制蛋白饮食，可使在出生后一个月内确诊患者的存活率提高到约80%，但智力发育障碍的发生率较高。后天发病并服用苯丁酸钠等治疗的病人可保留认知能力。治疗不能使已有的神经系统损害发生逆转，某些病人还可能出现神经系统损伤的恶化。 　　 由于OTC是X染色体携带的线粒体酶，直接催化鸟氨酸与氨酰磷酸合成瓜氨酸。对32名1岁～17岁发作过至少一次高血氨脑病的女孩作长期疗效观察发现， 5年存活率在90%以上，并维持适宜的身高体重比，随着年龄的增长，高血氨症的发作次数减少，认知力下降不明显。说明对有症状OTCD女孩的药物治疗促进了体内含氮废物的排泄。 药动学： 苯乙酸盐是相对无毒的抗肿瘤药物，但因其不良气味而致部分患者无法接受。前体药物苯丁酸钠无不良气味，在体内可经β-氧化作用而迅速转换成苯乙酸盐。 　　 HPLC测得苯乙酸钠和苯丁酸钠在血浆中的游离分数分别为0.442±0.008和0.188±0.001，血浆pH值对其蛋白结合率影响不大，若白蛋白水平低，则蛋白结合率亦下降。 　　 Ⅰ期临床研究中对14名癌症患者，年龄(51.8±13.8)岁，分别给予3个剂量的苯丁酸钠(600，1 200和2 000 mg*m-2)，静脉输注15 min，分别采集血样和24 h尿，用HPLC测定苯丁酸钠、苯乙酸盐、苯乙酰谷酰胺。苯丁酸钠的峰浓度为0.5 mmol*L-1～2.0 mmol*L-1，消除呈饱和性［(Km为(34.1±18.1)μg*ml-1，vmax为(18.1±18)mg*h-1*kg-1］。苯乙酸盐和苯乙酰谷酰胺在体内达到峰浓度的时间分别为1 h和2 h。由苯丁酸钠转换成苯乙酸盐的转换率为(80±12.6)%。苯乙酸盐又迅速转换成苯乙酰谷酰胺，因而其血清水平很低。 适应证： 所有新生儿酶缺乏(出生后28 d内表现为完全酶缺乏的)、有高血氨性脑病家族史的迟发性酶缺乏(出生的第一个月后表现为部分酶缺乏)的患者。应尽早诊断、及早治疗以提高生存率。给予苯丁酸钠时应限制饮食蛋白摄入，有时需补充必需氨基酸。 不良反应： 常见的副作用为闭经或月经失调(经期患者中的发生率为23%)，食欲下降(4%)，体臭(3%，可能是苯基乙盐所致)，味觉差或较差(3%)。亦有临床检验指标异常，如酸中毒(14%)、低蛋白血症(11%)和贫血(9%)。 　　 由于本药物中含有125 mg*g-1的钠，应在下列情况下慎用此药：充血性心衰、严重肾功能不全、水肿和限钠患者。 　　 本品属孕期用药C级(美国FDA颁布的妊娠期间使用药物危险性等级的分类)，仅在必要时才给孕妇使用。是否在乳汁中排泄尚未知，故哺乳期妇女慎用。 　 苯丁酸钠主要在肝脏和肾脏代谢，剂量的80%～100%可在24 h内以苯乙酰谷氨酸的形式由肾脏排出。肝、肾功能不全的患者用药时应密切观察。与丙磺舒合用时排出率下降。 相互作用： 苯丁酸钠可降低高血氨症或高血氨性脑病的发作频率，但多数患者在治疗期间亦会出现这类病情，需紧急抢救。氟哌啶醇(haloperidol)和丙戊酸盐 (depakote)会增加血氨浓度，应避免用于尿素循环紊乱的患者。甾体激素类药物可能会促进机体蛋白的利用因而使血氨水平升高。 用法用量： 体重低于20 kg者苯丁酸钠的日剂量是450mg*kg-1～600mg*kg-1，体重高于20kg者为每日9.9g*m-2～13.0g*m-2。每日剂量超过20 g时疗效和安全性尚未知。 　　 本药可终身服用，或服用至肝移植术后。 　　 苯丁酸钠片剂为500mg。口服粉剂为0.94g*g-1(通过口服、胃管或鼻饲管)。每个包装中有一个勺子，一茶勺相当于3.6g苯丁酸钠，一汤勺相当于8.6g苯丁酸钠。 　　 每日剂量可分成3等分与饭同服，粉剂可与饮食混合后服用(但不得用酸性饮料)。苯丁酸钠口感较咸，但无不良气味。 BUPHENYL- sodium phenylbutyrate tablet  BUPHENYL- sodium phenylbutyrate powder  Hyperion Therapeutics, Inc. BUPHENYL® (sodium phenylbutyrate) Tablets BUPHENYL® (sodium phenylbutyrate) Powder [ bu'fen-əl ] (sodium phenylbutyrate) Rx only DESCRIPTION BUPHENYL (sodium phenylbutyrate) Tablets for oral administration and BUPHENYL (sodium phenylbutyrate) Powder for oral, nasogastric, or gastrostomy tube administration contain sodium phenylbutyrate. Sodium phenylbutyrate is an off-white crystalline substance which is soluble in water and has a strong salty taste. Sodium phenylbutyrate also is freely soluble in methanol and practically insoluble in acetone and diethyl ether. It is known chemically as 4-phenylbutyric acid, sodium salt with a molecular weight of 186 and the molecular formula C10H11O2Na. Chemical Structure: Each tablet of BUPHENYL contains 500 mg of sodium phenylbutyrate and the inactive ingredients microcrystalline cellulose NF, magnesium stearate NF, and colloidal silicon dioxide NF. Each gram of BUPHENYL Powder contains 0.94 grams of sodium phenylbutyrate and the inactive ingredients calcium stearate NF, and colloidal silicon dioxide NF. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Sodium phenylbutyrate is a pro-drug and is rapidly metabolized to phenylacetate. Phenylacetate is a metabolically-active compound that conjugates with glutamine via acetylation to form phenylacetylglutamine. Phenylacetylglutamine then is excreted by the kidneys. On a molar basis, it is comparable to urea (each containing two moles of nitrogen). Therefore, phenylacetylglutamine provides an alternate vehicle for waste nitrogen excretion. PHARMACOKINETICS General: Pharmacokinetic studies have not been conducted in the primary patient population (neonates, infants, and children), but pharmacokinetic data were obtained from normal adult subjects. Absorption: Peak plasma levels of phenylbutyrate occur within 1 hour after a single dose of 5 grams of sodium phenylbutyrate tablet with a Cmax of 218 µg/mL under fasting conditions; peak plasma levels of phenylbutyrate occur within 1 hour after a single dose of 5 grams of sodium phenylbutyrate powder with a Cmax of 195 µg/mL under fasting conditions. The effect of food on phenylbutyrate’s absorption is unknown. Disposition: The overall disposition of sodium phenylbutyrate and its metabolites has not been characterized fully. However, the drug is known to be metabolized to phenylacetate and subsequently to phenylacetylglutamine. Following oral administration of 5 grams (tablets), measurable plasma levels of phenylbutyrate and phenylacetate were detected 15 and 30 minutes after dosing, respectively, and phenylacetylglutamine was detected shortly thereafter. The pharmacokinetic parameters for phenylbutyrate for Cmax (µg/mL), Tmax (hours), and elimination half-life (hours) were 218, 1.35, and 0.77, respectively, and for phenylacetate were 48.5, 3.74, and 1.15, respectively. Following oral administration of 5 grams of the powder, measurable plasma levels of phenylbutyrate and phenylacetate were detected 15 and 30 minutes after dosing, respectively, and phenylacetylglutamine was detected shortly thereafter. The pharmacokinetic parameters for phenylbutyrate for Cmax (µg/mL), Tmax (hours), and elimination half-life (hours) were 195, 1.00, and 0.76, respectively, and for phenylacetate were 45.3, 3.55, and 1.29, respectively. The major sites for metabolism of sodium phenylbutyrate are the liver and kidney. Excretion: A majority of the administered compound (approximately 80–100%) was excreted by the kidneys within 24 hours as the conjugation product, phenylacetylglutamine. For each gram of sodium phenylbutyrate administered, it is estimated that between 0.12–0.15 grams of phenylacetylglutamine nitrogen are produced. Pharmacodynamics: In patients with urea cycle disorders, BUPHENYL decreased elevated plasma ammonia glutamine levels. It increases waste nitrogen excretion in the form of phenylacetylglutamine. Special Populations Gender: Significant gender differences were found in the pharmacokinetics of phenylbutyrate and phenylacetate, but not for phenylacetylglutamine. The pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC and Cmax), for both plasma phenylbutyrate and phenylacetate were about 30 to 50 percent greater in females than in males. Hepatic insufficiency: In patients who did not have urea cycle disorders but had impaired hepatic function, the metabolism and excretion of sodium phenylbutyrate were not affected. However, this information was obtained from unvalidated, uncontrolled case studies. INDICATIONS AND USAGE BUPHENYL is indicated as adjunctive therapy in the chronic management of patients with urea cycle disorders involving deficiencies of carbamylphosphate synthetase (CPS), ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), or argininosuccinic acid synthetase (AS). It is indicated in all patients with neonatal-onset deficiency (complete enzymatic deficiency, presenting within the first 28 days of life). It is also indicated in patients with late-onset disease (partial enzymatic deficiency, presenting after the first month of life) who have a history of hyperammonemic encephalopathy. It is important that the diagnosis be made early and treatment initiated immediately to improve survival. Any episode of acute hyperammonemia should be treated as a life-threatening emergency. BUPHENYL must be combined with dietary protein restriction and, in some cases, essential amino acid supplementation. (See Nutritional Supplementation subsection of the DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION section.) Previously, neonatal-onset disease was almost universally fatal within the first year of life, even when treated with peritoneal dialysis and essential amino acids or their nitrogen-free analogs. However, with hemodialysis, use of alternative waste nitrogen excretion pathways (sodium phenylbutyrate, sodium benzoate, and sodium phenylacetate), dietary protein restriction, and, in some cases, essential amino acid supplementation, the survival rate in newborns diagnosed after birth but within the first month of life is almost 80%. Most deaths have occurred during an episode of acute hyperammonemic encephalopathy. Patients with neonatal-onset disease have a high incidence of mental retardation. Those who had IQ tests administered had an incidence of mental retardation as follows: ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, 100% (14/14 patients tested); argininosuccinic acid synthetase deficiency, 88% (15/17 patients tested); and carbamylphosphate synthetase deficiency, 57% (4/7 patients tested). Retardation was severe in the majority of the retarded patients. In patients diagnosed during gestation and treated prior to any episode of hyperammonemic encephalopathy, survival is 100%, but even in these patients, most subsequently demonstrate cognitive impairment or other neurologic deficits. In late-onset deficiency patients, including females heterozygous for ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, who recover from hyperammonemic encephalopathy and are then treated chronically with sodium phenylbutyrate and dietary protein restriction, the survival rate is 98%. The two deaths in this group of patients occurred during episodes of hyperammonemic encephalopathy. However, compliance with the therapeutic regimen has not been adequately documented to allow evaluation of the potential for BUPHENYL and dietary protein restriction to prevent mental deterioration and recurrence of hyperammonemic encephalopathy if carefully adhered to. The majority of these patients tested (30/46 or 65%) have IQ’s in the average to low average/borderline mentally retarded range. Reversal of pre-existing neurologic impairment is not likely to occur with treatment and neurologic deterioration may continue in some patients. Even on therapy, acute hyperammonemic encephalopathy recurred in the majority of patients for whom the drug is indicated. BUPHENYL may be required life-long unless orthotopic liver transplantation is elected. (See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Pharmacodynamics subsection for the biochemical effects of BUPHENYL). CONTRAINDICATIONS BUPHENYL should not be used to manage acute hyperammonemia, which is a medical emergency. WARNINGS Each BUPHENYL Tablet contains 62 mg of sodium (9.2% w/w) (corresponding to 124 mg of sodium per gram of sodium phenylbutyrate [12.4% w/w]) and BUPHENYL Powder contains 11.7 grams of sodium per 100 grams of powder, corresponding to 125 mg of sodium per gram of sodium phenylbutyrate (12.4% w/w). BUPHENYL should be used with great care, if at all, in patients with congestive heart failure or severe renal insufficiency, and in clinical states in which there is sodium retention with edema. Because BUPHENYL is metabolized in the liver and kidney, and phenylacetylglutamine is primarily excreted by the kidney, use caution when administering the drug to patients with hepatic or renal insufficiency or inborn errors of beta oxidation. Probenecid is known to inhibit the renal transport of many organic compounds, including hippuric acid, and may affect renal excretion of the conjugated product of BUPHENYL as well as its metabolite. Use of corticosteroids may cause the breakdown of body protein and increase plasma ammonia levels. PRECAUTIONS General: BUPHENYL should not be administered to patients with known hypersensitivity to sodium phenylbutyrate or any component of this preparation. There have been published reports of hyperammonemia being induced by haloperidol and by valproic acid. Neurotoxicity of phenylacetate in animals: When given subcutaneously to rat pups, 190–474 mg/kg phenylacetate caused decreased proliferation and increased loss of neurons, and it reduced CNS myelin. Cerebral synapse maturation was retarded, and the number of functioning nerve terminals in the cerebrum was reduced, which resulted in impaired brain growth. Prenatal exposure of rat pups to phenylacetate produced lesions in layer 5 of the cortical pyramidal cells; dendritic spines were longer and thinner than normal and reduced in number. Information for Patients: The full text of the separate insert of information for patients is reprinted at the end of the labeling. Laboratory Tests: Plasma levels of ammonia, arginine, branched-chain amino acids, and serum proteins should be maintained within normal limits, and plasma glutamine should be maintained at levels less than 1,000 µmol/L. Serum drug levels of phenylbutyrate and its metabolites, phenylacetate and phenylacetylglutamine, should be monitored periodically. Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility: Carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and fertility studies of sodium phenylbutyrate have not been conducted. Pregnancy: Pregnancy Category C. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with BUPHENYL. It is also not known whether BUPHENYL can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman or can affect reproduction capacity. BUPHENYL should be given to a pregnant woman only if clearly needed. Nursing Mothers: It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when BUPHENYL is administered to a nursing woman. Pediatric Use: The use of tablets for neonates, infants and children to the weight of 20 kg is not recommended. (See Dosage and Administration.) ADVERSE REACTIONS The assessment of clinical adverse events came from 206 patients treated with sodium phenylbutyrate. Adverse events (both clinical and laboratory) were not collected systematically in these patients, but were obtained from patient-visit reports by the 65 co-investigators. Causality of adverse effects is sometimes difficult to determine in this patient population because they may result from either the underlying disease, the patient’s restricted diet, intercurrent illness, or BUPHENYL. Furthermore, the rates may be under-estimated because they were reported primarily by parent or guardian and not the patient. Clinical Adverse Events In female patients, the most common clinical adverse event reported was amenorrhea/menstrual dysfunction (irregular menstrual cycles), which occurred in 23% of the menstruating patients. Decreased appetite occurred in 4% of all patients. Body odor (probably caused by the metabolite, phenylacetate) and bad taste or taste aversion were each reported in 3% of patients. Other adverse events reported in 2% or fewer patients were: •Gastrointestinal: abdominal pain, gastritis, nausea and vomiting; constipation, rectal bleeding, peptic ulcer disease, and pancreatitis each occurred in one patient. •Hematologic: aplastic anemia and ecchymoses each occurred in one patient. •Cardiovascular: arrhythmia and edema each occurred in one patient. •Renal: renal tubular acidosis •Psychiatric: depression •Skin: rash •Miscellaneous: headache, syncope, and weight gain Neurotoxicity was reported in cancer patients receiving intravenous phenylacetate, 250–300 mg/kg/day for 14 days, repeated at 4-week intervals. Manifestations were predominately somnolence, fatigue, and lightheadedness; with less frequent ­headache, dysgeusia, hypoacusis, disorientation, impaired memory, and exacerbation of a pre-existing neuropathy. These adverse events were mainly mild in severity. The acute onset and reversibility when the phenylacetate infusion was discontinued suggest a drug effect. Laboratory Adverse Events: In patients with urea cycle disorders, the frequency of laboratory adverse events by body system were: •Metabolic: acidosis (14%), alkalosis and hyperchloremia (each 7%), hypophosphatemia (6%), hyperuricemia and hyperphosphatemia (each 2%), and hypernatremia and hypokalemia (each 1%). •Nutritional: hypoalbuminemia (11%) and decreased total protein (3%). •Hepatic: increased alkaline phosphatase (6%), increased liver transaminases (4%), and hyperbilirubinemia (1%). •Hematologic: anemia (9%), leukopenia and leukocytosis (each 4%), thrombocytopenia (3%), and thrombocytosis (1%). The clinician is advised to routinely perform urinalysis, blood chemistry profiles, and hematologic tests. OVERDOSAGE No adverse experiences have been reported involving overdoses of sodium phenylbutyrate in patients with urea cycle disorders In the event of an overdose, discontinue the drug and institute supportive measures. Hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis may be beneficial. DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION For oral use only. The use of BUPHENYL Tablets is indicated for children weighing more than 20 kg and for adults. The usual total daily dose of BUPHENYL Tablets and Powder for patients with urea cycle disorders is 450–600 mg/kg/day in patients weighing less than 20 kg, or 9.9–13.0 g/m2/day in larger patients. The tablets and powder are to be taken in ­equally divided amounts with each meal or feeding (i.e., three to six times per day). BUPHENYL Powder is indicated for oral use (via mouth, gastrostomy, or nasogastric tube) only. The powder is to be mixed with food (solid or liquid) for immediate use; however, when dissolved in water, BUPHENYL Powder has been shown to be stable for up to one week at room temperature or refrigerated. Sodium phenylbutyrate is very soluble in water (5 grams per 10 mL). When BUPHENYL Powder is added to a liquid, only sodium phenylbutyrate will dissolve, the excipients will not. The effect of food on sodium phenylbutyrate has not been determined. Each level teaspoon (enclosed) dispenses 3.2 grams of powder and 3.0 grams of sodium phenylbutyrate. Each level tablespoon (enclosed) dispenses 9.1 grams of powder and 8.6 grams of sodium phenylbutyrate. Shake lightly before use. The safety or efficacy of doses in excess of 20 grams (40 tablets) per day has not been established. NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT To promote growth and development, plasma levels of ammonia, arginine, branched-chain amino acids, and serum protein should be maintained within normal limits while plasma glutamine is maintained at levels less than 1,000 µmol/L. Minimum daily protein intake for a patient of a particular age should be taken from, for example, “Recommended Dietary Allowances”, 10th ed., Food and Nutrition Board, National Academy of Sciences, 1989. The allocation of dietary nitrogen into natural protein and essential amino acids is a function of age, residual urea-cycle enzyme activity, and the dose of sodium phenylbutyrate. At the recommended dose of sodium phenylbutyrate, it is suggested that infants with neonatal-onset CPS and OTC deficiencies initially receive a daily dietary protein intake limited to approximately 1.6 g/kg/day for the first 4 months of life. If tolerated, the daily protein intake may be increased to 1.9 g/kg/day during this period. Protein tolerance will decrease as the growth rate decreases, requiring a reduction in dietary nitrogen intake. From 4 months to 1 year of age, it is recommended that the infant receive at least 1.4 g/kg/day, but 1.7 g/kg/day is advisable. From 1 to 3 years of age, the protein intake should not be less than 1.2 g/kg/day; 1.4 g/kg/day is advisable during this period. For neonatal-onset patients with carbamylphosphate synthetase deficiency or ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency who are at least 6 months of age, it is recommended that the daily protein intake be equally divided between natural protein and supplemental essential amino acids. Patients with argininosuccinic acid synthetase deficiency and those with late-onset disease (partial deficiencies, including females heterozygous for ornithine transcarbamylase), initially may receive a diet containing the age-determined minimal daily natural protein allowance. The protein intake may be increased as tolerated and determined by plasma glutamine and other amino acid levels. However, many patients with partial deficiencies avoid dietary protein. Citrulline supplementation is required and recommended for patients diagnosed with ­neonatal-onset deficiency of carbamylphosphate synthetase or ornithine transcarbamylase; citrulline daily intake is recommended at 0.17 g/kg/day or 3.8 g/m2/day. The free-base form of arginine may be used instead of citrulline in patients with ­milder forms of carbamylphosphate synthetase and ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency (daily intake is recommended at 0.17 g/kg/day or 3.8 g/m2/day). Arginine supplementation is needed for patients diagnosed with deficiency of argininosuccinic acid synthetase; arginine (free base) daily intake is recommended at 0.4–0.7 g/kg/day or 8.8–15.4 g/m2/day. If caloric supplementation is indicated, a protein-free product is recommended. Caloric intake should be based upon the “Recommended Dietary Allowances”, 10th ed., Food and Nutrition Board, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, 1989. HOW SUPPLIED BUPHENYL Tablets are available in 250 cc bottles which contain 250 sodium phenylbutyrate tablets (NDC 76325-496-03). The bottles are equipped with child-resistant caps. Each tablet is off-white, oval, and embossed with “UCY 500”. Each tablet contains 500 mg of sodium phenylbutyrate. STORE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE 15ºC–30ºC (59ºF–86ºF). AFTER OPENING, KEEP BOTTLE TIGHTLY CLOSED. BUPHENYL Powder is available in 500 cc bottles, which hold 266 grams of powder, containing 250 grams of sodium phenylbutyrate (NDC 76325-188-64). The bottles are equipped with child-resistant caps. Measurers are provided. Each level teaspoon (enclosed) dispenses 3.2 grams of powder and 3.0 grams of sodium phenylbutyrate. Each level tablespoon (enclosed) dispenses 9.1 grams of powder and 8.6 grams of sodium phenylbutyrate. STORE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE 15ºC–30ºC (59ºF–86ºF). AFTER OPENING, KEEP BOTTLE TIGHTLY CLOSED. BUPHENYL is a registered trademark of Hyperion Therapeutics, Inc. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Manufactured for: Hyperion Therapeutics, Inc., 601 Gateway Blvd, Suite 200, South San Francisco, CA 94080 By: Pharmaceutics International Inc., Hunt Valley, MD 21031 U.S.A. Product of Germany NDC 76325-496-03 bottle contains 250 tablets of 500 mg. NDC 76325-188-64 bottle containing 250 g of sodium phenylbutyrate powder. PATIENT PACKAGE INSERT: BUPHENYL® (sodium phenylbutyrate) Tablets BUPHENYL® (sodium phenylbutyrate) Powder What is the most important information I should know about BUPHENYL? BUPHENYL is prescribed along with changes in diet for long-term treatment of urea cycle disorders. BUPHENYL can only be obtained with a prescription from your doctor. BUPHENYL must be taken exactly as the doctor prescribes; do not increase or decrease the dose of this medication without the doctor's approval. What are urea cycle disorders? Urea cycle disorders include a group of diseases, each having a specific liver enzyme deficiency. Because they are inherited, other family members may be affected. These disorders vary in severity and may be first detected at various ages, from newborn infants to adults. They lead to increased amounts of ammonia in the blood, which may cause disturbed brain function and severe brain damage. Typical signs of the disease are decreased mental awareness, vomiting, combativeness, slurred speech, unstable gait, and unconsciousness.  The diagnosis of urea cycle disorders requires special laboratory tests. These typical signs of the disease may recur after the diagnosis is made if the condition is not under control. If they do, the doctor should be notified immediately because this is a medical emergency. An infection can cause the condition to go out of control. Therefore, if a fever develops, the doctor should be seen immediately. A patient or carrier of these disorders should wear a Medic Alert tag stating the diagnosis. In the event that the patient has a sudden, rapid accumulation of ammonia in the blood, and, therefore, in the brain, leading to unconsciousness, the doctor will be alerted to treat the disease properly. Periodically, depending upon the severity of a particular patient's urea cycle disorder, it will be necessary to perform blood tests. These include plasma ammonia, plasma amino acid levels, and other more routine blood tests to evaluate nutritional status. What is BUPHENYL? BUPHENYL is a drug that helps to prevent ammonia from accumulating in the blood. BUPHENYL aids the body in eliminating substances that produce ammonia. However, despite drug treatment, blood ammonia levels may become elevated periodically and there may be episodes of altered brain function in association with these ammonia elevations. Patients who have disease onset as newborns have a high incidence of mental retardation. Medical attention should be obtained as soon as signs appear (see above under "What are urea cycle disorders?"). BUPHENYL may be used as life-long therapy or as a temporary measure until liver transplantation is performed. What diet should I or my child follow? In addition to taking BUPHENYL, it is equally important that a prescribed diet be followed. Because there is great variability in the severity of urea cycle disorders, each patient's diet should be custom designed by a physician and a nutritionist. Because the diet is so important, it is recommended that the prescribed diet be discussed with a nutritionist who is familiar with urea cycle disorders. Who should not take BUPHENYL? BUPHENYL is prescribed only for patients with urea cycle disorders. It is not to be used for any other reason. Keep the medication in a safe place where children cannot reach it. What other medical conditions may also be present that could increase the risk of taking BUPHENYL? Heart failure or decreased kidney function may lead to retention of the sodium content of BUPHENYL with potentially serious consequences such as worsening heart failure, high blood pressure, and swelling. If these medical conditions are present, the doctor will determine if your child should take BUPHENYL. How should I or my child take BUPHENYL? The dose of BUPHENYL prescribed for adults and children is based upon the patient's weight or size. It is very important that the full amount prescribed for any 24-hour period be taken. If a dose is missed it should be administered as soon as possible that same day. The total daily dose should be administered in equally divided amounts with meals. What medications should I or my child avoid or be cautious of taking while on BUPHENYL? Patients with urea cycle disorders usually should not take Depakene® (valproic acid), a drug sometimes prescribed for seizure disorders, or Haldol® (haloperidol), a drug used to treat certain types of psychiatric or neurologic disorders. Both of these drugs have been reported to increase blood ammonia levels. Steroids may break down body protein, thereby increasing blood ammonia levels. The doctor should be consulted before administering medications containing steroids. What medications may affect the way the body breaks down the drug? Probenecid, a medication used to treat gout, may affect the way the kidneys excrete BUPHENYL (consult the doctor for details). What are the most common side effects of BUPHENYL? The most common side effect reported in premenopausal women taking BUPHENYL was absent or irregular menstrual periods. Decreased appetite was reported in 4% of all people treated. Body odor and bad taste were each reported in 3% of all patients treated. A breakdown product of BUPHENYL has been associated mainly with sleepiness and light-headedness. Because these symptoms may also be due to the urea cycle going out of control, a doctor should see the patient immediately if these symptoms occur, so the cause can be determined.   Blood tests should be performed periodically for adverse effects and for levels of medication and its breakdown products. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=aa638c13-3048-42b2-8a8b-79dae040ea35 --------------------------------------------------------------- 产地国家：美国 原产地英文商品名: BUPHENYL TABLET 500mg/tab 250tabs/bottle 原产地英文药品名: SODIUM PHENYLBUTYRATE 中文参考商品译名: BUPHENYL片剂 500毫克/片 250片/瓶 中文参考药品译名: 苯丁酸钠 生产厂家中文参考译名: Hyperion Therapeutics, Inc 生产厂家英文名: Hyperion Therapeutics, Inc --------------------------------------------------------------- 产地国家：美国 原产地英文商品名: BUPHENYL POWDER 250g/bottle 原产地英文药品名: SODIUM PHENYLBUTYRATE 中文参考商品译名: BUPHENYL粉剂 250克/瓶 中文参考药品译名: 苯丁酸钠 生产厂家中文参考译名: Hyperion Therapeutics, Inc 生产厂家英文名: Hyperion Therapeutics, Inc