部分中文氯化钾处方资料（仅供参考） 药理毒理 氯化钾是一种电解质补充药物。钾是细胞内的主要阳离子，是维持细胞内渗透压的重要成分。在细胞内浓度约为150～160mmol/L，在细胞外液浓度较低，仅为3.5～5.0mmol/L。机体主要依靠细胞膜上的Na+、K+及ATP酶来维持细胞内外的K+、Na+浓度差。体内的酸碱平衡状态对钾的代谢有影响，如酸中毒时H+进入细胞内，为了维持细胞内外的电位差，K+释放到细胞外，引起或加重高钾血症。正常的细胞内外钾离子浓度及浓度差与细胞的某些功能有着密切的关系，钾参与酸碱平衡的调节，糖、蛋白质的合成以及二磷酸腺苷转化为三磷酸苷需要一定量的钾参与；钾参与神经及其支配器官间、神经元间的兴奋过程，并参与神经末梢递质(乙酰胆碱)的形成；心脏内钾的含量可影响其活动，低钾时心脏兴奋性增高，临床血钾过低的患者以心律失常为主；钾是维持骨骼肌正常张力所必需的离子。钾离子不足则表现为肌无力，抽搐。 药代动力学 氯化钾口服后可迅速被胃肠道吸收。钾90%从肾脏排泄，10%随粪便排出。 适应症 1．治疗低钾血症 各种原因引起的低钾血症，如进食不足、呕吐、严重腹泻、应用排钾性利尿药、低钾性家族周期性麻痹、长期应用糖皮质激素和补充高渗葡萄糖等。 2．预防低钾血症 当患者存在失钾情况，尤其是如果发生低钾血症对患者危害较大时(如使用洋地黄药物的患者)，需预防性补充钾盐，如进食很少、严重或慢性腹泻、长期服用肾上腺皮质激素、失钾性肾病、Bartter综合征等。 3．洋地黄中毒引起频发性、多源性早搏或快速心律失常。 用法用量 口服钾盐用于治疗轻型低钾血症或预防性用药。常规剂量成人每次0.5～1g(6.7～13.4mmol)，每日2～4次，饭后服用，并按病情调整剂量。一般成人每日最大剂量为6g(80mmol)。谨遵医嘱！ 不良反应 1．口服可有胃肠道刺激症状，如恶心、呕吐、咽部不适、胸痛(食道刺激)，腹痛、腹泻、甚至消化性溃疡及出血。在空腹、剂量较大及原有胃肠道疾病者更易发生。 2．原有肾功能损害时应注意发生高钾血症。 禁忌 1．高钾血症患者。 2．急性肾功能不全、慢性肾功能不全者。 注意事项 1．下列情况慎用： (1)急性脱水，因严重时可致尿量减少，尿K+排泄减少； (2)家族性周期性麻痹，低钾性麻痹应给予补钾，但需鉴别高钾性或正常性周期麻痹； (3)慢性或严重腹泻可致低钾血症，但同时可致脱水和低钠血症，引起肾前性少尿； (4)传导阻滞性心律失常，尤其应用洋地黄类药物时； (5)大面积烧伤、肌肉创伤、严重感染、大手术后24小时和严重溶血，上述情况本身可引起高血钾症； (6)肾上腺性异常综合征伴盐皮质激素分泌不足； (7)接受留钾利尿剂的病人。 2．用药期间需作以下随访检查： (1)血钾； (2)心电图； (3)血镁、钠、钙； (4)酸碱平衡指标；肾功能和尿量； 3．服用普通片剂及糖衣片时，对胃肠道有强烈的刺激作用，所以最好溶解成溶液后服用。 老年患者用药 老年人肾脏清除K+功能下降，应用钾盐时较易发生高钾血症。 药物相互作用 1.肾上腺糖皮质激素尤其是具有较明显盐皮质激素作用者、肾上腺盐皮质激素和促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)，因能促进尿钾排泄，合用时降低钾盐疗效。 2.抗胆碱能药物能加重口服钾盐尤其是氯化钾的胃肠道刺激作用。 3.非甾体类抗炎镇痛药加重口服钾盐的胃肠道反应。 4.合用库存血(库存10日以下含钾30mmol/l，库存10日以上含钾65mmol/l)、含钾药物和保钾利尿剂时，发生高钾血症的机会增多，尤其是有肾功能损害者。 5.血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂和环孢素A能抑制醛固酮分泌，尿钾排泄减少，故合用时易发生高钾血症。 6.肝素能抑制醛固酮的合成，尿钾排泄减少，合用时易发生高钾血症。另外，肝素可使胃肠道出血机会增多。 7.缓释型钾盐能抑制肠道对维生素B12的吸收。 药物过量 引起高钾血症。 KLOR-CON Potassium Chloride Extended-release Tablets, USP 8 mEq and 10 mEq | Klor-Con Klor-Con Extended-release Tablets, USP are a solid oral dosage form of potassium chloride. Each contains 600 mg or 750 mg of potassium chloride equivalent to 8 mEq or 10 mEq of potassium in a wax matrix tablet. This formulation is intended to provide an extended-release of potassium from the matrix to minimize the likelihood of producing high, localized concentrations of potassium within the gastrointestinal tract. Klor-Con Extended-release Tablets are an electrolyte replenisher. The chemical name is potassium chloride, and the structural formula is KCl. Potassium chloride, USP is a white, granular powder or colorless crystals. It is odorless and has a saline taste. Its solutions are neutral to litmus. It is freely soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. Inactive Ingredients: Hydrogenated vegetable oil, magnesium stearate, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, silicon dioxide, talc and titanium dioxide. Yellow tablets also contain D&C Yellow No. 10 aluminum lake and FD&C Yellow No. 6 aluminum lake. Blue tablets also contain FD&C Blue No. 1 aluminum lake and FD&C Blue No. 2 aluminum lake. The potassium ion is the principal intracellular cation of most body tissues. Potassium ions participate in a number of essential physiological processes including the maintenance of intracellular tonicity, the transmission of nerve impulses, the contraction of cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle and the maintenance of normal renal function. The intracellular concentration of potassium is approximately 150 to 160 mEq per liter. The normal adult plasma concentration is 3.5 to 5 mEq per liter. An active ion transport system maintains this gradient across the plasma membrane. Potassium is a normal dietary constituent and under steady state conditions the amount of potassium absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract is equal to the amount excreted in the urine. The usual dietary intake of potassium is 50 to 100 mEq per day. Potassium depletion will occur whenever the rate of potassium loss through renal excretion and/or loss from the gastrointestinal tract exceeds the rate of potassium intake. Such depletion usually develops slowly as a consequence of prolonged therapy with oral diuretics, primary or secondary hyperaldosteronism, diabetic ketoacidosis, severe diarrhea, or inadequate replacement of potassium in patients on prolonged parenteral nutrition. Depletion can develop rapidly with severe diarrhea, especially if associated with vomiting. Potassium depletion due to these causes is usually accompanied by a concomitant loss of chloride and is manifested by hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis. Potassium depletion may produce weakness, fatigue, disturbances of cardiac rhythm (primarily ectopic beats), prominent U-waves in the electrocardiogram and, in advanced cases, flaccid paralysis and/or impaired ability to concentrate urine. If potassium depletion associated with metabolic alkalosis cannot be managed by correcting the fundamental cause of the deficiency, e.g., where the patient requires long term diuretic therapy, supplemental potassium in the form of high potassium food or potassium chloride may be able to restore normal potassium levels. In rare circumstances (e.g., patients with renal tubular acidosis) potassium depletion may be associated with metabolic acidosis and hyperchloremia. In such patients potassium replacement should be accomplished with potassium salts other than the chloride, such as potassium bicarbonate, potassium citrate, potassium acetate or potassium gluconate. The potassium chloride in Klor-Con Extended-release Tablets is completely absorbed before it leaves the small intestine. The wax matrix is not absorbed and is excreted in the feces; in some instances the empty matrices may be noticeable in the stool. When the bioavailability of the potassium ion from the Klor-Con Extended-release Tablets is compared to that of a true solution the extent of absorption is similar. The extended-release properties of Klor-Con Extended-release Tablets are demonstrated by the finding that a significant increase in time is required for renal excretion of the first 50% of the Klor-Con Extended-release Tablets dose as compared to the solution. Increased urinary potassium excretion is first observed 1 hour after administration of Klor-Con Extended-release Tablets, reaches a peak at 4 hours, and extends up to 8 hours. Mean daily steady-state plasma levels of potassium following daily administration of Klor-Con Extended-release Tablets cannot be distinguished from those following administration of potassium chloride solution or from control plasma levels of potassium ion. BECAUSE OF REPORTS OF INTESTINAL AND GASTRIC ULCERATION AND BLEEDING WITH EXTENDED-RELEASE POTASSIUM CHLORIDE PREPARATIONS, THESE DRUGS SHOULD BE RESERVED FOR THOSE PATIENTS WHO CANNOT TOLERATE OR REFUSE TO TAKE LIQUID OR EFFERVESCENT POTASSIUM PREPARATIONS OR FOR PATIENTS IN WHOM THERE IS A PROBLEM OF COMPLIANCE WITH THESE PREPARATIONS. The use of potassium salts in patients receiving diuretics for uncomplicated essential hypertension is often unnecessary when such patients have a normal dietary pattern and when low doses of the diuretic are used. Serum potassium should be checked periodically, however, and if hypokalemia occurs, dietary supplementation with potassium-containing foods may be adequate to control milder cases. In more severe cases, and if dose adjustment of the diuretic is ineffective or unwarranted, supplementation with potassium salts may be indicated. Potassium supplements are contraindicated in patients with hyperkalemia since a further increase in serum potassium concentration in such patients can produce cardiac arrest. Hyperkalemia may complicate any of the following conditions: chronic renal failure, systemic acidosis such as diabetic acidosis, acute dehydration, extensive tissue breakdown as in severe burns, adrenal insufficiency or the administration of a potassium-sparing diuretic (e.g., spironolactone, triamterene or amiloride) (see OVERDOSAGE ). Extended-release formulations of potassium chloride have produced esophageal ulceration in certain cardiac patients with esophageal compression due to an enlarged left atrium. Potassium supplementation, when indicated in such patients, should be given as a liquid preparation. All solid oral dosage forms of potassium chloride are contraindicated in any patient in whom there is structural, pathological (e.g., diabetic gastroparesis) or pharmacologic (use of anticholinergic agents or other agents with anticholinergic properties at sufficient doses to exert anticholinergic effects) cause for arrest or delay in tablet passage through the gastrointestinal tract. Hyperkalemia (see OVERDOSAGE ): In patients with impaired mechanisms for excreting potassium, the administration of potassium salts can produce hyperkalemia and cardiac arrest. This occurs most commonly in patients given potassium by the intravenous route but may also occur in patients given potassium orally. Potentially fatal hyperkalemia can develop rapidly and be asymptomatic. The use of potassium salts in patients with chronic renal disease, or any other condition which impairs potassium excretion, requires particularly careful monitoring of the serum potassium concentration and appropriate dosage adjustment. Interaction with Potassium-sparing Diuretics: Hypokalemia should not be treated by the concomitant administration of potassium salts and a potassium-sparing diuretic (e.g., spironolactone, triamterene or amiloride), since the simultaneous administration of these agents can produce severe hyperkalemia. Interaction with Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (e.g., captopril, enalapril) will produce some potassium retention by inhibiting aldosterone production. Potassium supplements should be given to patients receiving ACE inhibitors only with close monitoring. Gastrointestinal Lesions: Solid oral dosage forms of potassium chloride can produce ulcerative and/or stenotic lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. Based on spontaneous adverse reaction reports, enteric-coated preparations of potassium chloride are associated with an increased frequency of small bowel lesions (40-50 per 100,000 patient years) compared to extended-release wax matrix formulations (less than one per 100,000 patient years). Because of the lack of extensive marketing experience with microencapsulated products, a comparison between such products and wax matrix or enteric-coated products is not available. Klor-Con Extended-release Tablets are wax matrix tablets formulated to provide an extended rate of release of potassium chloride and thus to minimize the possibility of high local concentration of potassium near the gastrointestinal wall. Prospective trials have been conducted in normal human volunteers in which the upper gastrointestinal tract was evaluated by endoscopic inspection before and after one week of solid oral potassium chloride therapy. The ability of this model to predict events occurring in usual clinical practice is unknown. Trials which approximated usual clinical practice did not reveal any clear differences between the wax matrix and microencapsulated dosage forms. In contrast, there was a higher incidence of gastric and duodenal lesions in subjects receiving a high dose of a wax matrix extended-release formulation under conditions which did not resemble usual or recommended clinical practice (i.e., 96 mEq per day in divided doses of potassium chloride administered to fasted patients, in the presence of an anticholinergic drug to delay gastric emptying). The upper gastrointestinal lesions observed by endoscopy were asymptomatic and were not accompanied by evidence of bleeding (hemoccult testing). The relevance of these findings to the usual conditions (i.e., non-fasting, no anticholinergic agent, smaller doses) under which extended-release potassium chloride products are used is uncertain; epidemiologic studies have not identified an elevated risk, compared to microencapsulated products, for upper gastrointestinal lesions in patients receiving wax matrix formulations. Klor-Con Extended-release Tablets should be discontinued immediately and the possibility of ulceration, obstruction or perforation considered if severe vomiting, abdominal pain, distention or gastrointestinal bleeding occurs. Metabolic Acidosis: Hypokalemia in patients with metabolic acidosis should be treated with an alkalinizing potassium salt such as potassium bicarbonate, potassium citrate, potassium acetate or potassium gluconate. General: The diagnosis of potassium depletion is ordinarily made by demonstrating hypokalemia in a patient with a clinical history suggesting some cause for potassium depletion. In interpreting the serum potassium level, the physician should be aware that acute alkalosis per se can produce hypokalemia in the absence of a deficit in total body potassium while acute acidosis per se can increase the serum potassium concentration into the normal range even in the presence of a reduced total body potassium. The treatment of potassium depletion, particularly in the presence of cardiac disease, renal disease or acidosis requires careful attention to acid-base balance and appropriate monitoring of serum electrolytes, the electrocardiogram and the clinical status of the patient. Information for Patients: Physicians should consider reminding the patient of the following: Laboratory Tests: When blood is drawn for analysis of plasma potassium it is important to recognize that artifactual elevations can occur after improper venipuncture technique or as a result of in vitro hemolysis of the sample. Drug Interactions: Potassium-sparing diuretic, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (see WARNINGS ). Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility: Carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and fertility studies in animals have not been performed. Potassium is a normal dietary constituent. Pregnancy: Pregnancy Category C. Animal reproduction studies have not been conducted with Klor-Con Extended-release Tablets. It is unlikely that potassium supplementation that does not lead to hyperkalemia would have an adverse effect on the fetus or would affect reproductive capacity. Nursing Mothers: The normal potassium ion content of human milk is about 13 mEq per liter. It is not known if Klor-Con Extended-release Tablets have an effect on this content. Since oral potassium becomes part of the body potassium pool, so long as body potassium is not excessive, the contribution of potassium chloride supplementation should have little or no effect on the level in human milk. Pediatric Use: Safety and effectiveness in the pediatric population have not been established. Geriatric Use: Clinical studies of Klor-Con Extended-release Tablets did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy. This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function. One of the most severe adverse effects is hyperkalemia (see CONTRAINDICATIONS, WARNINGS and OVERDOSAGE ). There also have been reports of upper and lower gastrointestinal conditions including obstruction, bleeding, ulceration and perforation (see CONTRAINDICATIONS and WARNINGS ). The most common adverse reactions to oral potassium salts are nausea, vomiting, flatulence, abdominal pain/discomfort and diarrhea. These symptoms are due to irritation of the gastrointestinal tract and are best managed by taking the dose with meals or reducing the amount taken at one time. Skin rash has been reported rarely. The administration of oral potassium salts to persons with normal excretory mechanisms for potassium rarely causes serious hyperkalemia. However, if excretory mechanisms are impaired, or if potassium is administered too rapidly intravenously, potentially fatal hyperkalemia can result (see CONTRAINDICATIONS and WARNINGS ). It is important to recognize that hyperkalemia is usually asymptomatic and may be manifested only by an increased serum potassium concentration (6.5-8.0 mEq/L) and characteristic electrocardiographic changes (peaking of T-waves, loss of P-wave, depression of S-T segment and prolongation of the QT interval). Late manifestations include muscle paralysis and cardiovascular collapse from cardiac arrest (9-12 mEq/L). Treatment measures for hyperkalemia include the following: In treating hyperkalemia, it should be recalled that in patients who have been stabilized on digitalis, too rapid a lowering of the serum potassium concentration can produce digitalis toxicity. The extended release feature means that absorption and toxic effects may be delayed for hours. Consider standard measures to remove any unabsorbed drug. The usual dietary potassium intake by the average adult is 50 to 100 mEq per day. Potassium depletion sufficient to cause hypokalemia usually requires the loss of 200 mEq or more of potassium from the total body store. Dosage must be adjusted to the individual needs of each patient. The dose for the prevention of hypokalemia is typically in the range of 20 mEq per day. Doses of 40-100 mEq per day or more are used for the treatment of potassium depletion. Dosage should be divided if more than 20 mEq per day is given such that no more than 20 mEq is given in a single dose. Each Klor-Con Extended-release Tablet provides 8 mEq or 10 mEq of potassium chloride. Klor-Con Extended-release Tablets should be taken with meals and with a glass of water or other liquid. This product should not be taken on an empty stomach because of its potential for gastric irritation (see WARNINGS ). NOTE: Klor-Con Extended-release Tablets must be swallowed whole and never crushed, chewed, or sucked. Film-coated Klor-Con 8 (light blue, debossed with "KC 8"), Klor-Con 10 (yellow, debossed with "KC 10"), round tablets containing: Store at controlled room temperature, 15-30°C (59-86°F). Protect from light and moisture. Dispense in a tight container with child-resistant closure ------------------------------------------------------------ 注：以下产品不同规格和不同价格，购买时请以咨询为准！ ------------------------------------------------------------- KLOR-CON E/R M15 TAB 100  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     00245-0150-11 KLOR-CON E/R M15 TAB UD 100  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     00245-0150-01     KLOR-CON E/R M15 TAB UD 100  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     66758-0180-13       KLOR-CON E/R TAB 10MEQ 100  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     00245-0041-11   KLOR-CON E/R TAB 10MEQ 500  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     00245-0041-15       KLOR-CON E/R TAB 10MEQ UD 100  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     00245-0041-01     KLOR-CON E/R TAB 10MEQ UD 100  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     66758-0160-13     KLOR-CON E/R TAB 8MEQ 100  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     00245-0040-11     KLOR-CON E/R TAB 8MEQ 500  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     00245-0040-15       KLOR-CON E/R TAB 8MEQ 5000  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     66758-0110-51       KLOR-CON E/R TAB 8MEQ UD 100  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     00245-0040-01     KLOR-CON E/R TAB 8MEQ UD 100  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     66758-0110-13      KLOR-CON E/R TAB M10 90  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     00245-0057-90    KLOR-CON E/R TAB M10 100  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     00245-0057-11   KLOR-CON E/R TAB M10 100  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     66758-0170-01      KLOR-CON E/R TAB M10 1000  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     66758-0170-10       KLOR-CON E/R TAB M10 1000  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     00245-0057-10      KLOR-CON E/R TAB M10 UD 100  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     00245-0057-01 KLOR-CON E/R TAB M10 UD 100  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     66758-0170-13  KLOR-CON E/R TAB M20 90  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     00245-0058-90 KLOR-CON E/R TAB M20 100  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     00245-0058-11   KLOR-CON E/R TAB M20 100  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     66758-0190-01     KLOR-CON E/R TAB M20 500  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     00245-0058-15    KLOR-CON E/R TAB M20 500  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     66758-0190-05    KLOR-CON E/R TAB M20 1000  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     00245-0058-10     KLOR-CON E/R TAB M20 1000  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     66758-0190-10       KLOR-CON E/R TAB M20 UD 100  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     00245-0058-01       KLOR-CON E/R TAB M20 UD 100  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     66758-0190-13       KLOR-CON EFF TAB 25MEQ UD 30  POTASSIUM BICARBONATE/CIT AC   00245-0039-30 KLOR-CON EFF TAB 25MEQ UD 100  POTASSIUM BICARBONATE/CIT AC     00245-0039-01 KLOR-CON ER TB 8MEQ RXPAK 100  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     00245-0040-11     KLOR-CON ER TB 10MEQ 100  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     66758-0160-01       KLOR-CON ER TB 10MEQ 500  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     66758-0160-05       KLOR-CON ER TB 10MEQ 5000  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     66758-0160-51         KLOR-CON ER TB 10MEQ 90  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     66758-0170-92         KLOR-CON ER TB 10MEQ RXPAK 100  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     00245-0041-11   KLOR-CON ER TB 15MEQ 100  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     66758-0180-01   KLOR-CON ER TB 20MEQ 90  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     66758-0190-92    KLOR-CON ER TB 8MEQ 100  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     66758-0110-01  KLOR-CON ER TB 8MEQ 500  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     66758-0110-05     KLOR-CON PWD PKT 20MEQ UD 30  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     00245-0035-30     KLOR-CON PWD PKT 20MEQ UD 100  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     00245-0035-01     KLOR-CON PWD PKT 25MEQ UD 30  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     00245-0037-30      KLOR-CON PWD PKT 25MEQ UD 100  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     00245-0037-01     KLOR-CON EFF TAB 25MEQ UD 30  POTASSIUM BICARBONATE/CIT AC     66758-0140-34 KLOR-CON EFF TAB 25MEQ UD 100  POTASSIUM BICARBONATE/CIT AC     66758-0140-81 KLOR-CON PWD PKT 20MEQ UD 30  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     66758-0120-34   KLOR-CON PWD PKT 25MEQ UD 30  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     66758-0130-34 KLOR-CON PWD PKT 20MEQ UD 100  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     66758-0120-81  KLOR-CON PWD PKT 25MEQ UD 100  POTASSIUM CHLORIDE     66758-0130-81