英文药名：Vimpat(lacosamide film-coated tablets)

中文药名：拉考沙胺薄膜片

生产厂家：德国UCB公司
药品介绍
2008年9月3日,UCB公司宣布欧盟批准Vimpat(lacosamide)用于部分癫痫病发作的辅助治疗,Vimpat是一种新型NMDA受体甘氨酸位点结合拮抗剂,属于新一类功能性氨基酸,为具全新双重作用机制的抗惊厥药物。与其他的抗癫痫药相比Vimpat具有调节钠离子通道的活性,钠离子通道在调节神经系统活性,促进神经细胞之间传导有十分重要的功能,所以可以通过降低钠离子通道的过度活性,来控制神经细胞的活性治疗癫痫。
Vimpat可有效控制实验大鼠癫痫模型的癫痫发作,并可剂量依赖性减轻该类动物模型的急慢性疼痛。临床试验表明,服用Vimpat 200mg/day组及400mg/
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注：以下产品不同规格不同价格，购买以咨询为准
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14 Filmtbl. (N1) 50mg    PZN 01174104 
56 Filmtbl. (N2) 50mg    PZN 05137407 
168 Filmtbl. (N3)50mg    PZN 09263557 
14 Filmtbl. (N1) 100mg   PZN 01174110 
56 Filmtbl. (N2) 100mg   PZN 03682394 
168 Filmtbl. (N3)100mg   PZN 03688072 
56 Filmtbl. (N2) 150mg   PZN 01174133 
168 Filmtbl. (N3)150mg   PZN 01174156 
56 Filmtbl. (N2) 200mg   PZN 01174179 
168 Filmtbl. (N3)200mg   PZN 01174185
生产厂家：德国UCB公司

Vimpat 50mg, 100mg, 150mg & 200mg film-coated tablets, 10mg/ml syrup and 10mg/ml solution for infusion
1. Name of the medicinal product
Vimpat 50 mg film-coated tablets
Vimpat 100 mg film-coated tablets
Vimpat 150 mg film-coated tablets
Vimpat 200 mg film-coated tablets
Vimpat 10 mg/ml syrup
Vimpat 10 mg/ml solution for infusion
2. Qualitative and quantitative composition
Tablets:
Each film-coated tablet contains 50 mg lacosamide, 100 mg lacosamide, 150 mg lacosamide or 200 mg lacosamide.
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
Syrup:
Each ml of syrup contains 10 mg lacosamide.
1 bottle of 200 ml contains 2000 mg lacosamide
1 bottle of 465 ml contains 4650 mg lacosamide
Excipients with known effect
Each ml of Vimpat syrup contains 187 mg sorbitol (E420), 2.60 mg sodium methyl parahydroxybenzoate (E219), 0.032 mg aspartame (E951), and 1.42 mg sodium.
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
Solution for infusion:
Each ml of solution for infusion contains 10 mg lacosamide.
1 vial of 20 ml solution for infusion contains 200 mg lacosamide.
Excipient: each ml of solution for infusion contains 2.99 mg sodium.
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3. Pharmaceutical form
Tablets:
Film-coated tablet
50 mg: Pinkish, oval film-coated tablet debossed with 'SP' on one side and '50' on the other side.
100 mg: Dark yellow, oval film-coated tablet debossed with 'SP' on one side and '100' on the other side.
150 mg: Salmon, oval film-coated tablet debossed with 'SP' on one side and '150' on the other side.
200 mg: Blue, oval film-coated tablet debossed with 'SP' on one side and '200' on the other side.
Syrup:
A slightly viscous clear, colourless to yellow-brown liquid.
Solution for infusion:
Clear, colourless solution.
4. Clinical particulars
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Vimpat is indicated as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial-onset seizures with or without secondary generalisation in adult and adolescent (16-18 years) patients with epilepsy.
4.2 Posology and method of administration
Posology
Vimpat must be taken twice a day. The recommended starting dose is 50 mg twice a day which should be increased to an initial therapeutic dose of 100 mg twice a day after one week.
Lacosamide treatment may also be initiated with a single loading dose of 200 mg, followed approximately 12 hours later by a 100 mg twice daily (200 mg/day) maintenance dose regimen. A loading dose may be initiated in patients in situations when the physician determines that rapid attainment of lacosamide steady state plasma concentration and therapeutic effect is warranted. It should be administered under medical supervision with consideration of the potential for increased incidence of central nervous system adverse reactions (see section 4.8). Administration of a loading dose has not been studied in acute conditions such as status epilepticus.
Depending on response and tolerability, the maintenance dose can be further increased by 50 mg twice a day every week, to a maximum recommended daily dose of 400 mg (200 mg twice a day). Vimpat may be taken with or without food.
In accordance with current clinical practice, if Vimpat has to be discontinued, it is recommended this be done gradually (e.g. taper the daily dose by 200 mg/week).
Treatment Initiation pack:
Vimpat treatment initiation pack contains 4 different packages (one for each tablet strength) with 14 tablets each, for the first 2 to 4 weeks of therapy depending on the patient´s response and tolerability. The packages are marked with 'week 1 (2, 3 or 4)'.
On the first day of treatment the patient starts with Vimpat 50 mg tablets twice a day. During the second week, the patient takes Vimpat 100 mg tablets twice a day.
Depending on response and tolerability, Vimpat 150 mg tablets may be taken twice a day during the third week and Vimpat 200 mg tablets twice a day during the fourth week.
Method of administration
Syrup:
Only the measuring cup provided in this pack should be used for dosing of Vimpat syrup 10 mg/ml. Instructions for use are provided in the package leaflet.
The bottle containing Vimpat syrup should be shaken well before use.
Solution for infusion:
The solution for infusion is infused over a period of 15 to 60 minutes twice daily. Vimpat solution for infusion can be administered i.v. without further dilution. Conversion to or from oral and i.v. administration can be done directly without titration. The total daily dose and twice daily administration should be maintained.
There is experience with twice daily infusions of Vimpat up to 5 days.
Special population
Renal impairment
No dose adjustment is necessary in mildly and moderately renally impaired patients (CLCR >30 ml/min). In patients with mild or moderate renal impairment , a loading dose of 200 mg may be considered, but further dose titration (>200 mg daily) should be performed with caution. In patients with severe renal impairment (CLCR ≤30 ml/min) and in patients with endstage renal disease , a maximum maintenance dose of 250 mg/day is recommended. In these patients, the dose titration should be performed with caution. If a loading dose is indicated, an initial dose of 100 mg followed by a 50 mg twice daily regimen for the first week should be used. For patients requiring haemodialysis a supplement of up to 50% of the divided daily dose directly after the end of haemodialysis is recommended. Treatment of patients with end-stage renal disease should be made with caution as there is little clinical experience and accumulation of a metabolite (with no known pharmacological activity).
For Treatment Initiation pack
No dose adjustment is necessary in mildly and moderately renally impaired patients (CLCR >30 ml/min). A maximum dose of 250 mg/day is recommended for patients with severe renal impairment (CLCR ≤30 ml/min) and in patients with endstage renal disease. For patients requiring haemodialysis a supplement of up to 50% of the divided daily dose directly after the end of haemodialysis is recommended. Treatment of patients with end-stage renal disease should be made with caution as there is little clinical experience and accumulation of a metabolite (with no known pharmacological activity). In all patients with renal impairment, the dose titration should be performed with caution (see section 5.2).
Hepatic impairment
No dose adjustment is needed for patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment.
The dose titration in these patients should be performed with caution considering co-existing renal impairment. A loading dose of 200mg may be considered, but further dose titration (>200 mg daily) should be performed with caution. The pharmacokinetics of lacosamide has not been evaluated in severely hepatic impaired patients (see section 5.2).
Elderly (over 65 years of age)
No dose reduction is necessary in elderly patients. The experience with lacosamide in elderly patients with epilepsy is limited. Age associated decreased renal clearance with an increase in AUC levels should be considered in elderly patients (see 'Use in patients with renal impairment' above and section 5.2).
Paediatric population
Vimpat is not recommended for use in children and adolescents below the age of 16 as there is no data on safety and efficacy in these age groups.
4.3 Contraindications
Tablets:
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
Known second- or third-degree atrioventricular (AV) block.
Syrup and Solution for infusion:
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
Known second- or third-degree atrioventricular (AV) block.
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Dizziness
Treatment with lacosamide has been associated with dizziness which could increase the occurrence of accidental injury or falls. Therefore, patients should be advised to exercise caution until they are familiar with the potential effects of the medicine (see section 4.8).
Cardiac Rhythm and Conduction
Prolongations in PR interval with lacosamide have been observed in clinical studies. Lacosamide should be used with caution in patients with known conduction problems or severe cardiac disease such as a history of myocardial infarction or heart failure. Caution should especially be exerted when treating elderly patients as they may be at an increased risk of cardiac disorders or when lacosamide is used in combination with products known to be associated with PR prolongation.
Second degree or higher AV block has been reported in post-marketing experience. In the placebo-controlled trials of lacosamide in epilepsy patients, atrial fibrillation or flutter were not reported; however both have been reported in open-label epilepsy trials and in post-marketing experience (see section 4.8).
Patients should be made aware of the symptoms of second-degree or higher AV block (e.g. slow or irregular pulse, feeling of lightheaded and fainting) and of the symptoms of atrial fibrillation and flutter (e.g. palpitations, rapid or irregular pulse, shortness of breath). Patients should be counseled to seek medical advice should any of these symptoms occur.
Suicidal ideation and behaviour
Suicidal ideation and behaviour have been reported in patients treated with anti-epileptic agents in several indications. A meta-analysis of randomised placebo controlled trials of anti-epileptic drugs has also shown a small increased risk of suicidal ideation and behaviour. The mechanism of this risk is not known and the available data do not exclude the possibility of an increased risk for lacosamide.
Therefore patients should be monitored for signs of suicidal ideation and behaviours and appropriate treatment should be considered. Patients (and caregivers of patients) should be advised to seek medical advice should signs of suicidal ideation or behaviour emerge (see section 4.8).
Syrup:
Vimpat syrup contains sodium methylhydroxybenzoate (E219), which may cause allergic reactions (possibly delayed). It contains 3.7 g sorbitol (E420) per dose (200 mg lacosamide), corresponding to a calorific value of 9.7 kcal. Patients with rare hereditary problems of fructose intolerance should not take this medicine. The syrup contains aspartame (E951), a source of phenylalanine, which may be harmful for people with phenylketonuria. It contains 1.24 mmol (or 28.36 mg) sodium per dose (200 mg lacosamide). To be taken into consideration for patients on a controlled sodium diet.
Solution for infusion:
This medicinal product contains 2.6 mmol (or 59.8 mg) sodium per vial. To be taken into consideration for patients on a controlled sodium diet.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
Lacosamide should be used with caution in patients treated with medicinal products known to be associated with PR prolongation (e.g. carbamazepine, lamotrigine, pregabalin) and in patients treated with class I antiarrhythmic drugs. However, subgroup analysis did not identify an increased magnitude of PR prolongation in patients with concomitant administration of carbamazepine or lamotrigine in clinical trials.
In vitro data
Data generally suggest that lacosamide has a low interaction potential. In vitro studies indicate that the enzymes CYP1A2, 2B6, and 2C9 are not induced and that CYP1A1, 1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2D6, and 2E1 are not inhibited by lacosamide at plasma concentrations observed in clinical trials. An in vitro study indicated that lacosamide is not transported by P-glycoprotein in the intestine. In vitro data show that CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 are capable of catalysing the formation of the O-desmethyl metabolite.
In vivo data
Lacosamide does not inhibit or induce CYP2C19 and 3A4 to a clinically relevant extent. Lacosamide did not affect the AUC of midazolam (metabolised by CYP3A4, lacosamide given 200 mg b.i.d.) but Cmax of midazolam was slightly increased (30%). Lacosamide did not affect the pharmacokinetics of omeprazole (metabolised by CYP2C19 and 3A4, lacosamide given 300 mg b.i.d.).
The CYP2C19 inhibitor omeprazole (40 mg q.d.) did not give rise to a clinically significant change in lacosamide exposure. Thus moderate inhibitors of CYP2C19 are unlikely to affect systemic lacosamide exposure to a clinically relevant extent.
Caution is recommended in concomitant treatment with strong inhibitors of CYP2C9 (e.g. fluconazole) and CYP3A4 (e.g. itraconazole, ketoconazole, ritonavir, clarithromycin), which may lead to increased systemic exposure of lacosamide. Such interactions have not been established in vivo but are possible based on in vitro data.
Strong enzyme inducers such as rifampicin or St John´s wort (Hypericum perforatum) may moderately reduce the systemic exposure of lacosamide. Therefore, starting or ending treatment with these enzyme inducers should be done with caution.
Antiepileptic drugs
In interaction trials lacosamide did not significantly affect the plasma concentrations of carbamazepine and valproic acid. Lacosamide plasma concentrations were not affected by carbamazepine and by valproic acid. A population PK analysis estimated that concomitant treatment with other anti-epileptic drugs known to be enzyme inducers (carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, in various doses) decreased the overall systemic exposure of lacosamide by 25%.
Oral contraceptives
In an interaction trial there was no clinically relevant interaction between lacosamide and the oral contraceptives ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel. Progesterone concentrations were not affected when the medicinal products were co-administered.
Others
Interaction trials showed that lacosamide had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin. There was no clinically relevant interaction between lacosamide and metformin.
Co-administration of warfarin with lacosamide does not result in a clinically relevant change in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin.
No data on the interaction of lacosamide with alcohol are available.
Lacosamide has a low protein binding of less than 15%. Therefore, clinically relevant interactions with other drugs through competition for protein binding sites are considered unlikely.
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy
Risk related to epilepsy and antiepileptic medicinal products in general
For all anti-epileptic drugs, it has been shown that in the offspring of women treated with epilepsy, the prevalence of malformations is two to three times greater than the rate of approximately 3% in the general population. In the treated population, an increase in malformations has been noted with polytherapy, however, the extent to which the treatment and/or the illness is responsible has not been elucidated.
Moreover, effective anti-epileptic therapy must not be interrupted, since the aggravation of the illness is detrimental to both the mother and the foetus.
Risk related to lacosamide
There are no adequate data from the use of lacosamide in pregnant women. Studies in animals did not indicate any teratogenic effects in rats or rabbits, but embryotoxicity was observed in rats and rabbits at maternal toxic doses (see section 5.3). The potential risk for humans is unknown.
Lacosamide should not be used during pregnancy unless clearly necessary (if the benefit to the mother clearly outweighs the potential risk to the foetus). If women decide to become pregnant, the use of this product should be carefully re-evaluated.
Breastfeeding
It is unknown whether lacosamide is excreted in human breast milk. Animal studies have shown excretion of lacosamide in breast milk. For precautionary measures, breast-feeding should be discontinued during treatment with lacosamide.
Fertility
No adverse effects on male or female fertility or reproduction were observed in rats at doses producing plasma exposures (AUC) up to approximately 2 times the plasma AUC in humans at the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD).
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Vimpat may have minor to moderate influence on the ability to drive and use machines. Vimpat treatment has been associated with dizziness or blurred vision.
Accordingly, patients should be advised not to drive a car or to operate other potentially hazardous machinery until they are familiar with the effects of Vimpat on their ability to perform such activities.
4.8 Undesirable effects
Summary of safety profile
Based on the analysis of pooled placebo-controlled clinical trials in adjunctive therapy in 1,308 patients with partial-onset seizures, a total of 61.9% of patients randomized to lacosamide and 35.2% of patients randomized to placebo reported at least 1 adverse reaction. The most frequently reported adverse reactions with lacosamide treatment were dizziness, headache, nausea and diplopia. They were usually mild to moderate in intensity. Some were dose-related and could be alleviated by reducing the dose. Incidence and severity of CNS and gastrointestinal (GI) adverse reactions usually decreased over time.
Over all controlled studies, the discontinuation rate due to adverse reactions was 12.2% for patients randomized to lacosamide and 1.6% for patients randomized to placebo. The most common adverse reaction resulting in discontinuation of lacosamide therapy was dizziness.
Incidence of CNS adverse reactions such as dizziness may be higher after a loading dose.
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
The table below shows the frequencies of adverse reactions which have been reported in clinical trials and post-marketing experience. The frequencies are defined as follows: very common (≥1/10), common (≥1/100 to <1/10), uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100). Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.

System organ class	Very common	Common	Uncommon	Not known
Blood and lymphatic disorders				Agranulocytosis(1)
Immune system disorders			Drug hypersensitivity(1)	Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) (1)
Psychiatric disorders		Depression Confusional state Insomnia(1)	Aggression(1) Agitation(1) Euphoric mood(1) Psychotic disorder(1) Suicide attempt (1) Suicidal ideation (1) Hallucination (1)
Nervous system disorders	Dizziness Headache	Balance disorder Coordination abnormal Memory impairment Cognitive disorder Somnolence Tremor Nystagmus Hypoesthesia Dysarthria Disturbance in attention Paraesthesia
Eye disorders	Diplopia	Vision blurred
Ear and labyrinth disorders		Vertigo Tinnitus
Cardiac disorders			Atrioventricular block(1) Bradycardia(1) Atrial Fibrillation (1) Atrial Flutter (1)
Gastrointestinal disorders	Nausea	Vomiting Constipation Flatulence Dyspepsia Dry mouth Diarrhoea
Hepatobiliary disorders			Liver function test abnormal(1)
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders		Pruritus Rash(1)	Angioedema(1) Urticaria(1)	Stevens-Johnson syndrome(1) Toxic epidermal necrolysis(1)
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders		Muscle spasms
General disorders and administration site conditions		Gait disturbance Asthenia Fatigue Irritability Feeling drunk
Injury, poisoning and procedural complications		Fall Skin laceration Contusion

(1) adverse reactions reported in post marketing experience.
Description of selected adverse reactions
The use of lacosamide is associated with dose-related increase in the PR interval. Adverse reactions associated with PR interval prolongation (e.g. atrioventricular block, syncope, bradycardia) may occur.
In clinical trials in epilepsy patients the incidence rate of reported first degree AV Block is uncommon, 0.7%, 0%, 0.5% and 0% for lacosamide 200 mg, 400 mg, 600 mg or placebo, respectively. No second or higher degree AV Block was seen in these studies. However, cases with second and third degree AV Block associated with lacosamide treatment have been reported in post-marketing experience.
In clinical trials, the incidence rate for syncope is uncommon and did not differ between lacosamide treated epilepsy patients (0.1%) and placebo treated epilepsy patients (0.3%).
Atrial fibrillation or flutter were not reported in short term clinical trials; however both have been reported in open-label epilepsy trials and in post-marketing experience.
Laboratory abnormalities
Abnormalities in liver function tests have been observed in controlled trials with lacosamide in adult patients with partial-onset seizures who were taking 1 to 3 concomitant anti-epileptic drugs. Elevations of ALT to ≥3XULN occurred in 0.7% (7/935) of Vimpat patients and 0% (0/356) of placebo patients.
Multiorgan Hypersensitivity Reactions
Multiorgan hypersensitivity reactions (also known as Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms, DRESS) have been reported in patients treated with some antiepileptic agents. These reactions are variable in expression but typically present with fever and rash and can be associated with involvement of different organ systems. If multiorgan hypersensitivity reaction is suspected, lacosamide should be discontinued.
Paediatric Population
Frequency, type and severity of adverse reactions in adolescents aged 16-18 years are expected to be the same as in adults. The safety of lacosamide in children aged below 16 years has not yet been established. No data are available.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via:
UK
The Yellow Card Scheme
Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard
Ireland
HPRA Pharmacovigilance,
Earlsfort Terrace
IRL - Dublin 2
Tel: +353 1 6764971
Fax: +353 1 6762517
Website: www.hpra.ie
e-mail: medsafety@hpra.ie
4.9 Overdose
Symptoms
In clinical trials
The types of adverse events experienced by patients exposed to supratherapeutic doses were not clinically different from those of patients administered recommended doses of lacosamide.
Following doses of 1200 mg/day, symptoms related to the central nervous system (e.g. dizziness) and the gastrointestinal system (e.g. nausea, vomiting) were observed and resolved with dose adjustments.
The highest reported overdose for lacosamide was 12,000 mg taken in conjunction with toxic doses of multiple other antiepileptic drugs. The subject was initially comatose with AV block and then fully recovered without permanent sequelae.
In post-marketing experience
Following acute single overdoses ranging between 1,000 mg and 12,000 mg, seizures (generalized tonic-clonic seizures, status epilepticus) and cardiac conduction disorders were observed. Fatal cardiac arrest was reported after an acute overdose of 7,000 mg of lacosamide in a patient with cardiovascular risk factors.
Management
There is no specific antidote for overdose with lacosamide. Treatment of lacosamide overdose should include general supportive measures and may include haemodialysis if necessary (see section 5.2).
5. Pharmacological properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: other antiepileptics, ATC code: N03AX18
The active substance, lacosamide (R-2-acetamido-N-benzyl-3-methoxypropionamide) is a functionalised amino acid.
Mechanism of action
The precise mechanism by which lacosamide exerts its antiepileptic effect in humans remains to be fully elucidated. In vitro electrophysiological studies have shown that lacosamide selectively enhances slow inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels, resulting in stabilization of hyperexcitable neuronal membranes.
Pharmacodynamic effects
Lacosamide protected against seizures in a broad range of animal models of partial and primary generalized seizures and delayed kindling development.
In non-clinical experiments lacosamide in combination with levetiracetam, carbamazepine, phenytoin, valproate, lamotrigine, topiramate or gabapentin showed synergistic or additive anticonvulsant effects.
Clinical efficacy and safety
The efficacy of Vimpat as adjunctive therapy at recommended doses (200 mg/day, 400 mg/day) was established in 3 multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials with a 12-week maintenance period. Vimpat 600 mg/day was also shown to be effective in controlled adjunctive therapy trials, although the efficacy was similar to 400 mg/day and patients were less likely to tolerate this dose because of CNS- and gastrointestinal-related adverse reactions. Thus, the 600 mg/day dose is not recommended. The maximum recommended dose is 400 mg/day. These trials, involving 1308 patients with a history of an average of 23 years of partial-onset seizures, were designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of lacosamide when administered concomitantly with 1-3 antiepileptic drugs in patients with uncontrolled partial-onset seizures with or without secondary generalisation. Overall the proportion of subjects with a 50% reduction in seizure frequency was 23%, 34%, and 40% for placebo, lacosamide 200 mg/day and lacosamide 400 mg/day.
There are insufficient data regarding the withdrawal of concomitant antiepileptic medicinal products to achieve monotherapy with lacosamide.
The pharmacokinetics and safety of a single loading dose of iv lacosamide were determined in a multicenter, open-label study designed to assess the safety and tolerability of rapid initiation of lacosamide using a single iv loading dose (including 200 mg) followed by twice daily oral dosing (equivalent to the iv dose) as adjunctive therapy in adult subjects 16 to 60 years of age with partial-onset seizures.
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Absorption
Tablets and Syrup:
Lacosamide is rapidly and completely absorbed after oral administration. The oral bioavailability of lacosamide tablets is approximately 100%. Following oral administration, the plasma concentration of unchanged lacosamide increases rapidly and reaches Cmax about 0.5 to 4 hours post-dose. Vimpat tablets and syrup are bioequivalent. Food does not affect the rate and extent of absorption.
Solution for infusion:
After i.v. administration, Cmax is reached at the end of infusion. The plasma concentration increases proportionally with dose after oral (100-800 mg) and i.v. (50-300 mg) administration.
Distribution
The volume of distribution is approximately 0.6 L/kg. Lacosamide is less than 15% bound to plasma proteins.
Biotransformation
95% of the dose is excreted in the urine as drug and metabolites. The metabolism of lacosamide has not been completely characterised.
The major compounds excreted in urine are unchanged lacosamide (approximately 40% of the dose) and its O-desmethyl metabolite less than 30%.
A polar fraction proposed to be serine derivatives accounted for approximately 20% in urine, but was detected only in small amounts (0-2%) in human plasma of some subjects. Small amounts (0.5-2%) of additional metabolites were found in the urine.
In vitro data show that CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 are capable of catalysing the formation of the O-desmethyl metabolite but the main contributing isoenzyme has not been confirmed in vivo. No clinically relevant difference in lacosamide exposure was observed comparing its pharmacokinetics in extensive metabolisers (EMs, with a functional CYP2C19) and poor metabolisers (PMs, lacking a functional CYP2C19). Furthermore an interaction trial with omeprazole (CYP2C19-inhibitor) demonstrated no clinically relevant changes in lacosamide plasma concentrations indicating that the importance of this pathway is minor.
The plasma concentration of O-desmethyl-lacosamide is approximately 15% of the concentration of lacosamide in plasma. This major metabolite has no known pharmacological activity.
Elimination
Lacosamide is primarily eliminated from the systemic circulation by renal excretion and biotransformation. After oral and intravenous administration of radiolabeled lacosamide, approximately 95% of radioactivity administered was recovered in the urine and less than 0.5% in the faeces. The elimination half-life of the unchanged drug is approximately 13 hours. The pharmacokinetics is dose-proportional and constant over time, with low intra- and inter-subject variability. Following twice daily dosing, steady state plasma concentrations are achieved after a 3 day period. The plasma concentration increases with an accumulation factor of approximately 2.
A single loading dose of 200 mg approximates steady-state concentrations comparable to 100 mg twice daily oral administration.
Pharmacokinetics in special patient groups
Gender
Clinical trials indicate that gender does not have a clinically significant influence on the plasma concentrations of lacosamide.
Renal impairment
The AUC of lacosamide was increased by approximately 30% in mildly and moderately and 60% in severely renal impaired patients and patients with endstage renal disease requiring hemodialysis compared to healthy subjects, whereas cmax was unaffected.
Lacosamide is effectively removed from plasma by haemodialysis. Following a 4-hour haemodialysis treatment, AUC of lacosamide is reduced by approximately 50%. Therefore dosage supplementation following haemodialysis is recommended (see section 4.2). The exposure of the O-desmethyl metabolite was several-fold increased in patients with moderate and severe renal impairment. In absence of haemodialysis in patients with endstage renal disease, the levels were increased and continuously rising during the 24-hour sampling. It is unknown whether the increased metabolite exposure in endstage renal disease subjects could give rise to adverse effects but no pharmacological activity of the metabolite has been identified.
Hepatic impairment
Subjects with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh B) showed higher plasma concentrations of lacosamide (approximately 50% higher AUCnorm). The higher exposure was partly due to a reduced renal function in the studied subjects. The decrease in non-renal clearance in the patients of the study was estimated to give a 20% increase in the AUC of lacosamide. The pharmacokinetics of lacosamide has not been evaluated in severe hepatic impairment (see section 4.2).
Elderly (over 65 years of age)
In a study in elderly men and women including 4 patients >75 years of age, AUC was about 30 and 50% increased compared to young men, respectively. This is partly related to lower body weight. The body weight normalized difference is 26 and 23%, respectively. An increased variability in exposure was also observed. The renal clearance of lacosamide was only slightly reduced in elderly subjects in this study.
A general dose reduction is not considered to be necessary unless indicated due to reduced renal function (see section 4.2).
5.3 Preclinical safety data
In the toxicity studies, the plasma concentrations of lacosamide obtained were similar or only marginally higher than those observed in patients, which leaves low or non-existing margins to human exposure.
A safety pharmacology study with intravenous administration of lacosamide in anesthetized dogs showed transient increases in PR interval and QRS complex duration and decreases in blood pressure most likely due to a cardiodepressant action. These transient changes started in the same concentration range as after maximum recommended clinical dosing. In anesthetized dogs and Cynomolgus monkeys, at intravenous doses of 15-60 mg/kg, slowing of atrial and ventricular conductivity, atrioventricular block and atrioventricular dissociation were seen.
In the repeated dose toxicity studies, mild reversible liver changes were observed in rats starting at about 3 times the clinical exposure. These changes included an increased organ weight, hypertrophy of hepatocytes, increases in serum concentrations of liver enzymes and increases in total cholesterol and triglycerides. Apart from the hypertrophy of hepatocytes, no other histopathologic changes were observed.
In reproductive and developmental toxicity studies in rodents and rabbits, no teratogenic effects but an increase in numbers of stillborn pups and pup deaths in the peripartum period, and slightly reduced live litter sizes and pup body weights were observed at maternal toxic doses in rats corresponding to systemic exposure levels similar to the expected clinical exposure. Since higher exposure levels could not be tested in animals due to maternal toxicity, data are insufficient to fully characterise the embryofetotoxic and teratogenic potential of lacosamide.
Studies in rats revealed that lacosamide and/or its metabolites readily crossed the placental barrier.
Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA)
The use of Vimpat in accordance with the product information is not likely to result in an unacceptable environmental impact.
6. Pharmaceutical particulars
6.1 List of excipients
Tablets:
Tablet core:
microcrystalline cellulose
hydroxypropylcellulose
hydroxypropylcellulose (low substituted)
silica, colloidal, anhydrous
crospovidone (polyplasdone XL-10 Pharmaceutical Grade)
magnesium stearate
Tablet coat:
polyvinyl alcohol
polyethylene glycol, 3350
talc
titanium dioxide (E171)
50 mg tablet: red iron oxide (E172), black iron oxide (E172), indigo carmine aluminium lake (E132)
100 mg tablet: yellow iron oxide (E172)
150 mg tablet: yellow iron oxide (E172), red iron oxide (E172), black iron oxide (E172)
200 mg tablet: indigo carmine aluminium lake (E132)
Syrup:
glycerol (E422)
carmellose sodium
sorbitol liquid (crystallizing) (E420)
polyethylene glycol 4000
sodium chloride
citric acid, anhydrous
acesulfame potassium (E950)
sodium methyl parahydroxybenzoate (E219)
strawberry flavour (contains propylene glycol, maltol)
masking flavour (contains propylene glycol, aspartame (E951), acesulfame potassium (E950), maltol, deionised water)
purified water
Solution for infusion:
water for injection
sodium chloride
hydrochloric acid (for pH adjustment)
6.2 Incompatibilities
Tablets and Syrup:
Not applicable.
Solution for infusion:
This medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products except those mentioned in section 6.6.
6.3 Shelf life
Tablets:
5 years.
Syrup:
3 years.
After first opening: 4 weeks.
Solution for infusion:
3 years.
Chemical and physical in-use stability has been demonstrated for 24 hours at temperatures up to 25° C for product mixed with the diluents mentioned in 6.6.
From a microbiological point of view, the product should be used immediately. If not used immediately, in-use storage times and conditions prior to use are the responsibility of the user and would not be longer than 24 hours at 2 to 8°C, unless dilution has taken place in controlled and validated aseptic conditions.
6.4 Special precautions for storage
Tablets:
This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.
Syrup:
Do not refrigerate.
Solution for infusion:
Do not store above 25°C.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
Tablets:
PVC/PVDC blister sealed with an aluminium foil.
50 mg & 100 mg: Packs of 14, 56 and 168 film-coated tablets.
150 mg & 200 mg: Packs of 14, 56 and 168 film-coated tablets (multipacks containing 3 packs of 56 tablets).
Pack of 56 x 1 tablets in PVC/PVDC perforated unit dose blisters sealed with an aluminium foil.(50mg, 100mg, 150mg and 200mg tablets)
The treatment initiation pack contains 4 cartons, each carton with 14 tablets of 50 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg and 200 mg.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
Syrup:
200 ml and 465 ml amber glass bottles with white polypropylene screw cap and a measuring cup.
Each graduation mark (5ml) of the measuring cup corresponds to 50 mg (for example 2 graduation marks correspond to 100 mg).
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
Solution for infusion:
Colourless type I glass vial with a chlorobutyl rubber closure coated with a fluoropolymer.
Packs of 1x20 ml and 5x20 ml.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
Tablets and syrup:
No special requirements for disposal.
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
Solution for infusion:
This medicinal product is for single use only, any unused solution should be discarded.
Product with particulate matter or discolouration should not be used. Vimpat solution for infusion was found to be physically compatible and chemically stable when mixed with the following diluents for at least 24 hours and stored in glass or PVC bags at temperatures up to 25°C.
Diluents:
sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution for injection
glucose 50 mg/ml (5%) solution for injection
lactated Ringer's solution for injection.
7. Marketing authorisation holder
UCB Pharma SA
Allée de la Recherche 60
B-1070 Brussels
Belgium
8. Marketing authorisation number(s)
50mg Tablets:
EU/1/08/470/001-003
EU/1/08/470/020
100mg Tablets:
EU/1/08/470/004-006
EU/1/08/470/021
150mg Tablets:
EU/1/08/470/007-009
EU/1/08/470/022
200mg Tablets:
EU/1/08/470/010-012
EU/1/08/470/023
Treatment Initiation pack:
EU/1/08/470/013
Syrup:
EU/1/08/470/018-019
Solution for Infusion:
EU/1/08/470/016-017
9. Date of first authorisation/renewal of the authorisation
Date of first authorisation: 29 August 2008
10. Date of revision of the text
October 2014
Detailed information on this medicine is available on the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) web site: http://www.emea.europa.eu/.