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部份中文对乙酰氨基酚处方资料（仅供参考）
** Patients weighing less will require smaller volumes. The minimum interval between each administration must be at least 4 hours. No more than 4 doses to be given in 24 hours. The minimum interval between each administration in patients with severe renal insufficiency must be at least 6 hours. *** Maximum daily dose: The maximum daily dose as presented in the table above is for patients that are not receiving other paracetamol containing products and should be adjusted accordingly taking such products into account. Severe renal insufficiency: It is recommended, when giving paracetamol to patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance ≤ 30 mL/min), to increase the minimum interval between each administration to 6 hours (See section 5.2). In adults with hepatocellular insufficiency, chronic alcoholism, chronic malnutrition (low reserves of hepatic glutathione), dehydration: The maximum daily dose must not exceed 3 g (see section 4.4). Method of administration: Take care when prescribing and administering PERFALGAN to avoid dosing errors due to confusion between milligram (mg) and milliliter (mL), which could result in accidental overdose and death. Take care to ensure the proper dose is communicated and dispensed. When writing prescriptions, include both the total dose in mg and the total dose in volume. The paracetamol solution is administered as a 15-minute intravenous infusion. Patients weighing ≤ 10 kg: • The glass vial/bag of Perfalgan should not be hung as an infusion due to the small volume of the medicinal product to be administered in this population • The volume to be administered should be withdrawn from the vial or bag and could be administered undiluted or diluted (from one to nine volumes diluent) in a 0.9% sodium chloride solution or 5% glucose solution and administered in 15-minute. Use the diluted solution within the hour following its preparation (infusion time included). • A 5 or 10 ml syringe should be used to measure the dose as appropriate for the weight of the child and the desired volume. However, this should never exceed 7.5ml per dose • The user should be referred to the product information for dosing guidelines. Text for the 50ml and 100ml vials: To remove solution, use a 0.8 mm needle (21 gauge needle) and vertically perforate the stopper at the spot specifically indicated. As for all solutions for infusion presented in glass vials, it should be remembered that close monitoring is needed notably at the end of the infusion, regardless of administration route. This monitoring at the end of the perfusion applies particularly for central route infusion, in order to avoid air embolism. Text for the 50ml vial: Perfalgan of 50ml vial can also be diluted in a 0.9% sodium chloride solution or 5% glucose solution (from one to nine volumes diluent). In this case, use the diluted solution within the hour following its preparation (infusion time included). 4.3 Contraindications PERFALGAN is contraindicated: • in patients with hypersensitivity to paracetamol or to propacetamol hydrochloride (prodrug of paracetamol) or to one of the excipients. • in cases of severe hepatocellular insufficiency. 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use Warnings RISK OF MEDICATION ERRORS Take care to avoid dosing errors due to confusion between milligram (mg) and milliliter (mL), which could result in accidental overdose and death (see section 4.2). It is recommended to use a suitable analgesic oral treatment as soon as this administration route is possible. In order to avoid the risk of overdose, check that other medicines administered do not contain either paracetamol or propacetamol. Doses higher than the recommended entails risk for very serious liver damage. Clinical symptoms and signs of liver damage (including fulminant hepatitis, hepatic failure, cholestatic hepatitis, cytolytic hepatitis) are usually first seen after two days of drug administration with a peak seen usually after 4 - 6 days. Treatment with antidote should be given as soon as possible (See section 4.9). This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23mg) per 100ml of Perfalgan, i.e. essentially "sodium free". Text for the 50ml and 100ml vials: As for all solutions for infusion presented in glass vials, a close monitoring is needed notably at the end of the infusion (see section 4.2). Precautions for use Paracetamol should be used with caution in cases of: • hepatocellular insufficiency, • severe renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance ≤ 30 mL/min) (see sections 4.2 and 5.2), • chronic alcoholism, • chronic malnutrition (low reserves of hepatic gluthatione), • dehydration. 4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction • Probenecid causes an almost 2-fold reduction in clearance of paracetamol by inhibiting its conjugation with glucuronic acid. A reduction of the paracetamol dose should be considered for concomitant treatment with probenecid, • Salicylamide may prolong the elimination t1/2 of paracetamol, • Caution should be paid to the concomitant intake of enzyme-inducing substances (see section 4.9). • Concomitant use of paracetamol (4 g per day for at least 4 days) with oral anticoagulants may lead to slight variations of INR values. In this case, increased monitoring of INR values should be conducted during the period of concomitant use as well as for 1 week after paracetamol treatment has been discontinued. 4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation Pregnancy: Clinical experience of intravenous administration of paracetamol is limited. However, epidemiological data from the use of oral therapeutic doses of paracetamol indicate no undesirable effects on the pregnancy or on the health of the foetus / newborn infant. Prospective data on pregnancies exposed to overdoses did not show an increase in malformation risk. Reproductive studies with the intravenous form of paracetamol have not been performed in animals. However, studies with the oral route did not show any malformation of foetotoxic effects. Nevertheless, PERFALGAN should only be used during pregnancy after a careful benefit-risk assessment. In this case, the recommended posology and duration must be strictly observed. Lactation: After oral administration, paracetamol is excreted into breast milk in small quantities. No undesirable effects on nursing infants have been reported. Consequently, PERFALGAN may be used in breast-feeding women. 4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines Not relevant. 4.8 Undesirable effects As all paracetamol products, adverse drug reactions are rare (>1/10000, <1/1000) or very rare (<1/10000), they are described below:
Very rare cases of hypersensitivity reactions ranging from simple skin rash or urticaria to anaphylactic shock have been reported and require discontinuation of treatment. Cases of erythema, flushing, pruritus and tachycardia have been reported. 4.9 Overdose There is a risk of liver injury (including fulminant hepatitis, hepatic failure,cholestatic hepatitis, cytolytic hepatitis), particularly in elderly subjects, in young children, in patients with liver disease, in cases of chronic alcoholism, in patients with chronic malnutrition and in patients receiving enzyme inducers. Overdosing may be fatal in these cases. • Symptoms generally appear within the first 24 hours and comprise: nausea, vomiting, anorexia, pallor, abdominal pain. Overdose, 7.5 g or more of paracetamol in a single administration in adults and 140 mg/kg of body weight in a single administration in children, causes hepatic cytolysis likely to induce complete and irreversible necrosis, resulting in hepatocellular insufficiency, metabolic acidosis and encephalopathy which may lead to coma and death. Simultaneously, increased levels of hepatic transaminases (AST, ALT), lactate dehydrogenase and bilirubin are observed together with decreased prothrombin levels that may appear 12 to 48 hours after administration. Clinical symptoms of liver damage are usually evident initially after two days, and reach a maximum after 4 to 6 days. Emergency measures • Immediate hospitalisation. • Before beginning treatment, take a tube of blood for plasma paracetamol assay, as soon as possible after the overdose. • The treatment includes administration of the antidote, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), by the i.v. or oral route, if possible before the 10th hour. NAC can, however, give some degree protection even after 10 hours, but in these cases prolonged treatment is given. • Symptomatic treatment. • Hepatic tests must be carried out at the beginning of treatment and repeated every 24 hours. In most cases hepatic transaminases return to normal in one to two weeks with full restitution of liver function. In very severe cases, however, liver transplantation may be necessary. 5. Pharmacological properties 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties Pharmacotherapeutic group: OTHER ANALGESICS AND ANTIPYRETICS, ATC code: N02BE01 The precise mechanism of the analgesic and antipyretic properties of paracetamol has yet to be established; it may involve central and peripheral actions. PERFALGAN provides onset of pain relief within 5 to 10 minutes after the start of administration. The peak analgesic effect is obtained in 1 hour and the duration of this effect is usually 4 to 6 hours. PERFALGAN reduces fever within 30 minutes after the start of administration with a duration of the antipyretic effect of at least 6 hours. 5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties Adults: Absorption: Paracetamol pharmacokinetics is linear up to 2 g after single administration and after repeated administration during 24 hours. The bioavailability of paracetamol following infusion of 500 mg and 1 g of PERFALGAN is similar to that observed following infusion of 1 g and 2 g propacetamol (corresponding to 500 mg and 1 g paracetamol respectively). The maximal plasma concentration (Cmax) of paracetamol observed at the end of 15-minutes intravenous infusion of 500 mg and 1 g of PERFALGAN is about 15 μg/mL and 30 μg/mL respectively. Distribution: The volume of distribution of paracetamol is approximately 1 L/kg. Paracetamol is not extensively bound to plasma proteins. Following infusion of 1 g paracetamol, significant concentrations of paracetamol (about 1.5 μg/mL) were observed in the Cerebro Spinal Fluid as and from the 20th minute following infusion. Metabolism: Paracetamol is metabolised mainly in the liver following two major hepatic pathways: glucuronic acid conjugation and sulphuric acid conjugation. The latter route is rapidly saturable at doses that exceed the therapeutic doses. A small fraction (less than 4%) is metabolised by cytochrome P450 to a reactive intermediate (N-acetyl benzoquinone imine) which, under normal conditions of use, is rapidly detoxified by reduced glutathione and eliminated in the urine after conjugation with cysteine and mercapturic acid. However, during massive overdosing, the quantity of this toxic metabolite is increased. Elimination: The metabolites of paracetamol are mainly excreted in the urine. 90% of the dose administered is excreted in 24 hours, mainly as glucuronide (60-80%) and sulphate (20-30%) conjugates. Less than 5% is eliminated unchanged. Plasma half-life is 2.7 hours and total body clearance is 18 L/h. Neonates, infants and children The pharmacokinetic parameters of paracetamol observed in infants and children are similar to those observed in adults, except for the plasma half-life that is slightly shorter (1.5 to 2 h) than in adults. In neonates, the plasma half-life is longer than in infants i.e. around 3.5 hours. Neonates, infants and children up to 10 years excrete significantly less glucuronide and more sulphate conjugates than adults. Table. Age related pharmacokinetic values (standardized clearance,* CLstd/Foral (l.h-1 70 kg-1), are presented below.
Special populations: Renal insufficiency In cases of severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance 10-30 mL/min), the elimination of paracetamol is slightly delayed, the elimination half-life ranging from 2 to 5.3 hours. For the glucuronide and sulphate conjugates, the elimination rate is 3 times slower in subjects with severe renal impairment than in healthy subjects. Therefore, it is recommended, when giving paracetamol to patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance ≤ 30 mL/min), to increase the minimum interval between each administration to 6 hours (see section 4.2. Posology and method of administration). Elderly subjects The pharmacokinetics and the metabolism of paracetamol are not modified in elderly subjects. No dose adjustment is required in this population. 5.3 Preclinical safety data Preclinical data reveal no special hazard for humans beyond the information included in other sections of the SmPC. Studies on local tolerance of PERFALGAN in rats and rabbits showed good tolerability. Absence of delayed contact hypersensitivity has been tested in guinea pigs. 6. Pharmaceutical particulars 6.1 List of excipients Cysteine hydrochloride monohydrate Disodium phosphate dihydrate Hydrochloric acid Mannitol Sodium hydroxide Water for injections. 6.2 Incompatibilities PERFALGAN should not be mixed with other medicinal products. 6.3 Shelf life 2 years. From a microbiological point of view, unless the method of opening precludes the risk of microbial contamination, the product should be used immediately. If not used immediately, in-use storage times and conditions are the responsibility of the user. Text for the 50ml vial: If diluted in 0.9% sodium chloride or 5% glucose, the solution should also be used immediately. However, if the solution is not used immediately, do not store for more than 1 hour (infusion time included). 6.4 Special precautions for storage Do not store above 30°C. Do not refrigerate or freeze. Text for the 100ml bag: For the 100 ml bag, store the immediate packaging in the outer, aluminium overpackaging. Following the opening of the overpackaging, the product must be used immediately. 6.5 Nature and contents of container Text for the 50ml and 100ml vials: 50 ml and 100 ml Type II clear glass vial with bromobutyl stopper and a aluminium/plastic Flip-Off cap. Pack size: pack of 12 vials. Text for the 100ml bag: The 100 ml bag is a multilayer, plastic bag (PP and polyolefin) packed in an oxygen-proof, aluminium overpackaging. Pack size: carton of 50 bags 6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling Text for the 50ml and 100ml vials: Use a 0.8 mm needle and vertically perforate the stopper at the spot specifically indicated. Before administration, the product should be visually inspected for any particulate matter and discoloration. For single use only. Any unused solution should be discarded. The diluted solution should be visually inspected and should not be used in presence of opalescence, visible particulate matters or precipitate. Text for the 100ml bag: There is a potential presence of moisture between the bag and the outer packaging as a result of the sterilization process. It does not impact the quality of the solution. 7. Marketing authorisation holder Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceuticals Ltd BMS House Uxbridge Business Park Sanderson Road Uxbridge Middlesex UB8 1DH United Kingdom 8. Marketing authorisation number(s) PL 11184/0094 9. Date of first authorisation/renewal of the authorisation 20 November 2002/ 13 December 2006 10. Date of revision of the text 21st November 2013 |
