英文药名: Glucophage XR(Metformin Extended Release Tablets)

中文药名: 格华止（盐酸二甲双胍缓释片）

品牌药生产厂家: Not available

药品名称

通用名：盐酸二甲双胍片
商品名：格华止(Glucophage)
英文名：Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets
性 状: 盐酸二甲双胍片为薄膜衣片，除去包衣后显白色或类白色。
规 格

(1)0.5g，(2)0.85g，(3)1g
药理毒理

药理作用：
1．盐酸二甲双胍片为双胍类降糖药。不是通过刺激胰岛β细胞增加胰岛素的浓度，而是直接作用于糖的代谢过程，促进糖的无氧酵解，增加肌肉、脂肪等外周组织对葡萄糖的摄取和利用，从而保护已受损的胰岛β细胞功能免受进一步损害，有利于糖尿病的长期控制。
2．盐酸二甲双胍片抑制肠道吸收葡萄糖，并抑制肝糖原异生，减少肝糖输出，可使糖尿病患者血糖及糖化血红蛋白降低。
3．本品无促使脂肪合成的作用，对正常人无明显降血糖作用。
4．盐酸二甲双胍片与磺酰脲类降糖药比较，不刺激胰岛素分泌，甚少引起低血糖症，而两者合用时可起到协同作用，以提高降血糖的疗效。
毒理研究：
动物实验提示，本品无致癌、致突变作用，对生育能力无影响。
药代动力学

口服二甲双胍主要在小肠吸收。空腹状态下口服二甲双胍0.5克的绝对生物利用度为50-60%。同时进食略减少药物的吸收速度和吸收程度。国内口服本品药代动力学试验结果表明，口服后中位达血药浓度时间为2小时，平均血浆药物清除半衰期约为4小时。二甲双胍几乎不与血浆蛋白结合，按照常用临床剂量和给药方案口服本品，可在24-48小时内达到稳态血浆浓度。本品主要经肾脏排泄，口服本品24小时内肾脏排泄90%。
适应症

1．盐酸二甲双胍片首选用于单纯饮食控制及体育锻炼治疗无效的2型糖尿病，特别是肥胖的2型糖尿病。
2．对于1型或2型糖尿病，本品与胰岛素合用，可增加胰岛素的降血糖作用，减少胰岛素用量，防止低血糖发生；
3．本品也可与磺脲类口服降糖药合用，具协同作用。
用法用量

应遵医嘱服药。本品应从小剂量开始使用，根据病人状况，逐渐增加剂量。通常本品的起始剂量为0.5克，每日二次；或0.85克，每日一次；随餐服用。可每周增加0.5克，或每2周增加0.85克，逐渐加至每日2克，分次服用。
成人最大推荐剂量为每日2550毫克。对需进一步控制血糖患者，剂量可以加至每日2550毫克(即每次0.85克，每天三次)。每日剂量超过2克时，为了更好的耐受，药物最好随三餐分次服用。
不良反应

盐酸二甲双胍片常见不良反应包括腹泻、恶心、呕吐、胃胀、乏力、消化不良、腹部不适及头痛。其他少见者为大便异常、低血糖、肌痛、头昏、头晕、指甲异常、皮疹、出汗增加、味觉异常、胸部不适、寒战、流感症状、潮热、心悸、体重减轻等。二甲双胍可减少维生素B12的吸收，但极少引起贫血。本品在治疗剂量范围内，引起乳酸性酸中毒罕见。
禁 忌

1．肾脏疾病或下列情况禁用本品：心力衰竭(休克)、急性心肌梗塞和败血症等引起的肾功能障碍(血清肌酐水平＞1.5毫克/分升(男性)，≥1.4毫克/分升(女性)或肌酐清除异常)。
2．需要药物治疗的充血性心衰，和其他严重心、肺疾患。
3．严重感染和外伤，外科大手术，临床有低血压和缺氧等。
4．已知对盐酸二甲双胍过敏。
5．急性或慢性代谢性酸中毒，包括有或无昏迷的糖尿病酮症酸中毒，和糖尿病酮症酸中毒需要用胰岛素治疗。
6．酗酒者。
7．接受血管内注射碘化造影剂者，可以暂时停用本品。
8．维生素B12、叶酸缺乏未纠正者。
注意事项

1．口服本品期间，定期检查肾功能，可以减少乳酸中毒的发生，尤其是老年患者更应定期检查肾功能。接受外科手术和碘剂X射线摄影检查前患者暂时停止口服本品。
2．肝功能不良：某些乳酸性酸中毒患者合并有肝功能损害，因此有肝脏疾病者应避免使用本品。
3．应激状态：在发热、感染和外科手术时，服用口服降糖药患者易发生血糖暂时控制不良，此时必须暂时停用本品，改用胰岛素。待应激状态缓解后恢复使用。
4．对1型糖尿病患者，不宜单独使用本品，而应与胰岛素合用。
5．应定期进行血液学检查。本品治疗引起巨幼红细胞性贫血罕见。如发生应排除维生素B12缺乏。
6．即往服用盐酸二甲双胍片治疗，血糖控制良好的2型糖尿病患者出现实验室化验异常或临床异常 (特别是乏力或难于言表的不适)，应当迅速寻找酮症酸中毒或乳酸酸中毒的证据，测定包括血清电解质、酮体、血糖、血酸碱度，乳酸盐、丙酮酸二甲双胍水平，存在任何类型的酸中毒都应立即停用，开始其他恰当的治疗方法。
7．单独接受盐酸二甲双胍片治疗的患者正常情况下不会产生低血糖，但当进食过少，或大运动量后没有补充足够的热量，与其他降糖药联合使用(如磺脲类药物和胰岛素)，饮酒等情况下会出现低血糖，须注意。
8．老年、衰弱或营养不良的患者，以及肾上腺和垂体功能低减、酒精中毒的患者更易发生低血糖。老年患者和服用β-肾上腺阻滞剂的患者的低血糖很难辨认，须注意。
9．患者应当了解盐酸二甲双胍片治疗的潜在危险和益处，以及选择治疗的方式。他们也应知道同时控制饮食、规律运动的重要性，以及规律检测血糖、糖化血红蛋白、肾脏功能和血液学参数的重要性。
10．须向患者解释乳酸酸中毒的危险性、症状和容易发生乳酸酸中毒的情况。当出现不能解释的过度呼气、肌痛、乏力、嗜睡或其他非特异性的症状时，应立即停药，及时医生。在二甲双胍治疗的初期常出现胃肠道症状，一旦患者坚持某一剂量治疗后出现胃肠道症状，通常与药物本身无关，随后出现的胃肠道症状可能是由于乳酸酸中毒或其他严重的疾病造成的。
孕妇及哺乳期妇女用药

不推荐孕妇使用本品。哺乳期妇女应慎用本品，必须使用本品时，应停止哺乳。
儿童用药

10-16岁2型糖尿病患者使用本品的每日最高剂量为2000毫克。不推荐10岁以下儿童使用本品。
老年患者用药

65岁以上老年患者使用本品时应谨慎，并定期检查肾功能。通常不用最大剂量。不推荐80岁以上的患者使用本品，除非其肌酐清除率检查表明其肾功能未降低。
药物相互作用

1．单剂联合使用二甲双胍和格列苯脲未发现二甲双胍的药代动力学参数改变。
2．二甲双胍与呋塞米(速尿)合用，二甲双胍的AUC增加，但肾清除无变化；同时呋塞米的Cmax和AUC均下降，终末半衰期缩短, 肾清除无改变。
3．经肾小管排泌的阳离子药物(例如氨氯吡咪、地高辛、吗啡、普鲁卡因胺、奎尼丁、奎宁、雷尼替丁、氨苯喋啶、甲氧苄氨嘧啶和万古霉素)理论上可能与二甲双胍竞争肾小管转运系统，发生相互作用，因此建议密切监测、调整本品及/或相互作用药物的剂量。
4．二甲双胍与西咪替丁合用，二甲双胍的血浆和全血AUC增加，但两药单剂合用，未见二甲双胍清除半衰期改变。西咪替丁的药代动力学未见变化。
5．如同时服用某些可引起血糖升高的药物，如噻嗪类药物或其他利尿剂、糖皮质激素、酚噻嗪、甲状腺制剂、雌激素、口服避孕药、苯妥英、烟碱酸、拟交感神经药、离子通道阻滞剂和异烟肼等时要密切监测血糖，而在这些药物停用后，要密切注意低血糖的发生。
6．二甲双胍不与血浆蛋白结合，因此与蛋白高度结合的药物例如水杨酸盐、氨苯磺胺、氯霉素、丙磺舒等与磺脲类药物相比不易发生相互作用，后者主要与血清蛋白结合。
7．除氯磺丙脲，患者从其他的口服降糖药转为用本品治疗时，通常不需要转换期。服用氯磺丙脲的患者在换用本品的最初2周要密切注意，因为氯磺丙脲在体内有较长滞留，易导致药物作用过量，发生低血糖。
8．二甲双胍有增加华法令的抗凝血倾向。
9．树脂类药物与本品同服，可减少二甲双胍吸收。

药物过量

即使二甲双胍服药量达到85克都没有发生低血糖，但在这种情况下会发生乳酸中毒。在良好的血液动力学的状况下二甲双胍可以以170毫升/分的速度透析清除。因此怀疑二甲双胍过量的患者，血透可以清除蓄积的药物。

包装规格：

·1000mg *84片（Merck生产）
·500mg *84 片（Merck 生产）
·750mg*84 片（Merck 生产）
·1000mg*90 片
·500mg*90 片
·850mg*100 片
·500mg *60片（法国产）有现货

BRAND NAME: Glucophage, Glucophage XR, Glumetza, Fortamet, Riomet

GENERIC NAME: Metformin

METFORMIN NOTES: can rarely cause a serious (sometimes fatal) condition called lactic acidosis. Stop taking metformin and get medical help right away if you develop any of the following symptoms of lactic acidosis: unusual tiredness, dizziness, severe drowsiness, chills, blue/cold skin, muscle pain, fast/difficult breathing, slow/irregular heartbeat, stomach pain with nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.
 
Lactic acidosis is more likely to occur in patients who have certain medical conditions, including kidney or liver disease, recent surgery, a serious infection, conditions that may cause a low level of oxygen in the blood or poor circulation (such as congestive heart failure, recent heart attack, recent stroke), heavy alcohol use, a severe loss of body fluids (dehydration), or X-ray or scanning procedures that require an injectable iodinated contrast drug. Tell your doctor immediately if any of these conditions occur or if you notice a big change in your overall health. You may need to stop taking this medication temporarily. The elderly are also at higher risk, especially those older than 80 years who have not had kidney tests. (See also Side Effects and Precautions sections.)

USES: Metformin is used with a proper diet and exercise program and possibly with other medications to control high blood sugar. It is used in patients with type 2 diabetes (non-insulin-dependent diabetes). Controlling high blood sugar helps prevent kidney damage, blindness, nerve problems, loss of limbs, and sexual function problems. Proper control of diabetes may also lessen your risk of a heart attack or stroke. Metformin works by helping to restore your body's proper response to the insulin you naturally produce. It also decreases the amount of sugar that your liver makes and that your stomach/intestines absorb.OTHER This section contains uses of this drug that are not listed in the approved professional labeling for the drug but that may be prescribed by your health care professional. Use this drug for a condition that is listed in this section only if it has been so prescribed by your health care professional.Metformin may be used with lifestyle changes such as diet and exercise to prevent diabetes in people who are at high risk for becoming diabetic. It is also used in women with a certain disease of the ovaries (polycystic ovarian syndrome). Metformin may make menstrual cycles more regular and increase fertility.

HOW TO USE: Read the Patient Information Leaflet if available from your pharmacist before you start taking metformin and each time you get a refill. If you have any questions, consult your doctor or pharmacist.Take this medication by mouth as directed by your doctor, usually 1-3 times a day with meals. Drink plenty of fluids while taking this medication unless otherwise directed by your doctor.The dosage is based on your medical condition, kidney function, and response to treatment. Your doctor may direct you to take a low dose of this medication at first, gradually increasing your dose to lower the chance of side effects such as upset stomach. Your doctor will adjust your dose based on your blood sugar levels to find the best dose for you. Follow your doctor's directions carefully.Take this medication regularly in order to get the most benefit from it. Remember to use it at the same times each day.If you are already taking another anti-diabetic drug (such as chlorpropamide), follow your doctor's directions carefully for stopping/continuing the old drug and starting metformin.Check your blood sugar regularly as directed by your doctor. Keep track of the results, and share them with your doctor. Tell your doctor if your blood sugar measurements are too high or too low. Your dosage/treatment may need to be changed.

SIDE EFFECTS: Nausea, vomiting, stomach upset, diarrhea, weakness, or a metallic taste in the mouth may occur. If any of these effects persist or worsen, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly. If stomach symptoms return later (after taking the same dose for several days or weeks), tell your doctor immediately. Stomach symptoms that occur after the first days of your treatment may be signs of lactic acidosis.Remember that your doctor has prescribed this medication because he or she has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects.Metformin does not usually cause low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Low blood sugar may occur if this drug is prescribed with other anti-diabetic medications. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist about whether the dose of your other diabetic medication(s) needs to be lowered.Symptoms of low blood sugar include sudden sweating, shaking, fast heartbeat, hunger, blurred vision, dizziness, or tingling hands/feet. It is a good habit to carry glucose tablets or gel to treat low blood sugar. If you don't have these reliable forms of glucose, rapidly raise your blood sugar by eating a quick source of sugar such as table sugar, honey, or candy, or drink fruit juice or non-diet soda. Tell your doctor about the reaction immediately. Low blood sugar is more likely if you drink large amounts of alcohol, do unusually heavy exercise, or do not consume enough calories from food. To help prevent low blood sugar, eat meals on a regular schedule, and do not skip meals. Check with your doctor or pharmacist to find out what you should do if you miss a meal.Symptoms of high blood sugar (hyperglycemia) include thirst, increased urination, confusion, drowsiness, flushing, rapid breathing, and fruity breath odor. If these symptoms occur, tell your doctor immediately. Your doctor may need to adjust your diabetes medication(s).Stop taking this medication and tell your doctor right away if this very serious side effect occurs: lactic acidosis (see Warning section).A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, get medical help right away if you notice any of the following symptoms of a serious allergic reaction: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.This is not a complete list of possible side effects

PRECAUTIONS:See also Warning section.Before taking this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to metformin; or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: severe breathing problems (such as obstructive lung disease, severe asthma), metabolic acidosis (such as diabetic ketoacidosis), blood problems (such as anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency), kidney disease, liver disease.Before having surgery or any X-ray/scanning procedure using injectable iodinated contrast material, tell your doctor that you are taking this medication. You will need to temporarily stop this medication before the time of your surgery/procedure. Consult your doctor for further instructions.Before having surgery, tell your doctor or dentist about all the products you use (including prescription drugs, nonprescription drugs, and herbal products).You may experience blurred vision, dizziness, or drowsiness due to extremely low or high blood sugar levels. Do not drive, use machinery, or do any activity that requires alertness or clear vision until you are sure you can perform such activities safely.Limit alcohol while using this medication because it can increase your risk of lactic acidosis and developing low blood sugar.High fever, "water pills" (diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide), too much sweating, diarrhea, or vomiting may cause loss of too much body water (dehydration) and increase your risk of lactic acidosis. Stop taking this medication and tell your doctor right away if you have prolonged diarrhea or vomiting. Be sure to drink enough fluids to prevent dehydration unless your doctor directs you otherwise.It may be harder to control your blood sugar when your body is stressed (such as due to fever, infection, injury, or surgery). Consult your doctor because increased stress may require a change in your treatment plan, medications, or blood sugar testing.Older adults may be at greater risk for side effects such as low blood sugar or lactic acidosis.During pregnancy, this medication should be used only when clearly needed. Discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor. Your doctor may direct you to use insulin instead of this product during your pregnancy. Follow your doctor's instructions carefully.Metformin can cause changes in the menstrual cycle (promote ovulation) and increase the risk of becoming pregnant. Consult your doctor or pharmacist about the use of reliable birth control while using this medication.Metformin passes into breast milk in small amounts. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding

DRUG INTERACTIONS: Drug interactions may change how your medications work or increase your risk for serious side effects. This document does not contain all possible drug interactions. Keep a list of all the products you use (including prescription/nonprescription drugs and herbal products) and share it with your doctor and pharmacist. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicines without your doctor's approval.

OVERDOSE: If overdose is suspected, contact a poison control center or emergency room immediately.

NOTES: Do not share this medication with others.You should attend a diabetes education program to learn more about diabetes and all the important aspects of its treatment, including meals/diet, exercise, personal hygiene, medications, and getting regular eye/foot/medical exams.Keep all medical appointments. Laboratory and/or medical tests (such as liver/kidney function tests, blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, complete blood counts) should be performed periodically to check for side effects and monitor your response to treatment. Check your blood sugar levels regularly as directed.

MISSED DOSE: If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember with food. If it is near the time of the next dose, skip the missed dose and resume your usual dosing schedule. Do not double the dose to catch up.

STORAGE: Store at room temperature away from light and moisture. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep all medications away from children and pets.Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do so. Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed.