1型儿童及成人戈谢病新药Vpriv近日在美上市，此药由Shire制药公司出品，已获美国食品药品管理局（FDA）批准开始销售。
 
1型儿童及成人戈谢病为常染色体隐性遗传性疾病。是由于β-葡糖苷酶-葡糖脑苷酯酶缺乏致葡糖脑苷脂在肝、脾、骨骼和中枢神经系统的单核巨噬细胞内蓄积。
 
Vpri属于人细胞源性酶替代疗法（ERT）药物，可作长期用药治疗1型儿童及成人戈谢病。Shire公司表示，之前已获准治疗戈谢病的ERT药物在供应上没有保证，在样的情况下Vpriv的上市可为这类患者提供新的用药选择。 更令人欣喜的是，Vpriv的售价将比其他同类ERT药物价格低15%。
 
基于患者的反馈，Shire公司在美国展开了项名为OnePathSM的工作，目的是简化该公司的人基因疗法（HGT）药物在使用过程中所需的审批程序和文件，同时公司提出“共同负担医疗费用”的最新支付方案，以减轻患者的经济负担。
 
美国食品药品管理局（FDA）日前已批准Shire制药公司出品的Vpriv上市销售，它属于人细胞源性酶替代疗法（ERT）药物，可作为长期用药治疗1型儿童及成人戈谢病。
注射用VPRIV(velaglucerase alfa)使用说明书

美国食品药品管理局批准日期：2010年2月 2日；公司：Shire plc

药物名称：Vpriv (velaglucerase alfa)
适应症：戈谢病
公司：Shire制药
药品类型：小分子药物

高歇氏病发生在葡糖脑苷酯酶产量不足的人群。没有此酶，有害量的某些脂质可能积蓄在肝、脾、骨、骨髓、和神经系统而且可能阻止细胞和器官正常工作。一般人群中约1/50,000至1/100,000人有高歇氏病。 VPRIV为1型高歇氏病提供长期替代酶治疗，这是这种遗传病的最常见型。另外一种可替代治疗药物是Cerezyme (伊米苷酶imiglucerase)当前是为短期治疗。
FDA药物评价第III办公室主任Julie Beitz医学博士说：“VPRIV的批准将为高歇氏病患者提供一种安全和有效替代治疗”，“既往接受Cerezyme酶替代治疗1型高歇氏病的患者可安全转用。”

在三项临床研究共82例4以上高歇氏病患者中评估VPRIV的安全性和有效性。研究中包括既往用Cerezyme 转用VPRIV的患者.

Vpriv
Generic Name: velaglucerase alfa
Dosage Form: injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution

FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
Vpriv™ (velaglucerase alfa for injection)

Indications and Usage for Vpriv
Vpriv (velaglucerase alfa for injection) is a hydrolytic lysosomal glucocerebroside-specific enzyme indicated for long-term enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for pediatric and adult patients with type 1 Gaucher disease.

Vpriv Dosage and Administration
Recommended Dose
The recommended dose is 60 Units/kg administered every other week as a 60-minute intravenous infusion.

Patients currently being treated with imiglucerase for type 1 Gaucher disease may be switched to Vpriv. Patients previously treated on a stable dose of imiglucerase are recommended to begin treatment with Vpriv at that same dose when they switch from imiglucerase to Vpriv.

Dosage adjustments can be made based on achievement and maintenance of each patient's therapeutic goals. Clinical studies have evaluated doses ranging from 15 Units/kg to 60 Units/kg every other week.

Vpriv should be administered under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

Preparation and Administration Instructions

Use aseptic technique

Vpriv is a lyophilized powder, which requires reconstitution and dilution, and is intended for intravenous infusion only. Vpriv contains no preservatives and vials are single-use only. Discard any unused solution. Vpriv should be prepared as follows:

Determine the number of vials to be reconstituted based on the individual patient's weight and the prescribed dose. Follow the instructions in Table 1 for reconstitution.

Table 1: Reconstitution Instructions

	200 Units/vial	400 Units/vial
Volume of Sterile Water for Injection, USP, for reconstitution	2.2 mL	4.3 mL
Concentration after reconstitution	100 Units/mL	100 Units/mL
Withdrawal volume	2 mL	4 mL

Upon reconstitution, mix vials gently. DO NOT SHAKE. Prior to further dilution, visually inspect the solution in the vials; the solution should be clear to slightly opalescent and colorless; do not use if the solution is discolored or if foreign particulate matter is present. Withdraw the calculated volume of drug from the appropriate number of vials and dilute the total volume required in 100 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride solution suitable for IV administration. Mix gently. DO NOT SHAKE.

Vpriv should be administered over 60 minutes. Vpriv should not be infused with other products in the same infusion tubing as the compatibility in solution with other products has not been evaluated. The diluted solution should be filtered through an in-line low protein-binding 0.2µm filter during administration.

As Vpriv contains no preservatives, once reconstituted the product should be used immediately. If immediate use is not possible, the reconstituted or diluted product may be stored for up to 24 hours at 2 to 8°C (36 to 46°F). Do not freeze. Protect from light. The infusion should be completed within 24 hours of reconstitution of vials.

Dosage Forms and Strengths

Vpriv is a sterile, white to off-white, lyophilized powder for reconstitution with Sterile Water for Injection, USP, to yield a final concentration of 100 Units/mL.

Vpriv is available as 200 Units and 400 Units single-use vials.

None.

Warnings and Precautions

Hypersensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity reactions have been reported in patients in clinical studies with Vpriv [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. As with any intravenous protein product, hypersensitivity reactions are possible, therefore appropriate medical support should be readily available when Vpriv is administered. If a severe reaction occurs, current medical standards for emergency treatment are to be followed.

Treatment with Vpriv should be approached with caution in patients who have exhibited symptoms of hypersensitivity to the active ingredient or excipients in the drug product or to other enzyme replacement therapy.

Infusion-related Reactions

Infusion-related reactions were the most commonly observed adverse reactions in patients treated with Vpriv in clinical studies. The most commonly observed symptoms of infusion-related reactions were: headache, dizziness, hypotension, hypertension, nausea, fatigue/asthenia, and pyrexia. Generally the infusion-related reactions were mild and, in treatment-naïve patients, onset occurred mostly during the first 6 months of treatment and tended to occur less frequently with time.

The management of infusion-related reactions should be based on the severity of the reaction, e.g. slowing the infusion rate, treatment with medications such as antihistamines, antipyretics and/or corticosteroids, and/or stopping and resuming treatment with increased infusion time.

Pre-treatment with antihistamines and/or corticosteroids may prevent subsequent reactions in those cases where symptomatic treatment was required. Patients were not routinely pre-medicated prior to infusion of Vpriv during clinical studies.

Adverse Reactions

Clinical Studies Experience

The data described below reflect exposure of 94 patients with type 1 Gaucher disease who received Vpriv at doses ranging from 15 Units/kg to 60 Units/kg every other week in 5 clinical studies. Fifty-four (54) patients were naïve to ERT and received Vpriv for 9 months and 40 patients switched from imiglucerase to Vpriv treatment and received Vpriv for 12 months [see Clinical Studies (14)]. Patients were between 4 and 71 years old at time of first treatment with Vpriv, and included 46 male and 48 female patients.

The most serious adverse reactions in patients treated with Vpriv were hypersensitivity reactions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

The most commonly reported adverse reactions (occurring in ≥10% of patients) that were considered related to Vpriv are shown in Table 2. The most common adverse reactions were infusion-related reactions.

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

Table 2: Adverse Reactions Observed in ≥ 10% of Patients with Type 1 Gaucher Disease Treated with Vpriv

Denotes any event considered related to and occurring within up to 24 hours of Vpriv infusion
System Organ Class Preferred Term	Naïve to ERT N = 54	Switched from imiglucerase to Vpriv N = 40
	Number of Patients (% )
Nervous system disorders
Headache	19 (35.2)	12 (30)
Dizziness	12 (22.2)	3 (7.5)
Gastrointestinal disorders
Abdominal pain	10 (18.5)	6 (15)
Nausea	3 (5.6)	4 (10)
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
Back pain	9 (16.7)	7 (17.5)
Joint pain (knee)	8 (14.8)	3 (7.5)
Infections and infestations
Upper respiratory tract infection	17 (31.5)	12 (30)
Investigations
Activated partial thromboplastin time prolonged	6 (11.1)	2 (5)
General disorders and administration site conditions
Infusion-related reaction*	28 (51.9)	9 (22.5)
Pyrexia	12 (22.2)	5 (12.5)
Asthenia/Fatigue	7 (13)	5 (12.5)

Less common adverse reactions affecting more than one patient (>3% in the treatment-naïve group and >2% in patients switched from imiglucerase to Vpriv treatment) were bone pain, tachycardia, rash, urticaria, flushing, hypertension, and hypotension.

Pediatric Patients

All adult adverse reactions to Vpriv are considered relevant to pediatric patients (ages 4 to 17 years). Adverse reactions more commonly seen in pediatric patients compared to adult patients include (>10% difference): upper respiratory tract infection, rash, aPTT prolonged, and pyrexia.

Immunogenicity

As with all therapeutic proteins, there is a potential for immunogenicity. In clinical studies, 1 of 54 treatment-naïve patients treated with Vpriv developed IgG class antibodies to Vpriv. In this patient, the antibodies were determined to be neutralizing in an in vitro assay. No infusion-related reactions were reported for this patient. It is unknown if the presence of IgG antibodies to Vpriv is associated with a higher risk of infusion reactions. Patients with an immune response to other enzyme replacement therapies who are switching to Vpriv should continue to be monitored for antibodies.

Immunogenicity assay results are highly dependent on the sensitivity and specificity of the assay. Additionally, the observed incidence of antibody positivity in an assay may be influenced by several factors, including assay methodology, sample handling, timing of sample collection, concomitant medications, and underlying disease. For these reasons, comparison of the incidence of antibodies to Vpriv with the incidence of antibodies to other products may be misleading.

Drug Interactions

No drug-drug interaction studies have been conducted.

USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS

Pregnancy – Category B

Reproduction studies with velaglucerase alfa have been performed in pregnant rats at intravenous doses up to 17 mg/kg/day (102 mg/m2/day, about 1.8 times the recommended human dose of 60 Units/kg/day or 1.5 mg/kg/day or 55.5 mg/m2/day based on the body surface area). Reproduction studies have been performed in pregnant rabbits at intravenous doses up to 20 mg/kg/day (240 mg/m2/day, about 4.3 times the recommended human dose of 60 Units/kg/day based on the body surface area). These studies did not reveal any evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to velaglucerase alfa.

A pre- and postnatal development study in rats showed no evidence of any adverse effect on pre- and postnatal development at doses up to 17 mg/kg (102 mg/m2/day, about 1.8 times the recommended human dose of 60 Units/kg/day based on the body surface area). There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, Vpriv should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.

Nursing Mothers

There are no data from studies in lactating women. It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when Vpriv is administered to a nursing woman.

Pediatric Use

The safety and effectiveness of Vpriv have been established in patients between 4 and 17 years of age. Use of Vpriv in this age group is supported by evidence from adequate and well-controlled studies of Vpriv in adults and pediatric [20 of 94 (21%)] patients. The safety and efficacy profiles were similar between pediatric and adult patients [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) and Clinical Studies (14)]. The safety of Vpriv has not been established in pediatric patients younger than 4 years of age.

Geriatric Use

During clinical studies 4 patients aged 65 or older were treated with Vpriv. Clinical studies of Vpriv did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be approached cautiously, considering potential comorbid conditions.

Overdosage

There is no experience with overdose of Vpriv.

Vpriv Description

The active ingredient of Vpriv is velaglucerase alfa, which is produced by gene activation technology in a human fibroblast cell line. Velaglucerase alfa is a glycoprotein of 497 amino acids; with a molecular weight of approximately 63 kDa. Velaglucerase alfa has the same amino acid sequence as the naturally occurring human enzyme, glucocerebrosidase. Velaglucerase alfa contains 5 potential N-linked glycosylation sites; four of these sites are occupied by glycan chains. Velaglucerase alfa is manufactured to contain predominantly high mannose-type N-linked glycan chains. The high mannose type N-linked glycan chains are specifically recognized and internalized via the mannose receptor present on the surface on macrophages, the cells that accumulate glucocerebroside in Gaucher disease. Velaglucerase alfa catalyzes the hydrolysis of the glycolipid glucocerebroside to glucose and ceramide in the lysosome.

Vpriv is dosed by Units/kg, where one Unit of enzyme activity is defined as the quantity of enzyme required to convert one micromole of p-nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranoside to p-nitrophenol per minute at 37°C.

Vpriv is supplied as a sterile, preservative free, lyophilized powder in single-use vials. Following reconstitution with Sterile Water for Injection, USP, the solution contains the components listed in Table 3.

Table 3: Vpriv Composition Following Reconstitution

	Extractable 200 Units/vial	Extractable 400 Units/vial
Active Ingredient
velaglucerase alfa	200 Units	400 Units
Inactive Ingredients
citric acid, monohydrate	2.52 mg	5.04 mg
polysorbate 20	0.22 mg	0.44 mg
sodium citrate, dihydrate	25.88 mg	51.76 mg
sucrose	100 mg	200 mg

Vpriv - Clinical Pharmacology

Mechanism of Action

Gaucher disease is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the GBA gene, which results in a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme beta-glucocerebrosidase. Glucocerebrosidase catalyzes the conversion of the sphingolipid glucocerebroside into glucose and ceramide. The enzymatic deficiency causes an accumulation of glucocerebroside primarily in the lysosomal compartment of macrophages, giving rise to foam cells or "Gaucher cells". In this lysosomal storage disorder (LSD), clinical features are reflective of the accumulation of Gaucher cells in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and other organs. The accumulation of Gaucher cells in the liver and spleen leads to organomegaly. Presence of Gaucher cells in the bone marrow and spleen lead to clinically significant anemia and thrombocytopenia.

Velaglucerase alfa catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucocerebroside, reducing the amount of accumulated glucocerebroside.

Pharmacokinetics

In a multicenter study conducted in pediatric (N=7, 4 to 17 years old) and adult (N=15, 19 to 62 years old) patients with type 1 Gaucher disease, pharmacokinetic evaluations were performed at Weeks 1 and 37 following 60-minute intravenous infusions of Vpriv 60 Units/kg every other week. Serum velaglucerase alfa concentrations declined rapidly with a mean half life of 11 to 12 minutes. The mean velaglucerase alfa clearance ranged from 6.72 to 7.56 mL/min/kg. The mean volume of distribution at steady state ranged from 82 to 108 mL/kg (8.2% to 10.8% of body weight). However, because an inadequately validated analytical assay method was used in the evaluations, the accurate and definitive pharmacokinetic parameter values are not currently available.

No accumulation or change in velaglucerase alfa pharmacokinetics over time from Weeks 1 to 37 was observed upon multiple-dosing 60 Units/kg every other week.

Based on the limited data, there were no notable pharmacokinetic differences between male and female patients in this study. The effect of age on pharmacokinetics of velaglucerase alfa was inconclusive.

The effect of anti-drug antibody formation on the pharmacokinetic parameters of velaglucerase alfa is unknown.

Nonclinical Toxicology

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Long-term studies in animals to evaluate carcinogenic potential or studies to evaluate mutagenic potential have not been performed with velaglucerase alfa.

In a male and female fertility study in rats, velaglucerase alfa did not cause any significant adverse effect on male or female fertility parameters up to a maximum dose of 17 mg/kg/day (102 mg/m2/day, about 1.8 times the recommended human dose of 60 Units/kg/day based on the body surface area).

Clinical Studies

The efficacy of Vpriv was assessed in three clinical studies in a total of 99 patients with type 1 Gaucher disease: 82 patients age 4 years and older received Vpriv and 17 patients age 3 years and older received imiglucerase. Studies I and II were conducted in patients who were not currently receiving Gaucher disease-specific therapy. Study III was conducted in patients who were receiving imiglucerase treatment immediately before starting Vpriv. In these studies, Vpriv was administered intravenously over 60 minutes at doses ranging from 15 Units/kg to 60 Units/kg every other week.

Studies of Vpriv as Initial Therapy

Study I was a 12-month, randomized, double-blind, parallel-dose-group, multinational study in 25 patients age 4 years and older with Gaucher disease-related anemia and either thrombocytopenia or organomegaly. Patients were not allowed to have had disease-specific therapy for at least the previous 30 months; all but one had no prior therapy. The mean age was 26 years and 60% were male. Patients were randomized to receive Vpriv at a dose of either 45 Units/kg (N=13) or 60 Units/kg (N=12) every other week.

At baseline, mean hemoglobin concentration was 10.6 g/dL, mean platelet count was 97 x 109/L, mean liver volume was 3.6 % of body weight (% BW), and mean spleen volume was 2.9 % BW. For all studies, liver and spleen volumes were measured by MRI. The changes in clinical parameters after 12 months of treatment are shown in Table 4. The observed change from baseline in the primary endpoint, hemoglobin concentration, was considered to be clinically meaningful in light of the natural history of untreated Gaucher disease.

Table 4: Mean Change from Baseline to Month 12 for Clinical Parameters in Patients with Type 1 Gaucher Disease Initiating Therapy with Vpriv in Study I

Clinical Parameter	Mean Changes from Baseline ± Std. Err. of the Mean
	Vpriv Dose (given every other week)
	45 Units/kg N = 13	60 Units/kg N = 12
Primary study endpoint was hemoglobin concentration change in the 60 Unit/kg group, p < 0.001 Statistically significant changes from baseline after adjusting for performing multiple tests
Hemoglobin concentration change (g/dL)	2.4 ± 0.4†	2.4 ± 0.3*
Platelet count change (× 109/L)	41 ± 14†	51 ± 12†
Liver volume change (% BW)	-0.30 ± 0.29	-0.84 ± 0.33
Spleen volume change (% BW)	-1.9 ± 0.6†	-1.9 ± 0.5†

Study II was a 9-month, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled (imiglucerase), parallel-group, multinational study in 34 patients age 3 years and older. Patients were required to have Gaucher disease-related anemia and either thrombocytopenia or organomegaly. Patients were not allowed to have had disease-specific therapy for at least the previous 12 months. The mean age was 30 years and 53% were female; the youngest patient who received Vpriv was age 4 years. Patients were randomized to receive either 60 Units/kg of Vpriv (N=17) or 60 Units/kg of imiglucerase (N=17) every other week.

At baseline, the mean hemoglobin concentration was 11.0 g/dL, mean platelet count was 171 × 109/L, and mean liver volume was 4.3 % BW. For the patients who had not had splenectomy (7 in each group) the mean spleen volume was 3.4 % BW. After 9 months of treatment, the mean absolute increase from baseline in hemoglobin concentration was 1.6 g/dL ± 0.2 (SE) for patients treated with Vpriv. The mean treatment difference in change from baseline to 9 months [Vpriv – imiglucerase] was 0.1 g/dL ± 0.4 (SE).

In Studies I and II, examination of age and gender subgroups did not identify differences in response to Vpriv among these subgroups. The number of non-Caucasian patients in these studies was too small to adequately assess any difference in effects by race.

Study in Patients Switching from Imiglucerase Treatment to Vpriv

Study III was a 12-month, open-label, single-arm, multinational study in 40 patients age 9 years and older who had been receiving treatment with imiglucerase at doses ranging between 15 Units/kg to 60 Units/kg for a minimum of 30 consecutive months. Patients also were required to have a stable biweekly dose of imiglucerase for at least 6 months prior to enrollment. The mean age was 36 years and 55% were female. Imiglucerase therapy was stopped, and treatment with Vpriv was administered every other week at the same number of units as the patient's previous imiglucerase dose. Adjustment of dosage was allowed by study criteria if needed in order to maintain clinical parameters.

Hemoglobin concentrations and platelet counts remained stable on average through 12 months of Vpriv treatment. After 12 months of treatment with Vpriv the median hemoglobin concentration was 13.5 g/dL (range: 10.8, 16.1) vs. the baseline value of 13.8 g/dL (range: 10.4, 16.5), and the median platelet count after 12 months was 174 × 109/L (range: 24, 408) vs. the baseline value of 162 × 109/L (range: 29, 399). No patient required dosage adjustment during the 12-month treatment period.

REFERENCES

1. Pastores GM, Weinreb NJ, Aerts H, et al. Therapeutic Goals in the Treatment of Gaucher Disease. Semin Hematol. 2004; 41(4 Suppl 5):4-14.

How Supplied/Storage and Handling

Vpriv is a sterile, preservative free, lyophilized powder requiring reconstitution and further dilution prior to use. It is supplied in individually packaged glass vials, which are closed with a butyl rubber stopper with a fluoro-resin coating and are sealed with an aluminum overseal with a flip-off plastic cap. The vials are intended for single use only. Vpriv is available as: 200 Units/vial NDC 54092-701-02 and 400 Units/vial NDC 54092-701-04.

Storage

Vpriv should be stored in a refrigerator at 2 to 8°C (36 to 46°F). Do not use Vpriv after the expiration date on the vial. Do not freeze.

Protect vial from light.

Patient Counseling Information

• Vpriv should be administered under the supervision of a healthcare professional. Vpriv is a treatment that is given intravenously (by IV) every other week. The infusion typically takes up to 60 minutes.
• Patients should be advised that Vpriv may cause hypersensitivity reactions or infusion-related reactions. Infusion-related reactions can usually be managed by slowing the infusion rate, treatment with medications such as antihistamines, antipyretics and/or corticosteroids, and/or stopping and resuming treatment with increased infusion time. Pre-treatment with antihistamines and/or corticosteroids may prevent subsequent reactions. Treatment with Vpriv should be carefully re-evaluated in the presence of significant evidence of hypersensitivity to the product [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1, 5.2)].

Rx Only
Vpriv is manufactured by:

Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Inc.
700 Main Street
Cambridge, MA 02139

OnePath is a service mark and Vpriv is a trademark of Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Inc.

PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL - 400 Unit Vial Carton

NDC 54092-701-04

Vpriv™
(velaglucerase alfa
for injection)
400 units/vial