英文药名: Carbatrol(Carbamazepine Extended Release Capsules)
中文药名: 卡马西平缓释胶囊
生产厂家: Shire
药品简介
中文通用名称:卡马西平 英文通用名称:Carbamazepine 中文其他名称:酰胺咪嗪, 酰氨咪唑, 退痛, 痛经宁, 痛惊宁, 立痛定, 卡马咪嗪, 卡平, 卡巴咪唑, 芬来普辛, 得理多, 得利益多, 卡马西平缓释片, 卡马西平胶囊, 卡马西平片, 卡马西平口服控释胶囊, 氨甲酰苯卓, 叉颠宁, 卡巴西平, 卡巴咪嗪, 氨甲酰氮, 甲酰苯, 卡马西平缓释胶囊, 桑宁, 粒珍 英文其他名称:Tegretol, Temporol, Stazepine, Storilat, Macrepan, Finlepsin, Carpine, Tegretal, Timonil, Carbamazepine Oral Tab CR, Carbamazepine Oral Cap CR, Carbatrol, Carbamazepine Sustained Release Tablets, Carbamazepine Tablets, Carbamazipine Sustained Release Capsules, Carbamazepine Capsules 产品所属分类:神经系统用药\抗癫痫药及抗惊厥药
适应症: 1.用于治疗癫痫单纯或复杂部分性发作,对全身性强直、阵挛、强直阵挛发作亦有良好疗效。 2.可缓解三叉神经痛和舌咽神经痛,亦用作三叉神经痛缓解后的长期预防性用药。也可用于脊髓痨、多发性硬化、糖尿病性周围神经痛、外伤及疱疹后神经痛。 3.用于预防或治疗双相障碍(躁狂抑郁)。 4.用于中枢性部分性尿崩症,可单用或与氯磺丙脲、氯贝丁酯等合用。 5.用于酒精戒断综合征。 6.对室性、室上性期前收缩等心律失常也有效。
注意事项: 1.交叉过敏 本药与三环类抗抑郁药、奥卡西平、苯妥英钠等可能存在交叉过敏反应。 2.禁忌症 (1)对本药及其它结构相关药物过敏者(三环类抗抑郁药、奥卡西平等)。 (2)心脏房室传导阻滞者。 (3)血象严重异常者、血清铁严重异常或有卟啉病史者。 (4)有骨髓抑制病史者。 (5)严重肝功能不全者。 (6)孕妇。 (7)哺乳期妇女。 3.慎用 (1)酒精中毒者。 (2)冠状动脉硬化等心脏病患者。 (3)肝脏疾病者。 (4)肾脏疾病或尿潴留者。 (5)糖尿病患者(可引起尿糖增加)。 (6)青光眼患者。 (7)使用其它药物有血液系统不良反应史者(本药诱发骨髓抑制的危险性增加)。 (8)ADH分泌异常或有其它内分泌紊乱者(如垂体功能低下或肾上腺皮质功能减退)。 4.药物对老人的影响 老年人对本药较敏感,可引起认知功能障碍、精神错乱、激动、不安、焦虑、房室传导阻滞或心动过缓,也可引起再生障碍性贫血。 5.药物对妊娠的影响 本药能透过胎盘屏障,妊娠期间使用本药,可能导致胎儿脊柱裂等先天畸形,尤其在妊娠早期。孕妇应禁用。美国药品和食品管理局(FDA)对本药的妊娠安全性分级为D级。 6.药物对哺乳的影响 本药可通过乳汁分泌,乳汁中浓度约为血药浓度的60%,哺乳期妇女应禁用。 7.用药前后及用药时应当检查或监测 (1)全血细胞计数(包括血小板、网织红细胞)以及血清铁检查。在给药前检查一次,治疗开始后应经常复查达2-3年。 (2)尿常规。 (3)血尿素氮。 (4)肝功能检查。 (5)血药浓度监测。 (6)眼科检查(包括裂隙灯、眼底镜和眼压检查)。
不良反应: 1.精神神经系统 常见头晕、共济失调、疲乏、嗜睡。本药还可能激发潜在的精神病、引起老年人精神错乱或激动不安,不良反应发生率随血药浓度的增高而增高。罕见中枢神经系统毒性反应,表现为言语困难、口齿不清、抑郁及难以解释的幻听、不自主的躯体运动、幻视等。可引起儿童行为障碍,也有引起脑膜炎复发的个案报道。罕见感觉减退或周围神经炎。 2.消化系统 常见口渴、恶心、呕吐;少见严重腹泻;罕见肝功能异常及过敏性肝炎(表现为黑尿、粪便颜色变浅、皮肤巩膜黄染等)。 3.呼吸系统 罕见过敏性肺炎。 4.心血管系统 罕见心律失常、房室传导阻滞、充血性心力衰竭、浮肿、高血压或低血压、血栓性静脉炎、昏厥等。 5.血液 罕见再生障碍性贫血、粒细胞减少、骨髓抑制、全血细胞减少、血小板减少性紫癜等。 6.代谢/内分泌系统 可见低钠血症,表现为无力、恶心、呕吐、精神紊乱、神经系统异常以及癫痫样发作增多等;少见低钙血症,表现为癫痫发作频率增加、肌肉或腹部痉挛。可引起甲状腺功能减退,罕见骨质疏松、急性间歇性卟啉病。 7.眼 常见视物模糊、复视、眼球震颤。 8.泌尿生殖系统 罕见肾毒性、急性肾衰竭。有引起急性尿紫质病的报道。国外有导致性功能障碍的报道。 9.皮肤 少见Stevens-Johnson综合征、中毒性表皮坏死松解、剥脱性皮炎、红斑狼疮样综合征,表现为皮疹、荨麻疹、瘙痒、发热、咽喉痛、骨关节痛、疲乏等。 10.其它 罕见腺体瘤、淋巴瘤。
给药说明: 1.本药对癫痫典型或不典型失神发作、肌阵挛或失神张力发作无效,对锂剂、抗精神病药、抗抑郁药无效的或不能耐受的双相障碍有效。 2.本药的止痛效应限于神经源性疼痛。 3.饭后立即服药,可减少胃肠道反应。 4.服用本药应避免大量饮水,以防发生水中毒。 5.开始时应用小剂量,然后逐渐增加,直到获得良好疗效或出现不良反应。已用其它抗癫痫药治疗的患者加用本药时,用量也应逐渐增加。在开始治疗的4周左右可能需要增加剂量,以避免由自身诱导所致的血药浓度降低。 6.癫痫患者突然撤药可引起惊厥或癫痫持续状态。 7.漏服时应尽快补服,不可一次服双倍量,可一日内分次补足。 8.遇有下列情况应停药: (1)有肝脏中毒症状或发生活动性肝病。 (2)有发生骨髓抑制的明显证据。但癫痫症状只有应用本药才能控制时可考虑减量,密切随访白细胞计数,如白细胞计数逐渐回升,可再加量至控制癫痫发作的剂量。 (3)有心血管方面不良反应或出现皮疹时。 (4)用作特异性疼痛综合征的止痛药时,如果疼痛完全缓解,应逐渐减量或停药。 9.如发生嗜睡、眩晕、头昏、肌无力或共济失调,需注意是否为中毒先兆。用药过量的症状包括:无尿、少尿、尿潴留、心血管方面的不良反应(包括传导阻滞、心律不齐、高血压、低血压、休克)、恶心、呕吐、共济失调、手足徐动及抽搐等,以儿童多见;还可出现反射亢进、运动减少、角弓反张、瞳孔散大、震颤、惊厥、眼球震颤、轮替运动不能、精神运动性紊乱、辨距不良、呼吸抑制等。上述过量症状可在过量服药后1-3小时内出现。 10.药物过量的治疗: (1)需催吐或洗胃;给予活性炭或轻泻药减少吸收,并采取加速排泄的措施,如利尿。仅在严重中毒并有肾衰竭时才进行透析。 (2)小儿严重中毒时可能需要换血,并需持续观察呼吸、心功能、血压、体温、瞳孔反射、肾及膀胱功能。如有呼吸抑制,应给氧,或机械辅助呼吸,必要时行气管插管。血压下降和休克时,可抬高双下肢、使用血容量扩张剂及升压药。出现惊厥时需用地西泮或巴比妥类药,但这两类药可能加重呼吸抑制、低血压和昏迷。患者如在过去1周内用过单胺氧化酶抑制药,则不宜用苯巴比妥。
用法用量: 成人 ·常规剂量 ·口服给药 1.抗癫痫及抗惊厥:初始剂量为一次100-200mg,一日1-2次,以后逐渐增加剂量,直至最佳疗效。维持时应根据情况调整至最低的有效量,分次服用。要注意剂量个体化,一日总量不宜超过1200mg,少数可用至一日1600-2000mg。 2.镇痛:初始剂量为一次100mg,一日2次,第2日起,隔日增加100-200mg,直至疼痛缓解,维持量为一日400-800mg,分次服用,一日最高剂量不超过1200mg。 3.尿崩症:单用时一日300-600mg,如与其它抗利尿药合用,一日200-400mg,分3次服用。 4.抗躁狂或抗精神病:初始剂量为一日200-400mg,以后每周逐渐增加剂量,通常成人总量不超过一日1200mg,分3-4次服用。少数用至一日1600mg。 5.酒精戒断综合征:平均剂量为一次200mg,一日3-4次。对严重病例,最初几日剂量可增至一次400mg,一日3次。 6.心律失常:一日300-600mg,分2-3次服用。 儿童 ·常规剂量 ·口服给药 抗惊厥: (1)1岁以下儿童:一日100-200mg。 (2)1-5岁:一日200-400mg。 (3)6-10岁:一日400-600mg。 (4)11-15岁:一日600-1000mg,分次服用。4岁或4岁以下儿童,起始剂量为一日20-60mg,然后每隔1日增加20-60mg。4岁以上的儿童,起始剂量为一日100mg,然后每周增加100mg。 也有以下用法: (1)6岁以下儿童,起始剂量为一日5mg/kg,每隔5-7日增加1次用量,至一日10mg/kg,必要时可增至一日20mg/kg,维持量应调整到维持血药浓度8-12μg/ml,常用量为10-20mg/kg(约250-350mg),一日总量不宜超过400mg。 (2)6-12岁儿童,第1日100mg,分2次服用,每隔1周增加1次剂量,一次可增加100mg,直至出现疗效,维持量应调整到最小有效量,常用量为一日400-800mg,一日不超过1000mg,分3-4次服用。 [国外用法用量参考] 成人 ·常规剂量 ·口服给药 1.抗癫痫:初始剂量为一次200mg,一日2次,或一次100mg,一日4次。然后每周可增量200mg,直至最佳疗效。通常平均剂量范围为一日17-25mg/kg。 2.三叉神经痛:初始剂量为普通口服制剂一次100mg,一日2次,或缓释口服制剂一次200mg,一日1次。通常有效维持剂量为一日400-800mg。一日最大剂量不应超过1200mg。 3.双相障碍:一日600-1600mg,分次给药。 儿童 ·常规剂量 ·口服给药 1.癫痫: (1)6岁以下儿童,初始剂量为一日10-20mg/kg,分2-3次服用。然后可每隔1周增加剂量,直至最佳疗效。最大推荐剂量为一日35mg/kg。 (2)6-12岁儿童,推荐初始剂量为一次100mg,一日2次,一次50mg,一日4次。以后每周剂量可增加100mg,缓释口服制剂一日2次,普通口服制剂一日3-4次,直到取得理想的临床效果。通常维持剂量为一日400-800mg;最大日剂量不超过1000mg。 (3)12岁以上儿童,推荐初始剂量为一次200mg,一日2次,或一次100mg,一日4次。以后每周剂量可增加200mg,缓释口服制剂一日2次,普通口服制剂一日3-4次,直到取得理想的临床效果。 2.预防偏头痛:一日20-30mg/kg,分2次服,剂量应缓慢增加。
制剂规格:卡马西平缓释: 100mg. 200mg. 300mg.
包装规格 ·100mg *120 胶囊 ·200mg *120 胶囊 ·300mg *120 胶囊
Indications
Carbatrol is indicated for use as an anticonvulsant drug. Evidence supporting efficacy of carbamazepine as an anticonvulsant was derived from active drug-controlled studies that enrolled patients with the following seizure types:
Partial seizures with complex symptomatology (psychomotor, temporal lobe). Patients with these seizures appear to show greater improvements than those with other types. Generalized tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal). Mixed seizure patterns which include the above, or other partial or generalized seizures. Absence seizures (petit mal) do not appear to be controlled by carbamazepine. Carbatrol is also indicated for the treatment of pain associated with true trigeminal neuralgia.
Important Safety Information
WARNING SERIOUS DERMATOLOGIC REACTIONS AND HLA-B*1502 ALLELE Serious and sometimes fatal dermatologic reactions, including toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), have been reported with the use of carbamazepine. These reactions are estimated to occur in 1 to 6 per 10,000 new users in countries with mainly Caucasian populations, but the risk is estimated to be about 10 times higher in some patients of Asian ancestry. Studies have found a strong association between the risk of developing SJS/TEN and the presence of HLA-B*1502 allele. This allele is found almost exclusively in patients with Asian ancestry. Patients with ancestry in genetically at-risk populations should be screened for the presence of HLA-B*1502 prior to initiating Carbatrol. Patients testing positive for the allele should not be treated with Carbatrol unless the benefit clearly outweighs the risk.
APLASTIC ANEMIA AND AGRANULOCYTOSIS Aplastic anemia and agranulocytosis have been reported in association with the use of carbamazepine. Reports of transient or persistent decreased platelet or white blood cell counts are not uncommon in association with the use of carbamazepine. However, the vast majority of the cases of leukopenia have not progressed to the more serious conditions of aplastic anemia or agranulocytosis. Nonetheless, complete pretreatment hematological testing should be obtained as a baseline. If a patient in the course of treatment exhibits low or decreased white blood cell or platelet counts, the patient should be monitored closely. Discontinuation of the drug should be considered if any evidence of significant bone marrow depression develops. |
Carbamazepine should not be used in patients with a history of previous bone marrow depression, hypersensitivity to the drug, or known sensitivity to any of the tricyclic compounds. Use of carbamazepine with monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, or within a minimum of 14 days after their discontinuation, is not recommended. Coadministration of carbamazepine with nefazodone is contraindicated.
Carbatrol should be discontinued at the first sign of a rash, unless the rash is clearly not drug-related. If signs or symptoms suggest SJS/TEN, use of this drug should not be resumed and alternative therapy should be considered. Carbatrol should not be used with any other medications containing carbamazepine.
Antiepileptic drugs, including Carbatrol, increase the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior in patients taking these drugs for any indication. Patients should be monitored for the emergence or worsening of depression, suicidal thoughts or behavior, or any unusual changes in mood or behavior.
Carbamazepine is in Pregnancy Category D. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus.
Carbamazepine should be used with caution in patients with a mixed seizure disorder that includes atypical absence seizures, since in these patients carbamazepine has been associated with increased frequency of generalized convulsions. Therapy should be prescribed only after critical benefit-to-risk appraisal in patients with a history of cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage; adverse hematologic reaction to other drugs; or interrupted courses of therapy with carbamazepine.
Some cardiovascular complications (congestive heart failure, edema, aggravation of hypertension, hypotension, syncope and collapse, aggravation of coronary artery disease, arrhythmias and AV block, thrombophlebitis, thromboembolism, and adenopathy or lymphadenopathy) have resulted in fatalities. Abnormalities in liver function tests, cholestatic and hepatocellular jaundice, and hepatitis have been observed.
The most frequently observed adverse reactions, particularly during the initial phases of therapy, are dizziness, drowsiness, unsteadiness, nausea, and vomiting. If adverse reactions are of such severity that the drug must be discontinued, the physician must be aware that abrupt discontinuation of any anticonvulsant drug in a responsive patient with epilepsy may lead to seizures or even status epilepticus with its life-threatening hazards. |