部分中文多奈哌齐处方资料（仅供参考）
【药品名称】安理申Aricept
【性状】
多奈哌齐的化学名称为(±)-2，3-双羟基-5，6-双甲氧基-2-{[1-（苯甲基）-4-呱啶基]甲基}-1H-茚-1-酮盐酸盐。分子式为C24H29NO3Cl。分子量为415.96。本药的无活性成分有单水乳糖、玉米淀粉、微晶纤维素、羟丙基纤维素和硬酯酸镁。
【药理作用】
药效学
盐酸多奈哌齐为特异的可逆性乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂，此酶主要存在于脑部。盐酸多奈哌齐在活体外实验对乙酰胆碱酯酶的抑制作用比对丁酰胆碱酯酶的抑制作用强1252倍，后者主要存在于中枢神经系统以外。临床试验中，阿尔茨海默型痴呆病人一日一次口服本药5mg或10 mg ，服药后稳态时乙酰胆碱酶活性测定（红细胞膜）分别被抑制63.6%和77.3%。
盐酸多奈哌齐抑制红细胞乙酰胆碱酯酶活性（AChE）的作用与其ADAS-cog量表的变化有关，这个量表是一个检查认知功能某些方面的敏感量表。尚没有对盐酸多奈哌齐改变疾病的原发神经病理过程的潜力进行过研究。
临床前安全资料：
广泛的动物试验表明，该药除了有胆碱能神经兴奋的药理作用以外，其它作用很少。在细菌Ames回复突变实验或小鼠体外淋巴瘤正向突变实验中，未发现盐酸多奈哌齐有致畸作用。体外实验中观察到药物有某些致畸作用，但仅在对细胞有明显毒性的浓度，及在临床试验病人稳态浓度3000倍以上的浓度时才有此作用。在小鼠体内微核模型中，盐酸多奈哌齐无致畸作用。在对大鼠和家兔的长期致癌研究中，没有证据表明有致癌的可能。盐酸多奈哌齐对大鼠生殖功能无影响，在大鼠和家兔中无致畸性，但当给妊娠大鼠50倍人用剂量时，对死胎和仔鼠的早期存活有轻微影响。
【药代动力学】
药动学
吸收：口服本药后3-4小时达血浆峰浓度，血浆浓度和药时曲线下面积与剂量成正比。消除半衰期约70小时，所以，多次每日单剂量给药将缓慢达到稳态。治疗开始后3周内达稳态，稳态后，血浆盐酸多奈哌齐浓度和相应的药效学活性在一日中变化很小。饮食对盐酸多奈哌齐的吸收无影响。
分布 ：约95%的盐酸多奈哌齐与人血浆蛋白结合。有活性的代谢产物6-O-desmethyl donepezil的血浆蛋白结合情况尚不清楚。盐酸多奈哌齐在不同组织中的分布尚未明确研究。但是，在健康成年男性志愿者做的放射性质量平衡研究中，给予单剂14C-标记的盐酸多奈哌齐240小时后，仍有28%的标记物未被回收，表明盐酸多奈哌齐和（或）其代谢物在体内存在10天以上。
代谢/排泄：
盐酸多奈哌齐以原型由尿排泄，或由细胞色素P450系统代谢为多种代谢产物，其中某些尚未确定。服用单剂14C-标记的盐酸多奈哌齐5mg后，血浆放射性（以服用剂量的百分比表示），主要为盐酸多奈哌齐原型（30%），6-O-desmethyl donepezil（11%，唯一具有盐酸多奈哌齐相似活性的代谢物），denepezil-cis-N-oxide(9%)，5-O-desmethyl donepezil(7%)和5-O-desmethyl donepezi的葡萄糖醛酸结合物(3%)。约见57%的总放射物从尿中回收(有17%是没有转化的多奈哌齐)，14.5%从粪便中回收，提示生物转化和尿排泄为消除的主要途径。尚无证据表明盐酸多奈哌齐和（或）其代谢产物有肝肠循环。血浆中多奈哌齐浓度以半衰期70小时下降。性别、种族和吸烟史对血浆盐酸多奈哌齐浓度的影响在临床上无显著差异。多奈哌齐的药代动力学还没有在健康的老年人或阿尔茨海默病病人中进行过正式的研究，但是，病人的平均血浆浓度与年轻的健康志愿者的数值相近。
【适应症】
轻度或中度阿尔茨海默型痴呆症状的治疗。
【用法用量 】
成年/老年人：
初始治疗用量5 mg/天，1日1次于晚上睡前口服。5mg/天的剂量应至少维持1个月，以评价早期的临床反应，及达到盐酸多奈哌齐稳态血药浓度。用5mg/天治疗1个月，并做出临床评估后，可以将本药的剂量增加到10mg/天，1日1次。推荐最大剂量为10mg，大于10mg/天的剂量未做过临床试验。停止治疗后，本药的疗效逐渐减退，中止治疗无反跳现象。
肾功能及轻中度肝功能损害受损者：盐酸多奈哌齐的消除不受影响，因此这些病人可使用相似剂量方案。
儿童 ：不推荐将本药用于儿童。
【不良反应】
最常见的不良反应（发生率≥ (greater than or equal to)5%，并且是安慰剂组的2倍）为腹泻、肌肉痉挛、乏力、恶心、呕吐和失眠。其它常见的不良反应（发生率≥ (greater than or equal to) 5%并且≥ (greater than or equal to) 安慰剂组）为头痛、疼痛、意外伤害、普通感冒、腹部器官机能紊乱和头晕。晕厥、心动过缓和少见的窦房传导阻滞、房室传导阻滞和癫痫也有报道。
几乎没有报道过包括肝炎的肝功能退化。如果出现不能解释的肝功能退化，应当考虑停用本品。有包括幻觉、易激怒和攻击行为的精神紊乱的报告。解决的办法是减量或停止治疗。也有一些关于厌食，胃、十二指肠溃疡和胃肠道出血的报告。可见血肌酸激酶浓度的轻微增高。
【禁忌症】
对盐酸多奈哌齐、哌啶衍生物或制剂中赋形剂过敏的病人禁用。妊娠妇女禁用。
【注意事项】
应当由在阿尔茨海默型痴呆的诊断和治疗方面有经验的医师开始并监督本品的治疗。通过公认的标准来诊断，只有当患者有可靠的照料者，并能够经常监控病人服药时才能开始多奈哌齐的治疗。治疗可以一直持续，只要对病人的益处一直存在。每个病人对多奈哌齐的反应是不能被预估的。对于那些严重的阿尔茨海默型痴呆病人，其它类型的痴呆或其它类型的记忆损伤（例如与年龄相关的认知功能退化）病人应用本品的效果还未全面观察。
麻醉 本药为胆碱酯酶抑制剂，麻醉时可能会增强琥珀酰胆碱型药物的肌肉松弛作用。
心血管系统
胆碱酯酶抑制剂因其药理作用可对心率产生迷走样作用（如心动过缓），患有病窦综合征或其它室上性心脏传导疾病患者需尤其注意。曾有晕厥和癫痫发生的报道。需特别注意观察那些患有心脏传导阻滞或长期窦性间隙的病人。
消化系统
对于患溃疡病的危险性增大的病人，如有溃疡病史或合用非甾体抗炎药物的病人应监测其症状。但在本药的临床试验中，与安慰剂相比，消化性溃疡或胃肠道出血的发病率未见增加。
泌尿生殖系统 拟胆碱药物可引起膀胱排出受阻，但在本药临床试验中未见此作用。
神经系统 拟胆碱作用可能引起癫痫大发作，但癫痫也可能是阿尔茨海默病的表现之一。
呼吸系统 因其拟胆碱作用，
有哮喘史或阻塞性肺疾病史的病人应慎用胆碱酯酶抑制剂。服用本品时，应避免合用其他乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂，胆碱能系统的激动或拮抗剂。
对驾驶及机械操作能力的影响阿尔茨海默型痴呆本身可能会影响驾驶或操作机器的能力。另外，多奈哌齐可以引起乏力、头晕和肌肉痉挛，主要是开始服用药物或增加药物剂量时。应当根据患者的病情决定其能否继续驾驶及操作复杂机器。
【孕妇及哺乳期妇女用药】
以约80倍人用剂量在妊娠大鼠和50倍人用剂量在家兔中做的致畸实验结果未发现有致畸性。但以50倍人用剂量在妊娠大鼠所做的实验中，从孕17天至产后20天给药，死产轻微增多。产后4天仔鼠存活率轻度下降，但在约15倍人用剂量的下一个低剂量时，未发现异常作用。多奈哌齐不应在孕期使用。还不清楚盐酸多奈哌齐是否通过妇女乳汁分泌，未在哺乳期妇女中做过试验。因此，服用多奈哌齐的妇女不能哺乳。
【药物相互作用】
应用多奈哌齐的临床经验目前有限，因为这个原因，可能还没有记录到所有可能出现的相互作用，所以可能会发生新的、未知的与多奈哌齐的相互作用。
盐酸多奈哌齐和（或）其任一代谢产物都不抑制茶碱、华法令、西米替丁或地高辛在人体内的代谢。盐酸多奈哌齐的代谢不被同时服用地高辛或西米替丁所影响。
活体外试验显示，细胞色素酶P450系统的同功酶3A4和很小限度参与的同功酶2D6与多奈哌齐的代谢有关。活体外的药物间相互作用研究显示，酮康唑和奎宁丁，分别是CYP3A4和2D6的抑制剂，抑制多奈哌齐的代谢。因此，这些药物和其它CYP3A4的抑制剂，如伊曲康唑和红霉素，以及CYP2D6的抑制剂，如氟西汀能够抑制多奈哌齐的代谢。在对健康志愿者进行的研究中，酮康唑增加多奈哌齐的平均浓度大约30%。酶的诱导剂，如利福平、苯妥英钠、卡马西平和酒精可能降低多奈哌齐的浓度。因为抑制或者诱导作用的程度还不知道，类似药物的联合应用应当非常谨慎。
盐酸多奈哌齐有与抗胆碱能药物相互作用的可能，也有与共同治疗的药物，如琥珀酰胆碱、其它神经-肌肉阻滞剂、胆碱能激动剂或β-受体阻滞剂（其影响心肌的传导）等有协同作用的可能。
【药物过量】
小鼠及大鼠一次口服单剂盐酸多奈哌齐的半数致死量分别为45和32 mg/kg，或分别为推荐的人用最大剂量10mg/天的225和160倍。在动物中观察到的与剂量相关的胆碱能兴奋症状包括：自发运动减弱、俯卧位、蹒跚步态、流泪、阵挛状惊厥、呼吸抑制、流涎、缩瞳、肌束震颠及体表温度降低。
过量使用胆碱酯酶抑制剂会引起胆碱能危象，表现为严重的恶心、呕吐、流涎、出汗、心动过缓、低血压、呼吸抑制、虚脱和惊厥，可能会有进行性肌无力，如累及呼吸肌可致死。
治疗用药过量的病人，应使用一般支持疗法，给予叔胺型抗胆碱药如阿托品作解毒剂。建议根据反应使用静脉给予的硫酸阿托品，首剂静脉给1mg和2mg，然后根据临床表现给药。有报道合用其它拟胆碱药，如与季胺型抗胆碱药格隆溴胺（Glycopyrrolate）合用时，血压和心率反应不典型，尚不清楚盐酸多奈哌齐和（或）其代谢物能否由透析清除（血液透析、腹膜透析或血液过滤）。
【贮藏/有效期】应于30°C以下室温环境储存，有效期3年。
【处方类型】本品为处方药！
【专家点评】
本品为第二代胆碱酯酶抑制剂。抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的强度是抑制丁酰胆碱酯酶的570倍，具有较高的选择性。而且只对脑内胆碱酯酶产生抑制作用，因此是一种长效的阿尔茨海默病(AD)的对症治疗药物。
Aricept ODT Tablets, Aricept Tablets (Eisai)
DESCRIPTION
ARICEPT® (donepezil hydrochloride) is a reversible inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, known chemically as (±)-2,3-dihydro-5,6-dimethoxy-2-[[1-(phenylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl]methyl]-1 H -inden-1-one hydrochloride. Donepezil hydrochloride is commonly referred to in the pharmacological literature as E2020. It has an empirical formula of C 24 H 29 NO 3 HCl and a molecular weight of 415.96. Donepezil hydrochloride is a white crystalline powder and is freely soluble in chloroform, soluble in water and in glacial acetic acid, slightly soluble in ethanol and in acetonitrile and practically insoluble in ethyl acetate and in n-hexane.
ARICEPT® is available for oral administration in film-coated tablets containing 5 or 10 mg of donepezil hydrochloride. Inactive ingredients are lactose monohydrate, corn starch, microcrystalline cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, and magnesium stearate. The film coating contains talc, polyethylene glycol, hypromellose and titanium dioxide. Additionally, the 10 mg tablet contains yellow iron oxide (synthetic) as a coloring agent.
ARICEPT® ODT tablets are available for oral administration. Each ARICEPT® ODT tablet contains 5 or 10 mg of donepezil hydrochloride. Inactive ingredients are carrageenan, mannitol, colloidal silicon dioxide and polyvinyl alcohol. Additionally, the 10 mg tablet contains ferric oxide (yellow) as a coloring agent.
CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
Current theories on the pathogenesis of the cognitive signs and symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease attribute some of them to a deficiency of cholinergic neurotransmission.
Donepezil hydrochloride is postulated to exert its therapeutic effect by enhancing cholinergic function. This is accomplished by increasing the concentration of acetylcholine through reversible inhibition of its hydrolysis by acetylcholinesterase. If this proposed mechanism of action is correct, donepezil's effect may lessen as the disease process advances and fewer cholinergic neurons remain functionally intact. There is no evidence that donepezil alters the course of the underlying dementing process.
Clinical Trial Data
The effectiveness of ARICEPT® as a treatment for Alzheimer's Disease is demonstrated by the results of two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical investigations in patients with Alzheimer's Disease (diagnosed by NINCDS and DSM III-R criteria, Mini-Mental State Examination >/= 10 and </= 26 and Clinical Dementia Rating of 1 or 2). The mean age of patients participating in ARICEPT® trials was 73 years with a range of 50 to 94. Approximately 62% of patients were women and 38% were men. The racial distribution was white 95%, black 3% and other races 2%.
Study Outcome Measures:   
In each study, the effectiveness of treatment with ARICEPT® was evaluated using a dual outcome assessment strategy.
The ability of ARICEPT® to improve cognitive performance was assessed with the cognitive subscale of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-cog), a multi-item instrument that has been extensively validated in longitudinal cohorts of Alzheimer's Disease patients. The ADAS-cog examines selected aspects of cognitive performance including elements of memory, orientation, attention, reasoning, language and praxis. The ADAS-cog scoring range is from 0 to 70, with higher scores indicating greater cognitive impairment. Elderly normal adults may score as low as 0 or 1, but it is not unusual for non-demented adults to score slightly higher.
The patients recruited as participants in each study had mean scores on the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-cog) of approximately 26 units, with a range from 4 to 61. Experience gained in longitudinal studies of ambulatory patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's Disease suggest that they gain 6 to 12 units a year on the ADAS-cog. However, lesser degrees of change are seen in patients with very mild or very advanced disease because the ADAS-cog is not uniformly sensitive to change over the course of the disease. The annualized rate of decline in the placebo patients participating in ARICEPT® trials was approximately 2 to 4 units per year.
The ability of ARICEPT® to produce an overall clinical effect was assessed using a Clinician's Interview Based Impression of Change that required the use of caregiver information, the CIBIC plus. The CIBIC plus is not a single instrument and is not a standardized instrument like the ADAS-cog. Clinical trials for investigational drugs have used a variety of CIBIC formats, each different in terms of depth and structure.
As such, results from a CIBIC plus reflect clinical experience from the trial or trials in which it was used and cannot be compared directly with the results of CIBIC plus evaluations from other clinical trials. The CIBIC plus used in ARICEPT® trials was a semi-structured instrument that was intended to examine four major areas of patient function: General, Cognitive, Behavioral and Activities of Daily Living. It represents the assessment of a skilled clinician based upon his/her observations at an interview with the patient, in combination with information supplied by a caregiver familiar with the behavior of the patient over the interval rated. The CIBIC plus is scored as a seven point categorical rating, ranging from a score of 1, indicating "markedly improved," to a score of 4, indicating "no change" to a score of 7, indicating "markedly worse." The CIBIC plus has not been systematically compared directly to assessments not using information from caregivers (CIBIC) or other global methods.
Thirty-Week Study
In a study of 30 weeks duration, 473 patients were randomized to receive single daily doses of placebo, 5 mg/day or 10 mg/day of ARICEPT®. The 30-week study was divided into a 24-week double-blind active treatment phase followed by a 6-week single-blind placebo washout period. The study was designed to compare 5 mg/day or 10 mg/day fixed doses of ARICEPT® to placebo. However, to reduce the likelihood of cholinergic effects, the 10 mg/day treatment was started following an initial 7-day treatment with 5 mg/day doses.
Effects on the ADAS-cog:   
Figure 1 illustrates the time course for the change from baseline in ADAS-cog scores for all three dose groups over the 30 weeks of the study. After 24 weeks of treatment, the mean differences in the ADAS-cog change scores for ARICEPT® treated patients compared to the patients on placebo were 2.8 and 3.1 units for the 5 mg/day and 10 mg/day treatments, respectively. These differences were statistically significant. While the treatment effect size may appear to be slightly greater for the 10 mg/day treatment, there was no statistically significant difference between the two active treatments.
Following 6 weeks of placebo washout, scores on the ADAS-cog for both the ARICEPT® treatment groups were indistinguishable from those patients who had received only placebo for 30 weeks. This suggests that the beneficial effects of ARICEPT® abate over 6 weeks following discontinuation of treatment and do not represent a change in the underlying disease. There was no evidence of a rebound effect 6 weeks after abrupt discontinuation of therapy.
Figure 2 illustrates the cumulative percentages of patients from each of the three treatment groups who had attained the measure of improvement in ADAS-cog score shown on the X axis. Three change scores, (7-point and 4-point reductions from baseline or no change in score) have been identified for illustrative purposes and the percent of patients in each group achieving that result is shown in the inset table.
The curves demonstrate that both patients assigned to placebo and ARICEPT® have a wide range of responses, but that the active treatment groups are more likely to show the greater improvements. A curve for an effective treatment would be shifted to the left of the curve for placebo, while an ineffective or deleterious treatment would be superimposed upon or shifted to the right of the curve for placebo, respectively.
Effects on the CIBIC plus:   
Figure 3 is a histogram of the frequency distribution of CIBIC plus scores attained by patients assigned to each of the three treatment groups who completed 24 weeks of treatment. The mean drug-placebo differences for these groups of patients were 0.35 units and 0.39 units for 5 mg/day and 10 mg/day of ARICEPT®, respectively. These differences were statistically significant. There was no statistically significant difference between the two active treatments.
Fifteen-Week Study
In a study of 15 weeks duration, patients were randomized to receive single daily doses of placebo or either 5 mg/day or 10 mg/day of ARICEPT® for 12 weeks, followed by a 3-week placebo washout period. As in the 30-week study, to avoid acute cholinergic effects, the 10 mg/day treatment followed an initial 7-day treatment with 5 mg/day doses.
Effects on the ADAS-Cog:    Figure 4 illustrates the time course of the change from baseline in ADAS-cog scores for all three dose groups over the 15 weeks of the study. After 12 weeks of treatment, the differences in mean ADAS-cog change scores for the ARICEPT® treated patients compared to the patients on placebo were 2.7 and 3.0 units each, for the 5 and 10 mg/day ARICEPT® treatment groups respectively. These differences were statistically significant. The effect size for the 10 mg/day group may appear to be slightly larger than that for 5 mg/day. However, the differences between active treatments were not statistically significant.
Following 3 weeks of placebo washout, scores on the ADAS-cog for both the ARICEPT® treatment groups increased, indicating that discontinuation of ARICEPT® resulted in a loss of its treatment effect. The duration of this placebo washout period was not sufficient to characterize the rate of loss of the treatment effect, but, the 30-week study (see above) demonstrated that treatment effects associated with the use of ARICEPT® abate within 6 weeks of treatment discontinuation.
Figure 5 illustrates the cumulative percentages of patients from each of the three treatment groups who attained the measure of improvement in ADAS-cog score shown on the X axis. The same three change scores, (7-point and 4-point reductions from baseline or no change in score) as selected for the 30-week study have been used for this illustration. The percentages of patients achieving those results are shown in the inset table.
As observed in the 30-week study, the curves demonstrate that patients assigned to either placebo or to ARICEPT® have a wide range of responses, but that the ARICEPT® treated patients are more likely to show the greater improvements in cognitive performance.
Effects on the CIBIC plus:   
Figure 6 is a histogram of the frequency distribution of CIBIC plus scores attained by patients assigned to each of the three treatment groups who completed 12 weeks of treatment. The differences in mean scores for ARICEPT® treated patients compared to the patients on placebo at Week 12 were 0.36 and 0.38 units for the 5 mg/day and 10 mg/day treatment groups, respectively. These differences were statistically significant.
In both studies, patient age, sex and race were not found to predict the clinical outcome of ARICEPT® treatment.
Clinical Pharmacokinetics
ARICEPT® ODT is bioequivalent to ARICEPT® Tablets. Donepezil is well absorbed with a relative oral bioavailability of 100% and reaches peak plasma concentrations in 3 to 4 hours. Pharmacokinetics are linear over a dose range of 1-10 mg given once daily. Neither food nor time of administration (morning vs. evening dose) influences the rate or extent of absorption of ARICEPT® Tablets. A food effect study has not been conducted with ARICEPT® ODT; however, the effect of food with ARICEPT® ODT is expected to be minimal. ARICEPT® ODT can be taken without regard to meals.
The elimination half life of donepezil is about 70 hours and the mean apparent plasma clearance (Cl/F) is 0.13 L/hr/kg. Following multiple dose administration, donepezil accumulates in plasma by 4-7 fold and steady state is reached within 15 days. The steady state volume of distribution is 12 L/kg. Donepezil is approximately 96% bound to human plasma proteins, mainly to albumins (about 75%) and alpha 1 -acid glycoprotein (about 21%) over the concentration range of 2-1000 ng/mL.
Donepezil is both excreted in the urine intact and extensively metabolized to four major metabolites, two of which are known to be active, and a number of minor metabolites, not all of which have been identified. Donepezil is metabolized by CYP 450 isoenzymes 2D6 and 3A4 and undergoes glucuronidation. Following administration of 14 C-labeled donepezil, plasma radioactivity, expressed as a percent of the administered dose, was present primarily as intact donepezil (53%) and as 6-O-desmethyl donepezil (11%), which has been reported to inhibit AChE to the same extent as donepezil in vitro and was found in plasma at concentrations equal to about 20% of donepezil. Approximately 57% and 15% of the total radioactivity was recovered in urine and feces, respectively, over a period of 10 days, while 28% remained unrecovered, with about 17% of the donepezil dose recovered in the urine as unchanged drug.
Special Populations:
Hepatic Disease:   
In a study of 10 patients with stable alcoholic cirrhosis, the clearance of ARICEPT® was decreased by 20% relative to 10 healthy age and sex matched subjects.
Renal Disease:   
In a study of 11 patients with moderate to severe renal impairment (Cl Cr < 18 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ) the clearance of ARICEPT® did not differ from 11 age and sex matched healthy subjects.
Age:   
No formal pharmacokinetic study was conducted to examine age related differences in the pharmacokinetics of ARICEPT®. However, mean plasma ARICEPT® concentrations measured during therapeutic drug monitoring of elderly patients with Alzheimer's Disease are comparable to those observed in young healthy volunteers.
Gender and Race:   
No specific pharmacokinetic study was conducted to investigate the effects of gender and race on the disposition of ARICEPT®. However, retrospective pharmacokinetic analysis indicates that gender and race (Japanese and Caucasians) did not affect the clearance of ARICEPT®.
Drug-Drug Interactions
Drugs Highly Bound to Plasma Proteins:    Drug displacement studies have been performed in vitro between this highly bound drug (96%) and other drugs such as furosemide, digoxin, and warfarin. ARICEPT® at concentrations of 0.3-10 µg/mL did not affect the binding of furosemide (5 µg/mL), digoxin (2 ng/mL), and warfarin (3 µg/mL) to human albumin. Similarly, the binding of ARICEPT® to human albumin was not affected by furosemide, digoxin and warfarin.
Effect of ARICEPT® on the Metabolism of Other Drugs:    No in vivo clinical trials have investigated the effect of ARICEPT® on the clearance of drugs metabolized by CYP 3A4 (e.g. cisapride, terfenadine) or by CYP 2D6 (e.g. imipramine). However, in vitro studies show a low rate of binding to these enzymes (mean K i about 50-130 µM), that, given the therapeutic plasma concentrations of donepezil (164 nM), indicates little likelihood of interference.
Whether ARICEPT® has any potential for enzyme induction is not known.
Formal pharmacokinetic studies evaluated the potential of ARICEPT® for interaction with theophylline, cimetidine, warfarin, digoxin and ketoconazole. No effects of ARICEPT® on the pharmacokinetics of these drugs were observed.
Effect of Other Drugs on the Metabolism of ARICEPT®: Ketoconazole and quinidine, inhibitors of CYP450, 3A4 and 2D6, respectively, inhibit donepezil metabolism in vitro . Whether there is a clinical effect of quinidine is not known. In a 7-day crossover study in 18 healthy volunteers, ketoconazole (200mg q.d.) increased mean donepezil (5mg q.d.) concentrations (AUC 0-24 and C max ) by 36%. The clinical relevance of this increase in concentration is unknown.
Inducers of CYP 2D6 and CYP 3A4 (e.g., phenytoin, carbamazepine, dexamethasone, rifampin, and phenobarbital) could increase the rate of elimination of ARICEPT®.
Formal pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that the metabolism of ARICEPT® is not significantly affected by concurrent administration of digoxin or cimetidine.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
ARICEPT® is indicated for the treatment of mild to moderate dementia of the Alzheimer's type.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
ARICEPT® is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to donepezil hydrochloride or to piperidine derivatives.
WARNINGS
Anesthesia:   
ARICEPT®, as a cholinesterase inhibitor, is likely to exaggerate succinylcholine-type muscle relaxation during anesthesia.
Cardiovascular Conditions:   
Because of their pharmacological action, cholinesterase inhibitors may have vagotonic effects on the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes. This effect may manifest as bradycardia or heart block in patients both with and without known underlying cardiac conduction abnormalities. Syncopal episodes have been reported in association with the use of ARICEPT®.
Gastrointestinal Conditions:   
Through their primary action, cholinesterase inhibitors may be expected to increase gastric acid secretion due to increased cholinergic activity. Therefore, patients should be monitored closely for symptoms of active or occult gastrointestinal bleeding, especially those at increased risk for developing ulcers, e.g., those with a history of ulcer disease or those receiving concurrent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). Clinical studies of ARICEPT® have shown no increase, relative to placebo, in the incidence of either peptic ulcer disease or gastrointestinal bleeding.
ARICEPT®, as a predictable consequence of its pharmacological properties, has been shown to produce diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. These effects, when they occur, appear more frequently with the 10 mg/day dose than with the 5 mg/day dose. In most cases, these effects have been mild and transient, sometimes lasting one to three weeks, and have resolved during continued use of ARICEPT®.
Genitourinary:   
Although not observed in clinical trials of ARICEPT®, cholinomimetics may cause bladder outflow obstruction.
Neurological Conditions:   
Seizures: Cholinomimetics are believed to have some potential to cause generalized convulsions. However, seizure activity also may be a manifestation of Alzheimer's Disease.
Pulmonary Conditions:   
Because of their cholinomimetic actions, cholinesterase inhibitors should be prescribed with care to patients with a history of asthma or obstructive pulmonary disease.
PRECAUTIONS
Drug-Drug Interactions   (see Clinical Pharmacology : Clinical Pharmacokinetics : Drug-drug Interactions )
Effect of ARICEPT® on the Metabolism of Other Drugs: No in vivo clinical trials have investigated the effect of ARICEPT® on the clearance of drugs metabolized by CYP 3A4 (e.g. cisapride, terfenadine) or by CYP 2D6 (e.g. imipramine). However, in vitro studies show a low rate of binding to these enzymes (mean K i about 50-130 µM), that, given the therapeutic plasma concentrations of donepezil (164 nM), indicates little likelihood of interference.
Whether ARICEPT® has any potential for enzyme induction is not known.
Formal pharmacokinetic studies evaluated the potential of ARICEPT® for interaction with theophylline, cimetidine, warfarin, digoxin and ketoconazole. No effects of ARICEPT® on the pharmacokinetics of these drugs were observed.
Effect of Other Drugs on the Metabolism of ARICEPT®: Ketoconazole and quinidine, inhibitors of CYP450, 3A4 and 2D6, respectively, inhibit donepezil metabolism in vitro . Whether there is a clinical effect of quinidine is not known. In a 7-day crossover study in 18 healthy volunteers, ketoconazole (200mg q.d.) increased mean donepezil (5mg q.d.) concentrations (AUC 0-24 and C max ) by 36%. The clinical relevance of this increase in concentration is unknown.
Inducers of CYP 2D6 and CYP 3A4 (e.g., phenytoin, carbamazepine, dexamethasone, rifampin, and phenobarbital) could increase the rate of elimination of ARICEPT®.
Formal pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that the metabolism of ARICEPT® is not significantly affected by concurrent administration of digoxin or cimetidine.
Use with Anticholinergics:    Because of their mechanism of action, cholinesterase inhibitors have the potential to interfere with the activity of anticholinergic medications.
Use with Cholinomimetics and Other Cholinesterase Inhibitors:    A synergistic effect may be expected when cholinesterase inhibitors are given concurrently with succinylcholine, similar neuromuscular blocking agents or cholinergic agonists such as bethanechol.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
No evidence of a carcinogenic potential was obtained in an 88-week carcinogenicity study of donepezil hydrochloride conducted in CD-1 mice at doses up to 180 mg/kg/day (approximately 90 times the maximum recommended human dose on a mg/m 2 basis), or in a 104-week carcinogenicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats at doses up to 30 mg/kg/day (approximately 30 times the maximum recommended human dose on a mg/m 2 basis).
Donepezil was not mutagenic in the Ames reverse mutation assay in bacteria, or in a mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay in vitro . In the chromosome aberration test in cultures of Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells, some clastogenic effects were observed. Donepezil was not clastogenic in the in vivo mouse micronucleus test and was not genotoxic in an in vivo unscheduled DNA synthesis assay in rats.
Donepezil had no effect on fertility in rats at doses up to 10 mg/kg/day (approximately 8 times the maximum recommended human dose on a mg/m 2 basis).
Pregnancy
Pregnancy Category C:   
Teratology studies conducted in pregnant rats at doses up to 16 mg/kg/day (approximately 13 times the maximum recommended human dose on a mg/m 2 basis) and in pregnant rabbits at doses up to 10 mg/kg/day (approximately 16 times the maximum recommended human dose on a mg/m 2 basis) did not disclose any evidence for a teratogenic potential of donepezil. However, in a study in which pregnant rats were given up to 10 mg/kg/day (approximately 8 times the maximum recommended human dose on a mg/m 2 basis) from day 17 of gestation through day 20 postpartum, there was a slight increase in still births and a slight decrease in pup survival through day 4 postpartum at this dose; the next lower dose tested was 3 mg/kg/day. There are no adequate or well-controlled studies in pregnant women. ARICEPT® should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Nursing Mothers
It is not known whether donepezil is excreted in human breast milk. ARICEPT® has no indication for use in nursing mothers.
Pediatric Use
There are no adequate and well-controlled trials to document the safety and efficacy of ARICEPT® in any illness occurring in children.
Geriatric Use
Alzheimer's disease is a disorder occurring primarily in individuals over 55 years of age. The mean age of patients enrolled in the clinical studies with ARICEPT® was 73 years; 80% of these patients were between 65 and 84 years old and 49% of patients were at or above the age of 75. The efficacy and safety data presented in the clinical trials section were obtained from these patients. There were no clinically significant differences in most adverse events reported by patient groups >/= 65 years old and < 65 years old.
ADVERSE REACTIONS
Adverse Events Leading to Discontinuation
The rates of discontinuation from controlled clinical trials of ARICEPT® due to adverse events for the ARICEPT® 5 mg/day treatment groups were comparable to those of placebo-treatment groups at approximately 5%. The rate of discontinuation of patients who received 7-day escalations from 5 mg/day to 10 mg/day, was higher at 13%.
The most common adverse events leading to discontinuation, defined as those occurring in at least 2% of patients and at twice the incidence seen in placebo patients, are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Most Frequent Adverse Events Leading
to Withdrawal from Controlled Clinical Trials by Dose Group  

Dose Group	Placebo	5 mg/day ARICEPT®	10 mg/day ARICEPT®
Patients Randomized	355	350	315
Event/% Discontinuing
Nausea	1%	1%	3%
Diarrhea	0%	<1%	3%
Vomiting	<1%	<1%	2%

Most Frequent Adverse Clinical Events Seen in Association with the Use of ARICEPT®
The most common adverse events, defined as those occurring at a frequency of at least 5% in patients receiving 10 mg/day and twice the placebo rate, are largely predicted by ARICEPT®'s cholinomimetic effects. These include nausea, diarrhea, insomnia, vomiting, muscle cramp, fatigue and anorexia. These adverse events were often of mild intensity and transient, resolving during contin-ued ARICEPT® treatment without the need for dose modification.
There is evidence to suggest that the frequency of these common adverse events may be affected by the rate of titration. An open-label study was conducted with 269 patients who received placebo in the 15 and 30-week studies. These patients were titrated to a dose of 10 mg/day over a 6-week period. The rates of common adverse events were lower than those seen in patients titrated to 10 mg/day over one week in the controlled clinical trials and were comparable to those seen in patients on 5 mg/day.
See Table 2 for a comparison of the most common adverse events following one and six week titration regimens.
Table 2. Comparison of rates of adverse events in patients
titrated to 10 mg/day over 1 and 6 weeks  

No titration		One week titration	Six week titration
Adverse Event	Placebo (n=315)	5 mg/day (n=311)	10 mg/day (n=315)	10 mg/day (n=269)
Nausea	6%	5%	19%	6%
Diarrhea	5%	8%	15%	9%
Insomnia	6%	6%	14%	6%
Fatigue	3%	4%	8%	3%
Vomiting	3%	3%	8%	5%
Muscle cramps	2%	6%	8%	3%
Anorexia	2%	3%	7%	3%

Adverse Events Reported in Controlled Trials
The events cited reflect experience gained under closely monitored conditions of clinical trials in a highly selected patient population. In actual clinical practice or in other clinical trials, these frequency estimates may not apply, as the conditions of use, reporting behavior, and the kinds of patients treated may differ. Table 3 lists treatment emergent signs and symptoms that were reported in at least 2% of patients in placebo-controlled trials who received ARICEPT® and for which the rate of occurrence was greater for ARICEPT® assigned than placebo assigned patients. In general, adverse events occurred more frequently in female patients and with advancing age.
Table 3. Adverse Events Reported in Controlled Clinical
Trials in at Least 2% of Patients Receiving ARICEPT®
and at a Higher Frequency than Placebo-treated Patients  

Body System/ Adverse Event	Placebo (n=355)	ARICEPT® (n=747)
Percent of Patients with any Adverse Event	72	74
Body as a Whole
Headache	9	10
Pain, various locations	8	9
Accident	6	7
Fatigue	3	5
Cardiovascular System
Syncope	1	2
Digestive System
Nausea	6	11
Diarrhea	5	10
Vomiting	3	5
Anorexia	2	4
Hemic and Lymphatic System
Ecchymosis	3	4
Metabolic and Nutritional Systems
Weight Decrease	1	3
Musculoskeletal System
Muscle Cramps	2	6
Arthritis	1	2
Nervous System
Insomnia	6	9
Dizziness	6	8
Depression	<1	3
Abnormal Dreams	0	3
Somnolence	<1	2
Urogenital System
Frequent Urination	1	2

Other Adverse Events Observed During Clinical Trials
ARICEPT® has been administered to over 1700 individuals during clinical trials worldwide. Approximately 1200 of these patients have been treated for at least 3 months and more than 1000 patients have been treated for at least 6 months. Controlled and uncontrolled trials in the United States included approximately 900 patients. In regards to the highest dose of 10 mg/day, this population includes 650 patients treated for 3 months, 475 patients treated for 6 months and 116 patients treated for over 1 year. The range of patient exposure is from 1 to 1214 days.
Treatment emergent signs and symptoms that occurred during 3 controlled clinical trials and two open-label trials in the United States were recorded as adverse events by the clinical investigators using terminology of their own choosing. To provide an overall estimate of the proportion of individuals having similar types of events, the events were grouped into a smaller number of standardized categories using a modified COSTART dictionary and event frequencies were calculated across all studies. These categories are used in the listing below. The frequencies represent the proportion of 900 patients from these trials who experienced that event while receiving ARICEPT®. All adverse events occurring at least twice are included, except for those already listed in Tables 2 or 3, COSTART terms too general to be informative, or events less likely to be drug caused. Events are classified by body system and listed using the following definitions: frequent adverse events - those occurring in at least 1/100 patients; infrequent adverse events - those occurring in 1/100 to 1/1000 patients. These adverse events are not necessarily related to ARICEPT® treatment and in most cases were observed at a similar frequency in placebo-treated patients in the controlled studies. No important additional adverse events were seen in studies conducted outside the United States.
Body as a Whole:   
Frequent: influenza, chest pain, toothache; Infrequent: fever, edema face, periorbital edema, hernia hiatal, abscess, cellulitis, chills, generalized coldness, head fullness, listlessness.
Cardiovascular System:   
Frequent: hypertension, vasodilation, atrial fibrillation, hot flashes, hypotension; Infrequent: angina pectoris, postural hypotension, myocardial infarction, AV block (first degree), congestive heart failure, arteritis, bradycardia, peripheral vascular disease, supraventricular tachycardia, deep vein thrombosis.
Digestive System:   
Frequent: fecal incontinence, gastrointestinal bleeding, bloating, epigastric pain; Infrequent: eructation, gingivitis, increased appetite, flatulence, periodontal abscess, cholelithiasis, diverticulitis, drooling, dry mouth, fever sore, gastritis, irritable colon, tongue edema, epigastric distress, gastroenteritis, increased transaminases, hemorrhoids, ileus, increased thirst, jaundice, melena, polydipsia, duodenal ulcer, stomach ulcer.
Endocrine System:   
Infrequent: diabetes mellitus, goiter.
Hemic and Lymphatic System:   
Infrequent: anemia, thrombocythemia, thrombocytopenia, eosinophilia, erythrocytopenia.
Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders:   
Frequent: dehydration; Infrequent: gout, hypokalemia, increased creatine kinase, hyperglycemia, weight increase, increased lactate dehydrogenase.
Musculoskeletal System:   
Frequent: bone fracture; Infrequent: muscle weakness, muscle fasciculation.
Nervous System:   
Frequent: delusions, tremor, irritability, paresthesia, aggression, vertigo, ataxia, increased libido, restlessness, abnormal crying, nervousness, aphasia; Infrequent: cerebrovascular accident, intracranial hemorrhage, transient ischemic attack, emotional lability, neuralgia, coldness (localized), muscle spasm, dysphoria, gait abnormality, hypertonia, hypokinesia, neurodermatitis, numbness (localized), paranoia, dysarthria, dysphasia, hostility, decreased libido, melancholia, emotional withdrawal, nystagmus, pacing.
Respiratory System:   
Frequent: dyspnea, sore throat, bronchitis; Infrequent: epistaxis, post nasal drip, pneumonia, hyperventilation, pulmonary congestion, wheezing, hypoxia, pharyngitis, pleurisy, pulmonary collapse, sleep apnea, snoring.
Skin and Appendages:   
Frequent: pruritus, diaphoresis, urticaria; Infrequent: dermatitis, erythema, skin discoloration, hyperkeratosis, alopecia, fungal dermatitis, herpes zoster, hirsutism, skin striae, night sweats, skin ulcer.
Special Senses:   
Frequent: cataract, eye irritation, vision blurred; Infrequent: dry eyes, glaucoma, earache, tinnitus, blepharitis, decreased hearing, retinal hemorrhage, otitis externa, otitis media, bad taste, conjunctival hemorrhage, ear buzzing, motion sickness, spots before eyes.
Urogenital System:   
Frequent: urinary incontinence, nocturia; Infrequent: dysuria, hematuria, urinary urgency, metrorrhagia, cystitis, enuresis, prostate hypertrophy, pyelonephritis, inability to empty bladder, breast fibroadenosis, fibrocystic breast, mastitis, pyuria, renal failure, vaginitis.
Postintroduction Reports
Voluntary reports of adverse events temporally associated with ARICEPT® that have been received since market introduction that are not listed above, and that there is inadequate data to determine the causal relationship with the drug include the following: abdominal pain, agitation, cholecystitis, confusion, convulsions, hallucinations, heart block (all types), hemolytic anemia, hepatitis, hyponatremia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, pancreatitis, and rash.
OVERDOSAGE
Because strategies for the management of overdose are continually evolving, it is advisable to contact a Poison Control Center to determine the latest recommendations for the management of an overdose of any drug.
As in any case of overdose, general supportive measures should be utilized. Overdosage with cholinesterase inhibitors can result in cholinergic crisis characterized by severe nausea, vomiting, salivation, sweating, bradycardia, hypotension, respiratory depression, collapse and convulsions. Increasing muscle weakness is a possibility and may result in death if respiratory muscles are involved. Tertiary anticholinergics such as atropine may be used as an antidote for ARICEPT® overdosage. Intravenous atropine sulfate titrated to effect is recommended: an initial dose of 1.0 to 2.0 mg IV with subsequent doses based upon clinical response. Atypical responses in blood pressure and heart rate have been reported with other cholinomimetics when co-administered with quaternary anticholinergics such as glycopyrrolate. It is not known whether ARICEPT® and/or its metabolites can be removed by dialysis (hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, or hemofiltration).
Dose-related signs of toxicity in animals included reduced spontaneous movement, prone position, staggering gait, lacrimation, clonic convulsions, depressed respiration, salivation, miosis, tremors, fasciculation and lower body surface temperature.
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
The dosages of ARICEPT® shown to be effective in controlled clinical trials are 5 mg and 10 mg administered once per day.
The higher dose of 10 mg did not provide a statistically significantly greater clinical benefit than 5 mg. There is a suggestion, however, based upon order of group mean scores and dose trend analyses of data from these clinical trials, that a daily dose of 10 mg of ARICEPT® might provide additional benefit for some patients. Accordingly, whether or not to employ a dose of 10 mg is a matter of prescriber and patient preference.
Evidence from the controlled trials indicates that the 10 mg dose, with a one week titration, is likely to be associated with a higher incidence of cholinergic adverse events than the 5 mg dose. In open label trials using a 6 week titration, the frequency of these same adverse events was similar between the 5 mg and 10 mg dose groups. Therefore, because steady state is not achieved for 15 days and because the incidence of untoward effects may be influenced by the rate of dose escalation, treatment with a dose of 10 mg should not be contemplated until patients have been on a daily dose of 5 mg for 4 to 6 weeks.
ARICEPT® should be taken in the evening, just prior to retiring. ARICEPT® can be taken with or without food.
Allow ARICEPT® ODT tablet to dissolve on the tongue and follow with water.
Storage:   
Store at controlled room temperature, 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F).
附件:

2011112019511028.PDF   
200961603304825.pdf 
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产地国家: 美国
原产地英文商品名:
ARICEPT ODT 5mg/Tab 30Tabs/bottle
原产地英文药品名:
DONEPEZIL HYDROCHLORIDE
中文参考商品译名:
安理申口服崩解片 5毫克/片 30片/瓶
中文参考药品译名:
盐酸多奈哌齐
生产厂家中文参考译名:
卫材
生产厂家英文名:
EISAI INC 

---------------------------------------------------------
产地国家: 美国
原产地英文商品名:
ARICEPT ODT 10mg/Tab 30Tabs/bottle
原产地英文药品名:
DONEPEZIL HYDROCHLORIDE
中文参考商品译名:
安理申口服崩解片 10毫克/片 30片/瓶
中文参考药品译名:
盐酸多奈哌齐
生产厂家中文参考译名:
卫材
生产厂家英文名:
EISAI INC