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氟比洛芬片|Ansaid(Flurbiprofen Tablets)

2012-02-17 21:39:37  作者:新特药房  来源:中国新特药网天津分站  浏览次数:393  文字大小:【】【】【
简介: 英文药名: Ansaid(Flurbiprofen Tablets) 中文药名: 氟比洛芬片 生产厂家: Abbott 药物名称 氟比洛芬 英文通用名称: Flurbiprofen 其 它 名 称: 平风,氟联苯丙酸,风平,氟苯布洛芬,氟布洛芬,苯氟布洛 ...

 英文药名: Ansaid(Flurbiprofen Tablets)

中文药名: 氟比洛芬片

生产厂家: Abbott

药物名称

氟比洛芬
英文通用名称: Flurbiprofen
其 它 名 称: 平风,氟联苯丙酸,风平,氟苯布洛芬,氟布洛芬,苯氟布洛芬,Forben,Froben,Flugalin,Flurbiprom,Cebutid,Lipfen,氟比洛芬片,Ansaid,Fladolef-B,Flurofen,Lople,Ocuflur,Reupax,Flurbiprofen Sustained Release Tablets,氟比洛芬缓释片,Flurbiprofen Buccal Tablets,Flurbiprofen Poultice,Flurbiprofen Tablets,Zpolas,泽普思
适应症
1.适用于类风湿关节炎、骨性关节炎及强直性脊柱炎等。
2.也可用于软组织病(如扭伤、劳损)以及轻、中度疼痛(如手术后疼痛、痛经和牙痛等)。
注意事项
1.交叉过敏本药与乙酰水杨酸类药及其它NSAID可能存在交叉过敏。
2.禁忌症
(1)对本药及其它NSAID过敏者。
(2)活动性消化性溃疡患者。
(3)活动性单纯疱疹性角膜炎患者禁用本药滴眼液。
(4)过敏性体质者。
(5)儿童。
3.慎用
(1)支气管痉挛患者、服用其它NSAID曾发生支气管痉挛者及有支气管哮喘病史者。
(2)肾功能不全者。
(3)高血压、血友病、心功能不全及心脏疾病恶化(因体液潴留和水肿导致)患者(国外资料)。
(4)肝功能不全者。
(5)有凝血功能障碍史者(国外资料)、出血时间延长患者。
(6)用药前存在感染者(国外资料)。
(7)胃肠道溃疡患者。
(8)眼病患者(可引起视力变化)。
(9)有单纯疱疹病毒性角膜炎病史者慎用本药滴眼液。
4.药物对老人的影响虽然老年人对氟比洛芬能很好耐受,但在部分患者(尤其是肾功能不全者)当中,氟比洛芬排泄较慢。在这种情况下用药应谨慎,剂量应个体化。
5.药物对妊娠的影响尚未发现氟比洛芬有致畸作用。在妊娠晚期频繁使用NSAID可导致妊娠期延长、产期延长、子宫内脐带动脉关闭不全和新生儿肺高压。不推荐孕妇使用本药。美国药品和食品管理局(FDA)对本药的妊娠安全性分级为B级。
6.药物对哺乳的影响不推荐哺乳期妇女使用本药。
7.用药前后及用药时应当检查或监测
(1)治疗初期,应经常监测血压。
(2)有发生肾衰竭危险的患者,建议治疗最初几周监测血清肌酸酐。
(3)眼病患者应进行眼科检查。
(4)类风湿性关节炎患者(常可观察到贫血)长期用药时应定期检查血象及肝、肾功能。
不良反应
1.常见消化不良、恶心、呕吐、腹胀、腹痛、腹泻、便秘、胃肠道出血等胃肠道不良反应。15%的病例出现血氨基转移酶增高。
2.偶见中枢神经系统不良反应,如头痛、头晕、嗜睡等。
3.本药在动物实验中可引起肾乳头坏死,对人类亦可能有此作用。
4.应用本药直肠栓剂时耐受较好,但有局部刺激、不适、里急后重及腹泻等反应。
5.本药滴眼液可能延缓伤口愈合,滴眼时可有轻度刺痛、烧灼感。
6.其它不良反应包括尿路感染样症状、皮炎、皮疹、视力变化等。
[国外不良反应参考]
1.血液不良反应的发生率低于1%,包括溶血性贫血、缺铁性贫血、再生障碍性贫血、淋巴结病、血红蛋白和血细胞比容降低、白细胞减少、嗜酸粒细胞增多及血小板减少。另外,本药可延长出血时间。
2.心血管系统有3%-9%的患者出现体液潴留和周围性水肿。高血压和充血性心力衰竭的发生率低于1%。
3.精神神经系统不良反应较吲哚美辛少,最常出现头痛(发生率为3%-9%)。其它不良反应还有:中枢神经刺激症状(如焦虑、失眠、震颤)、中枢神经抑制症状(如记忆缺失、抑郁、不适、衰弱无力、嗜睡)及神经质。有使用本药出现严重帕金森综合征的个案报道。
4.胃肠道胃肠道反应是本药最常见的不良反应。发生率为3%-9%的有消化不良、腹泻、腹痛、恶心。发生率为1%-3%的有呕吐、胃肠胀气、胃肠道出血及便秘。在临床试验中,有5.8%的患者因胃肠道反应而停药。此外,使用NSAID尚有引起结肠炎、溃疡性结肠炎、小肠疾病、食管炎甚至溃疡、出血或穿孔的报道。
5.泌尿生殖系统本药可能与其它NSAID一样,能使依赖前列腺素维持肾血流的患者发生急性肾衰竭,并与间质性肾炎和肾病综合征有关。据报道,使用本药3%-9%的患者可出现泌尿道感染。有研究表明,血尿素氮或血清肌酸酐明显增高的发生率是0.3%。有膜性肾病、肾乳头坏死和间质性肾炎的个案报道。
6.肝有本药导致肝功能指标异常的报道。
7.眼眼部用药时,常出现烧灼感、刺痛感及其它眼部刺激症状。据报道,使用氟比洛芬(全身作用)治疗的患者,视力改变的发生率为1%-3%。本药在手术前运用还可能导致结膜下出血。
8.呼吸系统据报道,接受氟比洛芬(全身作用)治疗的患者,有1%-3%出现鼻炎。还有部分患者长期用药出现肺部不良反应。
9.皮肤在临床试验期间,有1%-3%的患者出现皮疹。还有引起脉管炎的报道。
10.其它本药可引起过敏反应。1%-3%的患者用药后可出现耳鸣。
给药说明
1.使用本药缓释片应整片吞服,不得掰开或弄碎服用。
2.本药与阿仑膦酸钠合用时应慎重,因两者都可引起胃肠道刺激症状。
3.使用本药滴眼液与其它滴眼液,两者之间至少应间隔15分钟。
4.本药无抗菌作用,眼部感染患者使用本药滴眼液时,其眼部急性感染症状可能被掩盖,应在抗感染的同时谨慎使用本药。
5.为防止凝血功能异常,建议在手术前停用本药2周。
6.如服药过量,可洗胃、纠正血电解质紊乱等,无特效解毒药。
用法用量
成人
常规剂量
口服给药一次50mg,一日3-4次,必要时可增量。一日剂量不超过300mg。
[国外用法用量参考]
成人
常规剂量
口服给药
1.急性痛风:使用400mg的负荷用量后(24小时内给药),再一日用200mg,最多用5日。
2.强直性脊柱炎:一日150-300mg。
3.滑囊炎:一日200-300mg,分3-4次服。根据治疗效果,用药疗程可达14日。
4.口腔科手术:术前或术后可予50-100mg。
5.痛经:痛经开始发作时服50mg,一日4次,连续使用直到疼痛缓解。
6.骨性关节炎:建议一日200-300mg,一日2-4次。最大单次用量为100mg。建议一日不超过300mg。治疗开始或患者疼痛严重时,使用大剂量较合适。症状改善后即应逐渐降至最小有效维持量。
7.妇产科的术后疼痛:50-100mg。
8.类风湿关节炎:建议一日200-300mg,分2-4次服。最大单次用量为100mg。建议一日不超过300mg。有发现本药100mg在睡时用更有益于减少晨僵的持续时间。
9.软组织创伤:用于全部或部分半月板切除术,一日150-400mg。
肾功能不全时剂量:应减少用量。
儿童
常规剂量儿童用药的安全性和有效性尚不明确,报道有以下用法。
口服给药用于减少睾丸固定术后的炎性反应,3-10岁患儿:一日50-125mg。
任何疑问,请遵医嘱!
制剂规格

氟比洛芬片(1)50mg。(2)100mg。
生产厂家

Pfizer 辉瑞
----------------------------------------------
包装规格:

注:以下产品不同规格和不同价格,购买时请以电话咨询为准!

·100mg*100 片
·50mg*100 片(Pfizer 生产)
·50mg*100 片
·100mg*100 片
·50mg*100 片

ANSAID-flurbiprofen tablet, film coated 
Pharmacia and Upjohn Company
----------
Ansaid®
(flurbiprofen tablets, USP) 50 mg and 100 mg Cardiovascular Risk

Cardiovascular Risk
NSAIDs may cause an increased risk of serious cardiovascular thrombotic events, myocardial infarction, and stroke, which can be fatal. This risk may increase with duration of use. Patients with cardiovascular disease or risk factors for cardiovascular disease may be at greater risk (see WARNINGS).
ANSAID® is contraindicated for treatment of peri-operative pain in the setting of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery (see WARNINGS).
Gastrointestinal Risk
NSAIDs cause an increased risk of serious gastrointestinal adverse events including bleeding, ulceration, and perforation of the stomach or intestines, which can be fatal. These events can occur at any time during use and without warning symptoms. Elderly patients are at greater risk for serious gastrointestinal events (see WARNINGS).

DESCRIPTION

ANSAID Tablets contain flurbiprofen, which is a member of the phenylalkanoic acid derivative group of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. ANSAID Tablets are white, oval, film-coated tablets for oral administration. Flurbiprofen is a racemic mixture of (+)S- and (-)R- enantiomers. Flurbiprofen is a white or slightly yellow crystalline powder. It is slightly soluble in water at pH 7.0 and readily soluble in most polar solvents. The chemical name is [1,1'-biphenyl]-4-acetic acid, 2-fluoro-alpha-methyl-, (±)-. The molecular weight is 244.26. Its molecular formula is C15H13FO2 and it has the following structural formula:

Chemical Structure

The inactive ingredients in ANSAID (both strengths) include carnauba wax, colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, hypromellose, lactose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, propylene glycol, and titanium dioxide. In addition, the 100 mg tablet contains FD&C Blue No. 2.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Pharmacodynamics

ANSAID Tablets contain flurbiprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that exhibits anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities in animal models. The mechanism of action of ANSAID, like that of other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, is not completely understood but may be related to prostaglandin synthetase inhibition.

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

The mean oral bioavailability of flurbiprofen from ANSAID Tablets 100 mg is 96% relative to an oral solution. Flurbiprofen is rapidly and non-stereoselectively absorbed from ANSAID, with peak plasma concentrations occurring at about 2 hours (see Table 1). Administration of ANSAID with either food or antacids may alter the rate but not the extent of flurbiprofen absorption. Ranitidine has been shown to have no effect on either the rate or extent of flurbiprofen absorption from ANSAID.

Distribution

The apparent volume of distribution (Vz/F) of both R- and S-flurbiprofen is approximately 0.12 L/Kg. Both flurbiprofen enantiomers are more than 99% bound to plasma proteins, primarily albumin. Plasma protein binding is relatively constant for the typical average steady-state concentrations (≤10 µg/mL) achieved with recommended doses. Flurbiprofen is poorly excreted into human milk. The nursing infant dose is predicted to be approximately 0.1 mg/day in the established milk of a woman taking ANSAID 200 mg/day (see PRECAUTIONS, Nursing Mothers).

Metabolism

Several flurbiprofen metabolites have been identified in human plasma and urine. These metabolites include 4'-hydroxy-flurbiprofen, 3', 4'-dihydroxy-flurbiprofen, 3'-hydroxy-4'-methoxy-flurbiprofen, their conjugates, and conjugated flurbiprofen. Unlike other arylpropionic acid derivatives (eg, ibuprofen), metabolism of R-flurbiprofen to S-flurbiprofen is minimal. In vitro studies have demonstrated that cytochrome P450 2C9 plays an important role in the metabolism of flurbiprofen to its major metabolite, 4'-hydroxy-flurbiprofen. The 4'-hydroxy-flurbiprofen metabolite showed little anti-inflammatory activity in animal models of inflammation. Flurbiprofen does not induce enzymes that alter its metabolism.

The total plasma clearance of unbound flurbiprofen is not stereoselective, and clearance of flurbiprofen is independent of dose when used within the therapeutic range.

Excretion

Following dosing with ANSAID, less than 3% of flurbiprofen is excreted unchanged in the urine, with about 70% of the dose eliminated in the urine as parent drug and metabolites. Because renal elimination is a significant pathway of elimination of flurbiprofen metabolites, dosing adjustment in patients with moderate or severe renal dysfunction may be necessary to avoid accumulation of flurbiprofen metabolites. The mean terminal disposition half-lives (t½) of R- and S-flurbiprofen are similar, about 4.7 and 5.7 hours, respectively. There is little accumulation of flurbiprofen following multiple doses of ANSAID.

Table 1. Mean (SD) R,S-Flurbiprofen Pharmacokinetic Parameters Normalized to a 100 mg Dose of ANSAID
Pharmacokinetic Parameter Normal Healthy Adults
(18 to 40 years)
N=15
Geriatric Arthritis Patients
(65 to 83 years)
N=13
End Stage Renal Disease Patients
(23 to 42 years)
N=8
Alcoholic Cirrhosis Patients
(31 to 61 years)
N=8
100 mg single-dose
Steady-state evaluation of 100 mg every 12 hours
200 mg single-dose
Calculated from mean parameter values of both flurbiprofen enantiomers
Not available
AUC from 0 to infinity for single doses and from 0 to the end of the dosing interval for multiple-doses
Value for S-flurbiprofen
Peak Concentration (Tg/mL) 14 (4) 16 (5)
Time of Peak Concentration (h) 1.9 (1.5) 2.2 (3) 2.3§ 1.2§
Urinary Recovery of Unchanged Flurbiprofen
(% of Dose)
2.9 (1.3) 0.6 (0.6) 0.02 (0.02) NA¶
Area Under the Curve (AUC)#
(Tg h/mL)
83 (20) 77 (24) 44§ 50§
Apparent Volume of Distribution
(Vz/F, L)
14 (3) 12 (5) 10§ 14§
Terminal Disposition
Half-life (t½, h)
7.5 (0.8) 5.8 (1.9) 3.3Þ 5.4Þ

Special Populations

Pediatric

The pharmacokinetics of flurbiprofen have not been investigated in pediatric patients.

Race

No pharmacokinetic differences due to race have been identified.

Geriatric

Flurbiprofen pharmacokinetics were similar in geriatric arthritis patients, younger arthritis patients, and young healthy volunteers receiving ANSAID Tablets 100 mg as either single or multiple doses.

Hepatic insufficiency

Hepatic metabolism may account for >90% of flurbiprofen elimination, so patients with hepatic disease may require reduced doses of ANSAID Tablets compared to patients with normal hepatic function. The pharmacokinetics of R- and S-flurbiprofen were similar, however, in alcoholic cirrhosis patients (N=8) and young healthy volunteers (N=8) following administration of a single 200 mg dose of ANSAID tablets.

Flurbiprofen plasma protein binding may be decreased in patients with liver disease and serum albumin concentrations below 3.1 g/dL (see PRECAUTIONS, Hepatic Effects).

Renal insufficiency

Renal clearance is an important route of elimination for flurbiprofen metabolites, but a minor route of elimination for unchanged flurbiprofen (≤3% of total clearance). The unbound clearances of R- and S-flurbiprofen did not differ significantly between normal healthy volunteers (N=6, 50 mg single dose) and patients with renal impairment (N=8, inulin clearances ranging from 11 to 43 mL/min, 50 mg multiple doses). Flurbiprofen plasma protein binding may be decreased in patients with renal impairment and serum albumin concentrations below 3.9 g/dL. Elimination of flurbiprofen metabolites may be reduced in patients with renal impairment (see WARNINGS, Renal Effects).

Flurbiprofen is not significantly removed from the blood into dialysate in patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

Drug-Drug Interactions

(see also PRECAUTIONS, Drug Interactions)

Antacids

Administration of ANSAID to volunteers under fasting conditions or with antacid suspension yielded similar serum flurbiprofen-time profiles in young adult subjects (n=12). In geriatric subjects (n=7), there was a reduction in the rate but not the extent of flurbiprofen absorption.

Aspirin

Concurrent administration of ANSAID and aspirin resulted in 50% lower serum flurbiprofen concentrations. This effect of aspirin (which is also seen with other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) has been demonstrated in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (n=15) and in healthy volunteers (n=16) (see PRECAUTIONS, Drug Interactions).

Beta-adrenergic blocking agents

The effect of flurbiprofen on blood pressure response to propranolol and atenolol was evaluated in men with mild uncomplicated hypertension (n=10). Flurbiprofen pretreatment attenuated the hypotensive effect of a single dose of propranolol but not atenolol. Flurbiprofen did not appear to affect the beta-blocker-mediated reduction in heart rate. Flurbiprofen did not affect the pharmacokinetic profile of either drug (see PRECAUTIONS, Drug Interactions).

Cimetidine, Ranitidine

In normal volunteers (n=9), pretreatment with cimetidine or ranitidine did not affect flurbiprofen pharmacokinetics, except for a small (13%) but statistically significant increase in the area under the serum concentration curve of flurbiprofen in subjects who received cimetidine.

Digoxin

In studies of healthy males (n=14), concomitant administration of flurbiprofen and digoxin did not change the steady state serum levels of either drug.

Diuretics

Studies in healthy volunteers have shown that, like other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, flurbiprofen can interfere with the effects of furosemide. Although results have varied from study to study, effects have been shown on furosemide-stimulated diuresis, natriuresis, and kaliuresis. Other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that inhibit prostaglandin synthesis have been shown to interfere with thiazide and potassium-sparing diuretics (see PRECAUTIONS, Drug Interactions).

Lithium

In a study of 11 women with bipolar disorder receiving lithium carbonate at a dosage of 600 to 1200 mg/day, administration of 100 mg ANSAID every 12 hours increased plasma lithium concentrations by 19%. Four of 11 patients experienced a clinically important increase (>25% or >0.2 mmol/L). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have also been reported to decrease the renal clearance of lithium by about 20% (see PRECAUTIONS, Drug Interactions).

Methotrexate

In a study of six adult arthritis patients, coadministration of methotrexate (10 to 25 mg/dose) and ANSAID (300 mg/day) resulted in no observable interaction between these two drugs.

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents

In a clinical study, flurbiprofen was administered to adult diabetics who were already receiving glyburide (n=4), metformin (n=2), chlorpropamide with phenformin (n=3), or glyburide with phenformin (n=6). Although there was a slight reduction in blood sugar concentrations during concomitant administration of flurbiprofen and hypoglycemic agents, there were no signs or symptoms of hypoglycemia.

INDICATIONS AND USAGE

Carefully consider the potential benefits and risks of ANSAID and other treatment options before deciding to use ANSAID. Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration consistent with individual patient treatment goals (see WARNINGS).

ANSAID is indicated:

  • For relief of the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.
  • For relief of the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

ANSAID Tablets are contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to flurbiprofen.

ANSAID should not be given to patients who have experienced asthma, urticaria, or allergic-type reactions after taking aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Severe, rarely fatal, anaphylactic-like reactions to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been reported in such patients (see WARNINGS, Anaphylactoid Reactions, and PRECAUTIONS, Preexisting Asthma).

ANSAID is contraindicated for the treatment of peri-operative pain in the setting of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery (see WARNINGS).

WARNINGS

CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS

Cardiovascular Thrombotic Events

Clinical trials of several COX-2 selective and nonselective NSAIDs of up to three years duration have shown an increased risk of serious cardiovascular (CV) thrombotic events, myocardial infarction, and stroke, which can be fatal. All NSAIDs, both COX-2 selective and nonselective, may have a similar risk. Patients with known CV disease or risk factors for CV disease may be at greater risk. To minimize the potential risk for an adverse CV event in patients treated with an NSAID, the lowest effective dose should be used for the shortest duration possible. Physicians and patients should remain alert for the development of such events, even in the absence of previous CV symptoms. Patients should be informed about the signs and/or symptoms of serious CV events and the steps to take if they occur.

There is no consistent evidence that concurrent use of aspirin mitigates the increased risk of serious CV thrombotic events associated with NSAID use. The concurrent use of aspirin and an NSAID does increase the risk of serious GI events (see WARNINGS, Gastrointestinal Effects - Risk of Ulceration, Bleeding, and Perforation). Two large, controlled clinical trials of a COX-2 selective NSAID for the treatment of pain in the first 10–14 days following CABG surgery found an increased incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke (see CONTRAINDICATIONS).

Hypertension

NSAIDs including ANSAID, can lead to onset of new hypertension or worsening of pre-existing hypertension, either of which may contribute to the increased incidence of CV events. Patients taking thiazides or loop diuretics may have impaired response to these therapies when taking NSAIDs. NSAIDs, including ANSAID, should be used with caution in patients with hypertension. Blood pressure (BP) should be monitored closely during the initiation of NSAID treatment and throughout the course of therapy.

Congestive Heart Failure and Edema

Fluid retention and edema have been observed in some patients taking NSAIDs. ANSAID should be used with caution in patients with fluid retention or heart failure.

Gastrointestinal Effects - Risk of Ulceration, Bleeding, and Perforation

NSAIDs, including ANSAID, can cause serious gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events including inflammation, bleeding, ulceration, and perforation of the stomach, small intestine, or large intestine, which can be fatal. These serious adverse events can occur at any time, with or without warning symptoms, in patients treated with NSAIDs. Only one in five patients, who develop a serious upper GI adverse event on NSAID therapy, is symptomatic. Upper GI ulcers, gross bleeding, or perforation caused by NSAIDs occur in approximately 1% of patients treated for 3–6 months, and in about 2–4% of patients treated for one year. These trends continue with longer duration of use, increasing the likelihood of developing a serious GI event at some time during the course of therapy. However, even short-term therapy is not without risk. NSAIDs should be prescribed with extreme caution in those with a prior history of ulcer disease or gastrointestinal bleeding. Patients with a prior history of peptic ulcer disease and/or gastrointestinal bleeding who use NSAIDs have a greater than 10-fold increased risk for developing a GI bleed compared to patients treated with neither of these risk factors. Other factors that increase the risk of GI bleeding in patients treated with NSAIDs include concomitant use of oral corticosteroids or anticoagulants, longer duration of NSAID therapy, smoking, use of alcohol, older age, and poor general health status. Most spontaneous reports of fatal GI events are in elderly or debilitated patients and therefore, special care should be taken in treating this population.

To minimize the potential risk for an adverse GI event in patients treated with an NSAID, the lowest effective dose should be used for the shortest possible duration. Patients and physicians should remain alert for signs and symptoms of GI ulcerations and bleeding during NSAID therapy and promptly initiate additional evaluation and treatment if a serious GI event is suspected. This should include discontinuation of the NSAID until a serious GI adverse event is ruled out. For high-risk patients, alternate therapies that do not involve NSAIDs should be considered.

Renal Effects

Long-term administration of NSAIDs has resulted in renal papillary necrosis and other renal injury. Renal toxicity has also been seen in patients in whom renal prostaglandins have a compensatory role in the maintenance of renal perfusion. In these patients, administration of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug may cause a dose-dependent reduction in prostaglandin formation and, secondarily, in renal blood flow, which may precipitate overt renal decompensation. Patients at greatest risk of this reaction are those with impaired renal function, heart failure, liver dysfunction, those taking diuretics and ACE inhibitors, and the elderly. Discontinuation of NSAID therapy is usually followed by recovery to the pretreatment state.

Advanced Renal Disease

In clinical studies, the elimination half-life of flurbiprofen was unchanged in patients with renal impairment. Flurbiprofen metabolites are eliminated primarily by the kidneys. Elimination of 4'-hydroxy-flurbiprofen was reduced in patients with moderate to severe renal impairment. Therefore, treatment with ANSAID is not recommended in these patients with advanced renal disease. If ANSAID therapy must be initiated, close monitoring of the patients renal function is advisable (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY).

Anaphylactoid Reactions

As with other NSAIDs, anaphylactoid reactions may occur in patients without known prior exposure to ANSAID. ANSAID should not be given to patients with the aspirin triad. This symptom complex typically occurs in asthmatic patients who experience rhinitis with or without nasal polyps, or who exhibit severe, potentially fatal bronchospasm after taking aspirin or other NSAIDs (see CONTRAINDICATIONS and PRECAUTIONS: Preexisting Asthma). Emergency help should be sought in cases where an anaphylactoid reaction occurs.

Skin Reactions

NSAIDs, including ANSAID, can cause serious skin adverse events such as exfoliative dermatitis, Steven-Johnson Syndrom (SJS), and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), which can be fatal. These serious events may occur without warning. Patients should be informed about the signs and symptoms of serious skin manifestations and use of the drug should be discontinued at the first appearance of skin rash or any other sign of hypersensitivity.

Pregnancy

In late pregnancy, as with other NSAIDs, ANSAID should be avoided because it may cause premature closure of the ductus arteriosus.

PRECAUTIONS

General

ANSAID cannot be expected to substitute for corticosteroids or to treat corticosteroid insufficiency. Abrupt discontinuation of corticosteroids may lead to disease exacerbation. Patients on prolonged corticosteroid therapy should have their therapy tapered slowly if a decision is made to discontinue corticosteroids.

The pharmacological activity of ANSAID in reducing fever and inflammation may diminish the utility of these diagnostic signs in detecting complications of presumed noninfectious, painful conditions.

Hepatic effects

Borderline elevations of one or more liver tests may occur in up to 15% of patients taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including ANSAID. These laboratory abnormalities may progress, may remain unchanged, or may be transient with continuing therapy. Notable elevations of ALT or AST (approximately three or more times the upper limit of normal) have been reported in approximately 1% of patients in clinical trials with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In addition, rare cases of severe hepatic reactions, including jaundice, fulminant hepatitis, liver necrosis, and hepatic failure, some of them with fatal outcomes have been reported.

A patient with symptoms and/or signs suggesting liver dysfunction, or with abnormal liver test values, should be evaluated for evidence of the development of a more severe hepatic reaction while on therapy with ANSAID. If clinical signs and symptoms consistent with liver disease develop, or if systemic manifestations occur (eg, eosinophilia, rash, etc.), ANSAID should be discontinued.

Hematological effects

Anemia is sometimes seen in patients receiving nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including ANSAID. This may be due to fluid retention, GI blood loss, or an incompletely described effect upon erythropoiesis. Patients on long-term treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including ANSAID, should have their hemoglobin or hematocrit checked periodically even if they do not exhibit any signs or symptoms of anemia.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit platelet aggregation and have been shown to prolong bleeding time in some patients. Unlike aspirin, their effect on platelet function is quantitatively less, of shorter duration, and reversible. ANSAID does not generally affect platelet counts, prothrombin time (PT), or partial thromboplastin time (PTT). Patients receiving ANSAID who may be adversely affected by alterations in platelet function, such as those with coagulation disorders or patients receiving anticoagulants, should be carefully monitored.

Preexisting asthma

Patients with asthma may have aspirin-sensitive asthma. The use of aspirin in patients with aspirin-sensitive asthma has been associated with severe bronchospasm, which can be fatal. Since cross reactivity, including bronchospasm, between aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been reported in such aspirin-sensitive patients, ANSAID should not be administered to patients with this form of aspirin sensitivity and should be used with caution in patients with preexisting asthma.

Vision changes

Blurred and/or diminished vision has been reported with the use of ANSAID and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Patients experiencing eye complaints should have ophthalmologic examinations.

Information For Patients

Patients should be informed of the following information before initiating therapy with an NSAID and periodically during the course of ongoing therapy. Patients should also be encouraged to read the NSAID Medication Guide that accompanies each prescription dispensed.

  • ANSAID, like other NSAIDs, may cause CV side effects, such as MI or stroke, which may result in hospitalization and even death. Although serious CV events can occur without warning symptoms, patients should be alert for the signs and symptoms of chest pain, shortness of breath, weakness, slurring of speech, and should ask for medical advice when observing any indicative sign or symptoms. Patients should be apprised of the importance of this follow-up (see WARNINGS, CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS).
  • ANSAID, like other NSAIDs, can cause GI discomfort and, rarely, serious GI side effects, such as ulcers and bleeding, which may result in hospitalization and even death. Although serious GI tract ulcerations and bleeding can occur without warning symptoms, patients should be alert for the signs and symptoms of ulcerations and bleeding, and should ask for medical advice when observing any indicative sign or symptoms including epigastric pain, dyspepsia, melena, and hematemesis. Patients should be apprised of the importance of this follow-up (see WARNINGS: Gastrointestinal Effects: Risk of Ulceration, Bleeding and Perforation).
  • ANSAID, like other NSAIDs, can cause serious skin side effects such as exfoliative dermatitis, SJS and TEN, which may result in hospitalization and even death. Although serious skin reactions may occur without warning, patients should be alert for the signs and symptoms of skin rash and blisters, fever, or other signs hypersensitivity such as itching, and should ask for medical advice when observing any indicative sign or symptoms. Patients should be advised to stop the drug immediately if they develop any type of rash and contact their physicians as soon as possible.
  • Patients should promptly report, signs or symptoms of unexplained weight gain, or edema to their physicians.
  • Patients should be informed of the warning signs and symptoms of hepatotoxicity (e.g., nausea, fatigue, lethargy, pruritus, jaundice, right upper quadrant tenderness and "flu-like" symptoms). If these occur, patients should be instructed to stop therapy and seek immediate medical therapy.
  • Patients should be informed of the signs of an anaphylactoid reaction (e.g. difficulty breathing, swelling of the face or throat). If these occur, patients should be instructed to seek immediate emergency help (see WARNINGS, Anaphylactoid Reactions).
  • In late pregnancy, as with other NSAIDs, ANSAID should be avoided because it may cause premature closure of the ductus arteriosus.

Laboratory Tests

Because serious GI tract ulcerations and bleeding can occur without warning symptoms, physicians should monitor for signs of symptoms of GI bleeding. Patients on long-term treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs should have their CBC and chemistry profile checked periodically. If clinical signs and symptoms consistent with liver or renal disease develop, systemic manifestations occur (eg, eosinophilia, rash etc.), or abnormal liver tests persist or worsen, ANSAID should be discontinued.

Drug Interactions

ACE-inhibitors

Reports suggest that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may diminish the antihypertensive effect of ACE-inhibitors. This interaction should be given consideration in patients taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs concomitantly with ACE-inhibitors.

Anticoagulants

The effects of warfarin and NSAIDs on GI bleeding are synergistic, such that users of both drugs together have a risk of serious GI bleeding higher than users of either drug alone. The physician should be cautious when administering ANSAID to patients taking warfarin or other anticoagulants.

Aspirin

Concurrent administration of aspirin lowers serum flurbiprofen concentrations (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Drug-Drug Interactions). The clinical significance of this interaction is not known; however, as with other NSAIDs, concomitant administration of flurbiprofen and aspirin is not generally recommended because of the potential for increased adverse effects.

Beta-adrenergic blocking agents

Flurbiprofen attenuated the hypotensive effect of propranolol but not atenolol (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Drug-Drug Interactions). The mechanism underlying this interference is unknown. Patients taking both flurbiprofen and a beta-blocker should be monitored to ensure that a satisfactory hypotensive effect is achieved.

Diuretics

Clinical studies, as well as post marketing observations, have shown that ANSAID can reduce the natriuretic effect of furosemide and thiazides in some patients. This response has been attributed to inhibition of renal prostaglandin synthesis. During concomitant therapy with NSAIDs, the patient should be observed closely for signs of renal failure (see WARNINGS, Renal Effects), as well as diuretic efficacy.

Lithium

NSAIDs have produced an elevation of plasma lithium levels and a reduction in renal lithium clearance. The mean minimum lithium concentration increased 15% and the renal clearance was decreased by approximately 20%.

These effects have been attributed to inhibition of renal prostaglandin synthesis by the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Thus, when nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and lithium are administered concurrently, subjects should be observed carefully for signs of lithium toxicity.

Methotrexate

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been reported to competitively inhibit methotrexate accumulation in rabbit kidney slices. This may indicate that they could enhance the toxicity of methotrexate. Caution should be used when nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are administered concomitantly with methotrexate.

Pregnancy

Teratogenic effects: Pregnancy Category C

Reproductive studies conducted in rats and rabbits have not demonstrated evidence of developmental abnormalities. However, animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. ANSAID should be used in pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

Nonteratogenic effects

Because of the known effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the fetal cardiovascular system (closure of ductus arteriosus), use during late pregnancy should be avoided.

Labor and Delivery

In rat studies with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, as with other drugs known to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, an increased incidence of dystocia, delayed parturition, and decreased pup survival occurred. The effects of ANSAID on labor and delivery in pregnant women are unknown.

Nursing Mothers

Concentrations of flurbiprofen in breast milk and plasma of nursing mothers suggest that a nursing infant could receive approximately 0.10 mg flurbiprofen per day in the established milk of a woman taking ANSAID 200 mg/day. Because of possible adverse effects of prostaglandin-inhibiting drugs on neonates, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.

Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.

Geriatric Use

As with any NSAID, caution should be exercised in treating the elderly (65 years and older).

Clinical experience with ANSAID suggests that elderly patients may have a higher incidence of gastrointestinal complaints than younger patients, including ulceration, bleeding, flatulence, bloating, and abdominal pain. To minimize the potential risk for gastrointestinal events, the lowest effective dose should be used for the shortest possible duration (see WARNINGS, Gastrointestinal Effects - Risk of Ulceration, Bleeding, and Perforation). Likewise, elderly patients are at greater risk of developing renal decompensation (see WARNINGS, Renal Effects).

The pharmacokinetics of flurbiprofen do not seem to differ in elderly patients from those in younger individuals (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Special Populations). The rate of absorption of ANSAID was reduced in elderly patients who also received antacids, although the extent of absorption was not affected (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Drug-Drug Interactions).

ADVERSE REACTIONS

TABLE 2. Reported adverse events in patients receiving ANSAID or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Reported in patients treated with ANSAID
Incidence of 1% or greater* Incidence < 1% - Causal Relationship Probable† Incidence < 1% - Causal Relationship Unknown† Reported in patients treated with other products but not ANSAID

 

from clinical trials

from clinical trials, post-marketing surveillance, or literature
BODY AS A WHOLE
  edema anaphylactic reaction
chills
fever
< 1%:
death
infection
sepsis
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
congestive heart failure
hypertension
vascular diseases
vasodilation
angina pectoris
arrhythmias
myocardial infarction
< 1%:
hypotension
palpitations
syncope
tachycardia
vasculitis
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
  abdominal pain
  constipation
  diarrhea
  dyspepsia/heartburn
  elevated liver enzymes
  flatulence
  GI bleeding
  nausea
  vomiting
bloody diarrhea
esophageal disease
gastric/peptic ulcer disease
gastritis
jaundice (cholestatic and noncholestatic)
hematemesis
hepatitis
stomatitis/glossitis
appetite changes
cholecystitis
colitis
dry mouth
exacerbation of inflammatory
bowel disease
periodontal abscess
small intestine inflammation with loss of blood and protein
> 1%:
GI perforation
GI ulcers (gastric/duodenal)

< 1%:
eructation
liver failure
pancreatitis
HEMIC AND
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM aplastic anemia (including agranulocytosis or pancytopenia)
decrease in hemoglobin and hematocrit
ecchymosis/purpura
eosinophilia
hemolytic anemia
iron deficiency anemia
leukopenia
thrombocytopenia
lymphadenopathy > 1%:
anemia
increased bleeding time

< 1%:
melena
rectal bleeding
METABOLIC AND NUTRITIONAL SYSTEM
  body weight changes hyperuricemia hyperkalemia < 1%:
hyperglycemia
NERVOUS SYSTEM
  headache
  nervousness and other manifestations of central nervous system (CNS) stimulation (eg, anxiety, insomnia, increased reflexes, tremor)
  symptoms associated with CNS inhibition (eg, amnesia, asthenia, depression, malaise, somnolence)
ataxia
cerebrovascular ischemia
confusion
paresthesia
twitching
convulsion
cerebrovascular accident
emotional lability
hypertonia
meningitis
myasthenia
subarachnoid hemorrhage
< 1%:
coma
dream abnormalities
drowsiness
hallucinations
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
  rhinitis asthma
epistaxis
bronchitis
dyspnea
hyperventilation
laryngitis
pulmonary embolism
pulmonary infarct
< 1%:
pneumonia
respiratory depression
SKIN AND APPENDAGES
  rash angioedema
eczema
exfoliative dermatitis
photosensitivity
pruritus
toxic epidermal necrolysis
urticaria
alopecia
dry skin
herpes simplex/zoster
nail disorder
sweating
< 1%:
erythema multiforme
Stevens Johnson syndrome
SPECIAL SENSES
  changes in vision
  dizziness/vertigo
  tinnitus
conjunctivitis
parosmia
changes in taste
corneal opacity
ear disease
glaucoma
retinal hemorrhage
retrobulbar neuritis
transient hearing loss
> 1%:
pruritus

< 1%:
hearing impairment
UROGENITAL SYSTEM
  signs and symptoms suggesting urinary tract infection hematuria
interstitial nephritis
renal failure
menstrual disturbances
prostate disease
vaginal and uterine hemorrhage
vulvovaginitis
> 1%:
abnormal renal function

< 1%:
dysuria
oliguria
polyuria
proteinuria

DVERDOSAGE

Symptoms following acute overdoses with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are usually limited to lethargy, drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, and epigastric pain, which are generally reversible with supportive care. Gastrointestinal bleeding can occur. Hypertension, acute renal failure, respiratory depression and coma may occur, but are rare. Anaphylactoid reactions have been reported with therapeutic ingestion of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and may occur following an overdose.

Patients should be managed by symptomatic and supportive care following overdose with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. There are no specific antidotes. Emesis and/or activated charcoal (60 to 100 g in adults, 1 to 2 g/kg in children) and/or osmotic cathartic may be indicated in patients seen within 4 hours of ingestion with symptoms, or following a large overdose (5 to 10 times the usual dose). Forced diuresis, alkalization of urine, hemodialysis, or hemoperfusion may not be useful due to high protein binding.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

Carefully consider the potential benefits and risks of ANSAID and other treatment options before deciding to use ANSAID. Use the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration consistent with individual patient treatment goals (see WARNINGS).

After observing the response to initial therapy with ANSAID, the dose and frequency should be adjusted to suit an individual patient's needs.

For relief of the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis, the recommended starting dose of ANSAID is 200 to 300 mg per day, divided for administration two, three, or four times a day. The largest recommended single dose in a multiple-dose daily regimen is 100 mg.

HOW SUPPLIED

ANSAID Tablets are available as follows:

50 mg: white, oval, film-coated, imprinted ANSAID 50 mg

    Bottles of 2000        NDC 0009-0170-24

100 mg: blue, oval, film-coated, imprinted ANSAID 100 mg

    Bottles of 100          NDC 0009-0305-03
    Bottles of 2000        NDC 0009-0305-30

Store at controlled room temperature 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) [see USP].

责任编辑:admin


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