美国FDA2011年8月17日批准上市的Zelboraf(vemurafenib)片治疗转移黑色素瘤
批准日期:2011年8月17日;公司:Plexxikon Inc. HOFFMAN-LA ROCHE
Zelboraf(vemurafenib)口服片剂今年被批准的改善总生存的第二个黑色素瘤新药物。
美国食品和药品监督管理局批准Zelboraf(vemurafenib),药物治疗后期(转移)或不可切除黑色素瘤,最危险的皮肤癌类型患者。
Zelboraf是特别适用于治疗肿瘤表达基因突变被称BRAFV600E黑色素瘤患者。在用FDA批准的诊断黑色素瘤该突变检验阴性患者中尚未研究药物。
Zelboraf正在与第一类别检验被称为cobas 4800 BRAF V600突变检验被批准,伴随诊断将有助于确定患者的黑色素瘤细胞是否有BRAF V600E突变。
BRAF蛋白正常涉及细胞生长的调节,但是后期黑色素瘤患者约半数有突变。Zelboraf是一种BRAF抑制剂能阻断V600E-突变的BRAF蛋白的功能。
FDA的药物评价和研究中心肿瘤药品办公室主任Richard Pazdur, M.D.说“对有后期黑色素瘤患者今年是重要一年。Zelboraf是证实改善总生存的第二个被批准新抗癌药物” “3月我们批准了Yervoy(ipilimumab),为后期黑色素瘤另一个新治疗,接受药物后也显示延长患者生存。”
Zelboraf的评审是在FDA的优先审评计划对治疗中有重要进展或没用适当治疗的药物提供加快6个月审评药物。在药物目标日期2011年10月28日前正在批准Zelboraf和其伴随的BRAF V600E检验而伴随诊断目标日期是2011年1112日。
在一项单个675例既往未接受治疗有BRAF V600E突变后期黑色素瘤患者国际试验确定Zelboraf'的安全性和疗效。患者被赋予接受或Zelboraf或达卡巴嗪 [dacarbazine],另一种抗-癌治疗。试验被设计成测量总生存(患者开始治疗和死亡间时间长度)。
接受Zelboraf患者未曾达到中位生存(治疗后患者生存时间长度)(77%仍生存)而接受达卡巴嗪患者中位生存为8个月(64%仍生存)。
FDA的设备和放射健康部中的在体外诊断设备评价和安全性办公室主任Alberto Gutierrez, Ph.D说:“今天批准的Zelboraf和cobas检验是发展伴随诊断和使用以保证患者以安全方式被暴露至高度有效,更个体化治疗一个大实例。”
FDA批准cobas 4800 BRAF V600突变检验是根据来自临床研究的数据也评价Zelboraf的安全性和有效性。收集患者的黑色素瘤组织样品为检验突变。
接受Zelboraf患者报道最常见副作用包括关节痛,皮疹,脱发,疲乏,恶心,和当暴露于阳光皮肤敏感性。约26%患者发生皮肤相关癌被称为皮肤鳞状细胞癌,用手术处理。用Zelboraf治疗患者应避免暴露阳光。
在2011年7月,FDA发出一个新指导原则草稿促进同伴诊断发展和审评,这个指导原则当前正在供公众评议,意向为公司提供评审监督管理局对同伴诊断和相应药物治疗的政策。
黑色素瘤是皮肤病主要死亡原因。美国国立癌症研究所估计在美国2010年新诊断68,130例黑色素瘤,约8,700人死于此病。
Zelboraf是基于罗氏基团的Genentech上市,cobas 4800 BRAF V600突变检验是罗氏加州Pleasanton的Molecular Systems公司制造。
Researchers develops a New Drug – ‘Zelboraf (Vemurafenib)’ to Treat Malignant Melanoma
A breakthrough in research has found a new medicine to cure the deadliest form of skin cancer called malignant melanoma.
The national laboratories at the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) have powerful X-ray technology which unraveled novel perspectives in diseases like Alzheimer’s, swine flu and just recently developed a drug that would treat malignant melanoma.
The Food and Drug Administration has recently issued an approval to the drug, Zelboraf (Vemurafenib). With the help of bright light sources, scientists were able to develop potential novel treatments. The study specifically dealt with the structures of diseased and disease-causing molecules at their basic levels.
Energy secretary, Steven Chu said that this cutting edge in technology is a magnificent example of how discoveries at their national laboratories lead to innovations in an array of fields. He also mentioned that it is their pride to take part in a study which offers treatment against fatal melanoma.
“Macromolecular X-ray crystallography” was the technique used by the researchers to produce a drug that would prevent the enzyme from doing malignant activities. The clinical trials of the currently FDA-approved medicine was also proven successful in battling against the disease thus, extending the lives of those afflicted with it.
ZELBORAF™
Generic Name: vemurafenib
Indication: Treatment of patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation as detected. ZELBORAF is not recommended for use in patients with wild-type BRAF melanoma.
Pregnancy: Category D; Discountinue nursing when receiving ZELBORAF.
Manufacturer: Genentech USA, Inc.
Dosage form: 240 mg tablets
Side effects: most common adverse reactions are arthralgia, rash, alopecia, fatigue, photosensitivity reaction, nausea, pruritus and skin papilloma.
NOTE:
· Cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas occurred in 24% of patients. Perform dermatologic evaluations prior to initiation of therapy and every two months while on therapy.
· Serious hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis, have been reported during and upon re-initiation of treatment. Discontinue ZELBORAF in patients who experience severe hypersensitivity reactions.
· Severe dermatologic reactions, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, have been reported. Discontinue treatment in patients who experience severe dermatologic reactions.
· QT prolongation has been reported. Monitor ECG and electrolytes before treatment and after dose modification. Monitor ECG at day 15, monthly during the first 3 months of treatment, every 3 months thereafter, or more often as clinically indicated. If the QTc exceed 500 ms, temporarily interrupt ZELBORAF, correct electrolyte abnormalities, and control for cardiac risk factors for QT prolongation.
· Monitor liver enzymes and bilirubin before initiation of treatment and montly during treatment, or as clinically indicated.
· Advise patients to avoid sun exposure while taking ZELBORAF.
· Serious ophthalmologic reactions, including uveitis, iritis and retinal vein occulusion, have been reported. Monitor patients routinely for ophthalmologic reactions.
· New primary malignant melanomas have been reported. Manage with excision, and continue treatment without dose modification. Perform dermatologic monitoring.
· BRAFV600E testing – confirmation of BRAFV600E mutation using an FDA approved test is required for selection of patients appropriate for ZELBORAF therapy. The efficacy and safety of ZELBORAF have not been studied in patients with wild-type BRAFT melanoma.
Zelboraf满足黑色素瘤个体化治疗需求
曾在今年美国肿瘤学会年会(ASCO)上受到极大关注的黑色素瘤治疗药Zelboraf(vemurafenib),近日获得美国食品药品管理局(FDA)批准,用于治疗BRAF V600E突变阳性转移性黑色素瘤。这是迄今第一个也是唯一一个FDA批准的可延长BRAF V600E突变阳性转移性黑色素瘤患者生存期的个体化治疗药物。同获批准的还有cobas 4800 BRAF V600突变检测方法,用于确定符合治疗条件的患者。
黑色素瘤当扩散到身体其他部位时,就成为最致命的皮肤癌。转移性黑色素瘤患者的预期寿命一般较短,以月数计。美国癌症学会估计,美国今年将有超过70000例新发黑色素瘤病例,并将有近8800人死于黑色素瘤。
BRAF蛋白是参与正常细胞生长及生存的RAS-RAF路径的关键组成部分。令BRAF蛋白保持活性状态的突变可能导致该路径中的信号转导过多,从而导致失控的细胞生长及生存。这些BRAF蛋白突变被认为将发生在近一半的黑色素瘤以及8%的实体瘤中。以往获得批准的该病治疗方案很少。
FDA批准Zelboraf的依据为BRIM3和BRIM2两项临床试验结果。
BRIM3试验是一项全球、随机、开放性、对照、多中心、Ⅲ期研究,该研究在675名既往未经治疗的BRAF V600E突变阳性(通过cobas BRAF突变检测确定)、不能切除(不能手术)或转移性黑色素瘤患者中比较Zelboraf与达卡巴嗪化疗(标准治疗)的效果。BRIM3试验的终点为总生存期(OS)以及研究者评估的无进展生存期 (PFS)。其他终点包括经确认的研究者评估的总体缓解率。BRIM2试验是一项全球、单组、多中心、开放性Ⅱ期研究,共纳入132名既往经治疗的BRAF V600E突变阳性(经cobas BRAF突变检测确定)、不能切除或转移性的黑色素瘤患者。BRIM2试验的主要终点为独立审核评估的确认总体缓解率。
在BRIM3试验中,Zelboraf治疗组的死亡风险较化疗组下降56%(风险比[HR] =0.44, p<0.0001)。截至分析时,Zelboraf治疗组的中位总生存期尚未达到,化疗组为7.9个月。
Zelboraf治疗组患者的疾病恶化或死亡(PFS)风险较化疗组患者下降74% (HR=0.26, p<0.0001)。Zelboraf组的中位无进展生存期为5.3个月,化疗组为1.6个月。
研究者评估的Zelboraf 治疗组经确认的缓解率(肿瘤缩小的患者)为48.4%(1%完全缓解,47.4%部分缓解),而接受化疗的患者为5.5%(部分缓解)(p<0.0001)。
在BRIM2试验中,Zelboraf 使52%的受试者的肿瘤缩小。
两项研究中患者最常见(3级或以上)的不良事件包括一种常见类型的皮肤癌——皮肤鳞状细胞癌(包括角化棘皮瘤)、皮疹、肝功能异常、关节痛等。在发生皮肤鳞状细胞癌病例中,病灶一般被切除,且患者继续接受治疗。