ZMAX阿奇霉素(小儿用)缓释混悬剂
药品名称 别名:阿红霉素,阿齐红霉素 英文名:Azithromycin
药理作用 阿奇霉素为氮杂内酯类抗生素,其作用机理是通过与敏感微生物的50s核糖体的亚单位结合,从而干扰其蛋白质的合成(不影响核酸的合成)。 体外试验和临床研究均表明,阿奇霉素对以下多种致病菌有效: *革兰阳性需氧微生物:金黄色葡萄球菌、酿脓链球菌、肺炎链球菌、溶血性链球菌。 阿奇霉素对于耐红霉素的革兰阳性菌有交叉耐药性。大多数粪链球菌(肠球菌)以及耐甲氧西林的葡萄球菌对阿奇霉素耐药。 *革兰阴性需氧微生物:流感嗜血杆菌、卡他摩拉菌。 *其他微生物:沙眼衣原体。 体外试验和临床研究已证实,阿奇霉素可预防和治疗鸟胞内分支杆菌复合体(由鸟胞内分支杆菌和胞内分支杆菌组成)引起的疾病。 细菌产生的β—内酰胺酶不影响阿奇霉素的活性。 对以下微生物已有体外研究结果,但是其临床意义尚不清楚,包括链球菌属(C、F、G)、草绿色链球菌、百日咳杆菌、空肠弯曲杆菌、杜克嗜血杆菌、嗜肺性军团菌、双路普雷活氏菌、产气荚膜梭菌、消化链球菌属、包柔螺旋体、肺炎支原体、梅毒螺旋体、解脲支原体等。 毒理研究 *遗传毒性:人淋巴细胞试验、小鼠骨髓微核试验和小鼠体外淋巴瘤细胞试验的结果阿奇霉素未表现出致突变作用。 *生殖毒性:大鼠和小鼠的生殖毒性试验均表明,当阿奇霉素(经口给药)剂量达产生中等程度的母体毒性的剂量水平(即200mg/kg/日,按体表面积计算,约为人用药剂量500mg/kg/日的2-4倍)时,未发现致畸胎作用。 尚未发现对生育力和胎儿的损害。目前尚无在妊娠妇女中进行充分的和严格对照的临床试验。由于动物生殖研究的结果并不总是能预测人的情况,因此,只有在确实必要时,孕妇才能使用本品。尚不知本品是否在人乳汁中分泌,由于许多药物经人乳汁分泌,因此哺乳期的妇女在使用时应注意。 *致癌性:尚无有关本品动物长期用药的致癌性研究资料。
药代动力学 口服后迅速吸收,生物利用度为37%。单剂口服0.5g后,达峰时间为2.5~2.6小时,血药峰浓度(Cmax)为0.4~0.45mg/L。本品在体内分布广泛,在各组织内浓度可达同期血浓度的10~100倍,在巨噬细胞及纤维母细胞内浓度高,前者能将阿奇霉素转运至炎症部位。本品单剂给药后的血消除半衰期(t1/2β)为35~48小时,给药量的50%以上以原形经胆道排出,给药后72小时内约4.5%以原形经尿排出。 本品的血清蛋白结合率随血药浓度的增加而减低,当血药浓度为0.02μg/ml时,血清蛋白结合率为15%;当血药浓度为2μg/ml时,血清蛋白结合率为7%。国外资料显示,轻中度肾功能不全患者(肾小球滤过率为10~80ml/min)药代参数无明显变化,严重肾功能不全者(肾小球滤过率为小于10ml/min)与正常者有显著差异,全身暴露量增加33%。
适应症 (1).化脓性链球菌引起的急性咽炎、急性扁桃体炎。 (2).敏感细菌引起的鼻窦炎、中耳炎、急性支气管炎、慢性支气管炎急性发作。 (3).肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌以及肺炎支原体所致的肺炎。 (4).沙眼衣原体及非多种耐药淋病奈瑟菌所致的尿道炎和宫颈炎。 (5).敏感细菌引起的皮肤软组织感染。
用法用量 成人 沙眼衣原体或敏感淋球菌所致性传播疾病 单次口服1g。其它感染500mg/次/日,连续服用3天。儿童按10mg/kg计算每天用量,每天1次,连服3天。 15kg以下儿童 每日单次口服100mg。 15-25kg儿童 每日单次口服200mg。 26-35kg儿童 每日单次口服300mg。 36-45kg儿童 每日单次口服400mg,疗程为3天。 任何疑问,请遵医嘱!
禁忌症 对阿奇霉素、红霉素或其他任何一种大环内酯类药物过敏者禁用。
不良反应 轻至中度腹泻(稀便),上腹部不适(痛或痉挛),恶心、呕吐、偶见轻中度腹胀。曾见轻度中性粒细胞减少症,但是否与阿奇霉素有关尚未证实。偶见一过性肝转氨酶升高。
注意事项 1.进食可影响阿奇霉素的吸收,故需在饭前1小时或饭后2小时口服。 2.轻度肾功能不全患者(肌酐清除率>40ml/分钟)不需作剂量调整,但阿奇霉素对较严重肾功能不全患者中的使用尚无资料,给这些患者使用阿奇霉素时应慎重。 3.由于肝胆系统是阿奇霉素排泄的主要途径,肝功能不全者慎用,严重肝病患者不应使用。用药期间定期随访肝功能。 4.用药期间如果发生过敏反应(如血管神经性水肿、皮肤反应、Stevens-Johnson综合症及毒性表皮坏死等),应立即停药,并采取适当措施。 5.治疗期间,若患者出现腹泻症状,应考虑假膜性肠炎发生。如果诊断确立,应采取相应治疗措施,包括维持水、电解质平衡、补充蛋白质等。 6.使用本品期间,如出现任何不良事件和/或不良反应,请咨询医生。 7.同时使用其他药品,请告知医生。 8.请放置于儿童不能够触及的地方。
孕妇及哺乳期妇女用药 动物实验显示本品对胎儿无影响,但在人类孕妇中应用尚缺乏经验,故在孕妇中应用须充分权衡利弊。尚无资料显示本品是否可分泌至母乳中,故哺乳期妇女应用须谨慎考虑。
儿童用药 治疗小于6个月小儿中耳炎、社区获得性肺炎及小于2岁小儿咽炎或扁桃体炎的疗效与安全性尚未确定。
药物相互作用 根据国外进行的药物相互作用研究资料介绍,获得以下有关本品信息: 抗酸剂:在探讨抗酸剂与阿奇霉素同时给药的药动学研究中,阿奇霉素的峰浓度大约降低了25%,未见对总生物利用度的影响。对服用阿奇霉素又需要服用抗酸剂的患者,不应同一时间服用这些药物。 西替利嗪:健康志愿者同时口服阿奇霉素和西替利嗪(20mg)5天,稳态浓度下两者在药代动力学上无相互作用,亦未观察到QT间期的显著变化。去羟肌苷(二去氧次黄嘌呤核苷):与服用安慰剂相比较,6例HIV阳性患者每日同时服用1200mg的阿奇霉素和400mg的去羟肌苷并未影响去羟肌苷的稳态药代动力学。 地高辛:曾有报告,某些大环内酯类抗生素影响一些患者的地高辛肠内代谢。因此对同时服用阿奇霉素和地高辛的患者,应注意其地高辛血药浓度有升高的可能性。 齐多夫定:单剂量1000mg和多剂量1200mg或600mg的阿奇霉素对齐多夫定或其葡萄糖醛酸代谢物的血浆药代动力学或尿排泄几乎没有影响。然而口服阿奇霉素可以增加外周血单核细胞中的磷酸化齐多夫定的浓度,后者是临床活性代谢产物。这些发现的临床意义尚不清楚,但对患者来说可能是有益的。 阿奇霉素对肝内细胞色素P450系统无显著影响。阿奇霉素与红霉素等其他大环内酯类抗生素不同,不影响其它药物的药代动力学,不会因诱导肝内细胞色素P450或通过形成细胞色素代谢复合物而失去活性。 麦角:由于理论上存在有麦角中毒的可能性,故不主张阿奇霉素与麦角类衍生物同时使用。已进行了阿奇霉素与下列主要通过肝内细胞色素P450系统代谢的药物之间的药代动力学研究。 阿托伐他汀:每日同时服用阿托伐他汀10mg与阿奇霉素500mg,对阿托伐他汀的血药浓度没有影响(HMGCOA-reductaseinhibitionassay)(3羟基-3-甲基-戊二酰辅酶A还原酶抑制分析)。 卡马西平:对健康志愿者的药代动力学研究表明,同时应用卡马西平和阿奇霉素,对卡马西平及其活性代谢物的血药浓度无显著影响。 西咪替丁:在单剂量西咪替丁的药代动力学研究中,在服用阿奇霉素前二小时用药,未见阿奇霉素的药代动力学有所改变。 香豆素类口服抗凝剂:在健康志愿者进行的药代动力学研究中,阿奇霉素并不影响口服单剂量15mg的华法林的抗凝作用。在阿奇霉素上市后,有报道同时应用阿奇霉素和香豆素类口服抗凝剂可使抗凝作用增强。虽然因果关系尚未确定,但是对同时使用香豆素类口服抗凝剂的患者,应注意经常监测凝血酶原时间。 环孢素:在健康志愿者中进行药代动力学研究,每日口服阿奇霉素500mg,连续3天后再口服环孢素单剂量10mg/kg,环孢素的峰浓度和5小时药时曲线下面积显著增加。故二者同时使用时必须慎重。如必须同时使用,应监测环孢素的血药浓度,以便相应调整剂量。 依非韦伦:同时应用阿奇霉素(单剂600mg)和依非韦伦(每天400mg,共7天),未发现具有显著临床意义的药代动力学改变。 氟康唑:同时应用单体氟康唑800mg与单剂阿奇霉素1200mg,未见氟康唑的药代动力学有明显改变,阿奇霉素的总暴露量和半衰期也无改变,血药峰浓度则降低18%,但无显著临床意义。 茚地那韦:同时应用单剂量的阿奇霉素1200mg,对于茚地那韦(每天3次,每次800mg,连续5天)的药代动力学无显著影响。 甲泼尼龙:在健康志愿者中进行的药物相互作用研究中,阿奇霉素对甲泼尼龙的药代动力学参数无显著影响。 咪达唑仑:健康志愿者同时使用阿奇霉素(500mg/天,共3天)和咪达唑仑(单剂15mg),后者的药代动力学和药效学无显著改变。奈非那韦:同时应用阿奇霉素1200mg和奈非那韦(750mg,每天3次给药,直到达到血药稳态浓度为止),未发生具有显著临床意义的药物相互作用,所以不需要调整剂量。 利福布丁:本品与利福布丁合用对两者的血清浓度均无影响。阿奇霉素与利福布丁合用时,会发生中性粒细胞减少症。虽然中性粒细胞减少症和使用利福布丁有关,但是否与阿奇霉素合用有关尚无定论。 西地那非:在健康男性志愿者中进行的研究中,尚无证据表明阿奇霉素(每天500mg,共3天)对西地那非或主要循环代谢产物的血药峰浓度、药时曲线下面积有影响。 特非那丁:药代动力学研究表明,阿奇霉素与特非那丁之间无药物相互作用。虽两者相互作用的病例罕有报道,而且这种作用的可能性亦不能完全排除,可仍无特定证据表明这种相互作用发生过。 茶碱:在健康志愿者中阿奇霉素与茶碱无相互作用。 三唑仑:与服用安慰剂相比较,14名健康志愿者同时服用阿奇霉素(第1天500mg,第2天250mg)与三唑仑(第2天给予0.125mg),对三唑仑的药代动力学无显著影响。 TMP/SMZ:每日服用TMP/SMZ160mg/800mg,连续7天,并在第7天同时服用阿奇霉素单剂1200mg,测得TMP/SMZ的血药浓度、总暴露量和尿清除率均无显著改变。阿奇霉素的血药浓度亦与其他研究中相仿。
【原产地英文商品名】ZMAX PEDIATRIC EXTENDED RELEASE SUSPENS 2g/60mls/bottle 【原产地英文药品名】AZITHROMYCIN 【中文参考商品译名】ZMAX小儿用缓释混悬剂 2克/60毫升/瓶 【中文参考药品译名】阿奇霉素 【生产厂家中文参考译名】辉瑞 【生产厂家英文名】PFIZER GLOBAL
How Zmax can help your child Your child is likely to have the most bacteria in his or her body early in the infection. That is when you need your medicine to be the strongest.1
Zmax (azithromycin extended release) fights the types of bacteria that are making your child sick. You give Zmax to your child as a single, one-time dose that keeps working to fight the bacteria in your child’s body for up to 10 days.2,3
And because you give it to your child only once, you won’t have to worry about missing a dose.
Zmax is indicated in children aged 6 months or older for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia.2,4,5
What is community-acquired pneumonia? Pneumonia is a bacterial infection in the lungs. The type of pneumonia you get outside the hospital is called community-acquired pneumonia. Common symptoms of this form of pneumonia include: High fever Chills Fast breathing and rapid heart rate Coughing that brings up mucus
How does my child take Zmax? Zmax is a single-dose, liquid medicine that comes in a great-tasting cherry-banana flavor for children.
Follow these steps for dosing: Shake it well Give your child the amount of Zmax prescribed by the doctor—try giving Zmax in small sips using a dosing cup or spoon Have your child take it on an empty stomach (at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal). This helps minimize side effects Give your child the medicine within 12 hours after you get it from the pharmacy Do not freeze or refrigerate Zmax
Side effects The most common side effects in children taking Zmax are vomiting, diarrhea/loose stools, and stomach pain. Others include rash, loss of appetite, fever, and nausea. For children who took Zmax and got diarrhea, most symptoms went away by the second day.
Do not give Zmax to children with a known allergy or hypersensitivity to azithromycin, erythromycin, or any other antibiotic.
Call your doctor right away if your child has hives, trouble swallowing, swelling of the face or throat, or trouble breathing, such as wheezing, after taking Zmax, or if youir child vomits within one hour of taking Zmax.
Zmax is indicated for mild to moderate acute bacterial sinusitis in adults due to Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, or Streptococcus pneumoniae and is also indicated for community-acquired pneumonia due to Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, or Streptococcus pneumoniae in adult and pediatric patients aged 6 months and over, deemed appropriate for oral therapy.
Important Safety Information Zmax is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to azithromycin, erythromycin, or any macrolide or ketolide antibiotic. If an allergic reaction occurs, appropriate treatment should be instituted. Physicians should be aware that reappearance of the allergic symptoms may occur when symptomatic therapy is discontinued.
There have been rare reports of serious allergic reactions including angioedema, anaphylaxis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis in patients on other formulations of azithromycin therapy. Rarely, fatalities have been reported.
Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) has been reported with use of nearly all antibacterial agents, including azithromycin, and may range in severity from mild diarrhea to fatal colitis. CDAD must be considered in all patients who present with diarrhea following antibiotic use. Careful medical history is necessary since CDAD has been reported to occur over two months after the administration of antibacterial agents. If CDAD is suspected or confirmed, ongoing antibiotic use not directed against C. difficile may need to be discontinued, and appropriate management and treatment of C. difficile should be instituted as clinically indicated. As with all macrolides, including Zmax, new onset or exacerbations of myasthenia gravis have been reported.
A higher incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events (8 of 19 subjects) was observed when Zmax was administered to a limited number of subjects with GFR <10 mL/min. Overall, the most common treatment-related adverse reactions in:
Adult patients receiving a single 2-g dose of Zmax were diarrhea/loose stools (12%), nausea (4%), abdominal pain (3%), headache (1%), and vomiting (1%). Pediatric patients receiving the recommended Zmax dose of 1 mL/lb were diarrhea (8%), loose stools (5.6%), vomiting (3.3%), abdominal pain (3%), rash (2.8%), nausea (1.7%), and anorexia (1.2%). A more concentrated (60mg/mL) formulation of Zmax was studied in investigational clinical trials and discontinued. Pediatric patients taking this more viscous formulation of Zmax experienced increased vomiting (11.9%).
Please see full prescribing information for Zmax. The product information provided in this site is intended only for residents of the United States. The products discussed herein may have different product labeling in different countries.
The health information contained herein is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended to replace discussions with a healthcare provider. All decisions regarding patient care must be made with a healthcare provider, considering the unique characteristics of the patient. |