普乐可复-Prograf
别名】 他克莫司,大环哌南,普乐可复
【外文名】Tacrolimus, Prograf, FK506
【药理作用】 在分子水平，他克莫司的作用显然是利用与细胞性蛋白质（FK 12）相结合，而在细胞内蓄积产生效用。FK 12-他克莫司复合物会专一性地结合以及抑制calcinurin，其会抑制T细胞中所产生钙离子依赖型讯息传导路径作用，因此防止不连续性淋巴因子基因的转录。本药是具有高度免疫抑制的药物，其活性在体外及体内实验中都已被证实。本药抑制形成主要移值排斥作用之细胞毒性淋巴球的生成。本药是具有高度免疫抑制的药物，其活性在体外及体内实验中都已被证实。本药抑制形成主要移植排斥作用之细胞毒性淋巴球的生成。本药抑制T细胞的活化作用以及T辅助细胞依赖B细胞的增生作用。也会抑制如白介素-2、白介素-3及γ-干扰素等淋巴因子的生成与白介素-2受体的表达。在分子水平，本药的效应似乎是由结合到细胞性蛋白质（FK ）所产生，此蛋白质也会造成该化合物累积在细胞间。在体内试验中发现，本药显示出对肝脏及肾脏移植有效。
【适应症】 肝脏及肾脏移植患者的首选免疫抑制药物，肝脏及肾脏移植后排斥反应对传统免疫抑制方案耐药者，也可选用该药物。
【用法用量】 下列口服及静脉注射给药之建议剂量只是概略指标，本药的实际剂量应依据个别病人的需要而加以调整，建议剂量只有起始剂量，因此治疗过程中应藉由临床判断并辅以他克莫司血中浓度的监测以调整剂量。口服给药每日剂量分两次投予。最好是在空腹或至少进食前1hr或进食后2-3hr服用胶囊，以达到最大吸收量。口服胶囊时，通常须连续服用以抑制移植排斥作用。并没有治疗期间的限制。静脉注射给药输注用浓缩液必须在聚乙烯或玻璃瓶中用5%葡萄糖注射或者生理食盐水稀释。所形成的最终输注用溶液的浓度必须在0.004-0.1mg/ml范围间。24hr内输注20-250ml。此溶液不可以一次全量快速注释给药。当患者的状况允许时，应尽快将静脉注射疗法改为口服疗法。静脉注射疗法不应该连续超过7天。首次免疫抑制剂量 - 成人肝脏移植者为0.1-0.2mg/kg/天，肾脏移植患者为0.15-0.3mg/kg/天，分2次口服。应该在肝脏移植手术后约6hr以及肾脏移植手术24hr内开始给药。如果病患的临床状况不适于口服给药。如果病患的临床状况不适于口服给药，则应该给予连续24hr的静脉输注他克莫司治疗。起始静脉注射剂量对肝脏移植患者为0.01-0.05mg/kg/天，而对肾脏移植患者为0.05-0.1mg/kg/天。首次免疫抑制剂量 - 儿童儿童病患通常需要成人建议剂量的1.5-2倍，才能达到相同的治疗血浓度。肝脏及肾脏移植：0.3mg/kg/天，分2次口服。如果不能口服给药时，应该给予连续24hr的静脉输注，对肝脏移植的儿童为0.05mg/kg/天，而对肾脏移植的儿童为0.1mg/kg/天。维持治疗需要口服本药来达到连续免疫抑制作用以维持移植物的生存。在维持治疗中常可减低剂量。主要是根据各病患个体对于排斥及耐受性的临床评估而调整。在病患手术后的恢复期，本药的药物动力学可能会改变，因此需要调整本药的剂量。如果疾病发生变化（例如产生排斥现象），必须考虑更换免疫抑制疗法。增加激素、使用短期的单株/多株抗体以及增加本药的剂量都曾被用来控制排斥发作。如果有中毒征兆（例如明显的不良反应）出现，必须降低本药的剂量。当本药的激素合用时，激素用量通常可以减低，且在少数病例中可以持续地进行单一治疗法。对传统免疫抑制治疗无效如果病患以传本药的治疗应该以该特定移植中首次免疫抑制所建议的初始剂量来开始给药。同时给予环孢素及本药可能会延长环孢素的半衰期，并且产生毒性作用。应该在考虑环孢素的血浓度以及病患的临床状况后，方可开始使用本药治疗。实际上，通常是在停止给予环孢素后12-24hr才开始使用本药。由于环孢素后的清除率可能会受影响，所以在换药后应该监测环孢素的血药浓度。特殊病人肝功能不全之病患；对于手术前或手术后功能不全，如最初移植功能不良的病患可能需要减低剂量。肾功能不全之病患：由于他克莫司的肾清除率很低，所以依据药物动力学的原则是不需要调整剂量。但是由于其潜在肾毒性，所以建议小心监测包括血肌酐、肌酐清除率的计算及排尿量等肾功能。本药的血中浓度不因透析而降低。老年病患有限的经验显示其剂量应同成年患者。

【原产地英文商品名:Prograf 5mg/ml/ampule
【原产地英文药品名】:tacrolimus 5mg/ml/ampule
【中文参考商品译名】:普乐可夫 5毫克/毫升/瓶
【中文参考药品译名】:他克莫司 5毫克/毫升/瓶
【生产厂家中文参考译名】:美国阿斯特拉制药
【生产厂家英文名】:ASTELLAS pharm，USA

Prograf 5 mg cap Product Genuine on Eczi Turkey

* Prograf (tacrolimus) is indicated for the prophylaxis of organ rejection in patients receiving allogeneic liver, kidney, or heart transplants. It is recommended that Prograf be used concomitantly with adrenal corticosteroids. Because of the risk of anaphylaxis, Prograf injection should be reserved for patients unable to take Prograf capsules orally. In heart transplant recipients, it is recommended that Prograf be used in conjunction with azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil. The safety and efficacy of the use of Prograf with sirolimus has not been established.

Important Safety Information
WARNING
Increased susceptibility to infection and the possible development of lymphoma may result from immunosuppression. Only physicians experienced in immunosuppressive therapy and management of organ transplant patients should prescribe Prograf. The physician responsible for maintenance therapy should have complete information requisite for the follow-up of the patient.

* Prograf is contraindicated in patients with a hypersensitivity to tacrolimus. Prograf injection is contraindicated in patients with a hypersensitivity to castor oil. Patients receiving Prograf injection should be under continuous observation for at least the first 30 minutes following the start of infusion and at frequent intervals thereafter. If signs or symptoms of anaphylaxis occur, the infusion should be stopped.
* Insulin-dependent post-transplant diabetes mellitus was reported in 11% to 22% of Prograf-treated liver, kidney, and heart transplant patients with no prior history of diabetes mellitus. Black and Hispanic kidney transplant patients were at increased risk. Insulin dependence was reversible in 15% to 45% of patients at 1 year.
* Prograf has been associated with nephrotoxicity, particularly when used in high doses. In particular, to avoid excess nephrotoxicity, Prograf should not be used simultaneously with cyclosporine. Prograf or cyclosporine should be discontinued at least 24 hours prior to initiating the other. In the presence of elevated Prograf or cyclosporine concentrations, dosing with the other drug usually should be further delayed.
* Use of Prograf with sirolimus in heart transplant patients in a US study was associated with increased risk of wound healing complications, renal function impairment, and insulin-dependent post-transplant diabetes, and is not recommended.
* A safe and effective dosing regimen of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in combination with Prograf has not been established in kidney transplantation. In one clinical study, 12-month mortality was 4.2% in patients receiving Prograf/MMF compared with 2.4% in patients receiving cyclosporine/MMF.
* Mild to severe hyperkalemia was reported in 31% of kidney transplant recipients, in 45% and 13% of liver transplant recipients in the US and European randomized trials, respectively, and in 8% of heart transplant recipients in a European randomized trial, and may require treatment. Serum potassium levels should be monitored and potassium-sparing diuretics should not be used during Prograf therapy (see PRECAUTIONS).
* Neurotoxicity, including tremor, headache, and other changes in motor function, mental status, and sensory function, was reported in approximately 55% of liver transplant recipients in the two randomized studies. Tremor occurred more often in Prograf-treated kidney transplant (54%) and heart transplant patients (15%) compared with cyclosporine-treated patients. Seizures have occurred in adult and pediatric patients receiving Prograf. Coma and delirium also have been associated with high plasma concentrations of tacrolimus.
* In postmarketing experience, patients treated with tacrolimus have been reported to develop posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). If PRES is suspected or diagnosed, immediate reduction of immunosuppression is advised. Activation of latent viral infections, including BK virus-associated nephropathy and JC virus-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), has also been reported.
* The principal adverse reactions of Prograf include，tremor,headache,hypertension, gastrointestinal disturbance, abnormal renal function, hyperglycemia, leukopenia, CMV infection, infection, and hyperlipemia. Reviews