——Ramucirumab(CYRAMZA®)注射剂已被欧盟首次批准用于胃癌二线的治疗
The recommended dose of ramucirumab as a single agent is 8 mg/kg every 2 weeks. Duration of treatment It is recommended that treatment be continued until disease progression or until unacceptable toxicity has occurred. Premedication Premedication is recommended with a histamine H1 antagonist (for example diphenhydramine) prior to infusion of ramucirumab. If a patient experiences a Grade 1 or 2 infusion-related reaction (as per the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [NCI CTCAE]), premedication must be given for all subsequent infusions. If a patient experiences a second Grade 1 or 2 infusion-related reaction (IRR) administer dexamethasone (or equivalent); then, for subsequent infusions, premedicate with the following or equivalent medicinal products: an intravenous histamine H1 antagonist (for example diphenhydramine hydrochloride), paracetamol and dexamethasone. See paclitaxel prescribing information for premedication requirements and additional information. Posology adjustments for ramucirumab Infusion-related reactions The infusion rate of ramucirumab should be reduced by 50 % for the duration of the infusion and all subsequent infusions if the patient experiences a grade 1 or 2 IRR. Ramucirumab should be immediately and permanently discontinued in the event of a grade 3 or 4 IRR (see section 4.4). Hypertension The blood pressure of patients should be monitored prior to each ramucirumab administration and treated as clinically indicated. Ramucirumab therapy should be temporarily discontinued in the event of severe hypertension, until controlled with medical management. If there is medically significant hypertension that cannot be controlled safely with antihypertensive therapy, ramucirumab therapy should be permanently discontinued (see section 4.4). Proteinuria Patients should be monitored for the development, or worsening of proteinuria during ramucirumab therapy. If the urine protein is ≥2+ on a dipstick, a 24 hour urine collection should be performed. Ramucirumab therapy should be temporarily discontinued if the urine protein level is ≥2 g/24 hours. Once the urine protein level returns to <2 g/24 hours, treatment should be resumed at a reduced dose level (6 mg/kg every 2 weeks). A second dose reduction (to 5 mg/kg every 2 weeks) is recommended if a urine protein level ≥2 g/24 hours reoccurs. Ramucirumab therapy should be permanently discontinued if the urine protein level is >3 g/24 hours or in the event of nephrotic syndrome. Elective surgery or impaired wound healing Ramucirumab therapy should be temporarily discontinued for at least 4 weeks prior to elective surgery. Ramucirumab therapy should be temporarily discontinued if there are wound healing complications, until the wound is fully healed (see section 4.4). Ramucirumab therapy should be permanently discontinued in the event of: Severe arterial thromboembolic events (see section 4.4). Gastrointestinal perforations (see section 4.4). Severe bleeding: NCI CTCAE Grade 3 or 4 bleeding (see section 4.4). Spontaneous development of fistula (see section 4.4). Paclitaxel dose adjustments Paclitaxel dose reductions may be applied based upon the grade of toxicity experienced by the patient. For NCI CTCAE Grade 4 haematological toxicity or Grade 3 paclitaxel-related non-haematological toxicity, it is recommended to reduce the paclitaxel dose by 10 mg/m2 for all following cycles. A second reduction of 10 mg/m2 is recommended if these toxicities persist or reoccur. Special populations Elderly patients In the pivotal studies there has been no indication that patients 65 years of age or older are at increased risk of adverse events compared to patients younger than 65 years old. No dose reductions are recommended. Patients with renal impairment There have been no formal studies with Cyramza in patients with renal impairment. Clinical data suggest that no dose adjustments are required in patients with mild or moderate renal impairment. There are no data regarding ramucirumab administration in patients with severe renal impairment (calculated creatinine clearance <30 ml/min) (see section 5.2). No dose reductions are recommended. Patients with hepatic impairment There have been no formal studies with Cyramza in patients with hepatic impairment. There are no data regarding ramucirumab administration in patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment (see section 5.2). No dose reductions are recommended. Paediatric population The safety and efficacy of Cyramza in children and adolescents (<18 years) has not been established. No data are available. There is no relevant use of ramucirumab in the paediatric population in the advanced gastric cancer or gastro-oesophageal indication. Method of administration After dilution, Cyramza is administered as an intravenous infusion over approximately 60 minutes. It should not be administered as an intravenous bolus or push. To achieve the required infusion duration of approximately 60 minutes, the maximum infusion rate of 25 mg/minute should not be exceeded, instead the infusion duration should be increased. The patient should be monitored during infusion for signs of infusion-related reactions (see section 4.4) and the availability of appropriate resuscitation equipment should be ensured. For instructions on dilution of the medicinal product before administration, see section 6.6. 4.3 Contraindications Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1. 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use Arterial thromboembolic events Serious, sometimes fatal, arterial thromboembolic events (ATEs) including myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, cerebrovascular accident, and cerebral ischemia have been reported in clinical studies. Ramucirumab should be permanently discontinued in patients who experience a severe ATE (see section 4.2). Gastrointestinal perforations Ramucirumab is an antiangiogenic therapy and has the potential to increase the risk of gastrointestinal perforations. Ramucirumab should be permanently discontinued in patients who experience gastrointestinal perforations (see section 4.2). Severe bleeding Ramucirumab is an antiangiogenic therapy and has the potential to increase the risk of severe bleeding. Ramucirumab should be permanently discontinued in patients who experience Grade 3 or 4 bleeding (see section 4.2). Blood counts and coagulation parameters should be monitored in patients with conditions predisposing to bleeding, and in those treated with anticoagulants or other concomitant medicinal products that increase the risk of bleeding. Severe gastrointestinal haemorrhage, including fatal events, were reported in patients with gastric cancer treated with ramucirumab in combination with paclitaxel. Infusion-related reactions Infusion-related reactions were reported in clinical studies with ramucirumab. The majority of events occurred during or following a first or second ramucirumab infusion. Patients should be monitored during the infusion for signs of hypersensitivity. Symptoms included rigors/tremors, back-pain/spasms, chest pain and/or tightness, chills, flushing, dyspnoea, wheezing, hypoxia, and paraesthesia. In severe cases symptoms included bronchospasm, supraventricular tachycardia, and hypotension. Ramucirumab should be immediately and permanently discontinued in patients who experience a Grade 3 or 4 IRR (see section 4.2). Hypertension An increased incidence of severe hypertension was reported in patients receiving ramucirumab as compared to placebo. In most cases hypertension was managed using standard antihypertensive treatment. Patients with uncontrolled hypertension were excluded from the trials: ramucirumab treatment should not be initiated in such patients until and unless their pre-existing hypertension is controlled. Patients who are treated with ramucirumab should have their blood pressure monitored. Ramucirumab should be temporarily discontinued for severe hypertension until controlled with medical management. Ramucirumab should be permanently discontinued if medically significant hypertension cannot be controlled with antihypertensive therapy (see section 4.2). Impaired wound healing The impact of ramucirumab has not been evaluated in patients with serious or non-healing wounds. In a study conducted in animals, ramucirumab did not impair wound healing. However, since ramucirumab is an antiangiogenic therapy and may have the potential to adversely affect wound healing, ramucirumab treatment should be withheld for at least 4 weeks prior to scheduled surgery. The decision to resume ramucirumab following surgical intervention should be based on clinical judgment of adequate wound healing. If a patient develops wound healing complications during therapy, ramucirumab should be discontinued until the wound is fully healed (see section 4.2). Hepatic impairment Ramucirumab should be used with caution in patients with severe liver cirrhosis (Child-Pugh B or C), cirrhosis with hepatic encephalopathy, clinically significant ascites due to cirrhosis, or hepatorenal syndrome. In these patients, ramucirumab should only be used if the potential benefits of treatment are judged to outweigh the potential risk of progressive hepatic failure. Fistula Patients may be at increased risk for the development of fistula when treated with Cyramza. Ramucirumab treatment should be discontinued in patients who develop fistula (see section 4.2). Proteinuria An increased incidence of proteinuria was reported in patients receiving ramucirumab as compared to placebo. Patients should be monitored for the development or worsening of proteinuria during ramucirumab therapy. If the urine protein is ≥2+ on a dipstick, a 24 hour urine collection should be performed. Ramucirumab therapy should be temporarily discontinued if the urine protein level is ≥2 g/24 hours. Once the urine protein level returns to <2 g/24 hours, treatment should be resumed at a reduced dose level. A second dose reduction is recommended if a urine protein level ≥2 g/24 hours reoccurs. Ramucirumab therapy should be permanently discontinued if the urine protein level is >3 g/24 hours or in the event of nephrotic syndrome (see section 4.2). Renal impairment There are no safety data available for patients with severe renal impairment (calculated creatinine clearance < 30 ml/min) treated with ramucirumab (see sections 4.2 and 5.2). Sodium restricted diet Each 10 ml vial contains approximately 17 mg sodium and each 50 ml vial contains approximately 85 mg sodium. To be taken into account for patients on a sodium restricted diet. 4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction No drug-drug interactions were observed between ramucirumab and paclitaxel. The pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel were not affected when co-administered with ramucirumab and the pharmacokinetics of ramucirumab were not affected when co-administered with paclitaxel. 4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation Women of childbearing potential/Contraception in females Women of childbearing potential should be advised to avoid becoming pregnant while on Cyramza and should be informed of the potential hazard to the pregnancy and foetus. Women of childbearing potential should use effective contraception during and up to 3 months after the last dose of ramucirumab treatment. Pregnancy There are no data from the use of ramucirumab in pregnant women. Animal studies are insufficient with respect to reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3). As angiogenesis is critical to maintenance of pregnancy and to foetal development, the inhibition of angiogenesis following ramucirumab administration may result in adverse effects on pregnancy, including the foetus. Cyramza should only be used if the potential benefit to the mother justifies the potential risk during pregnancy. If the patient becomes pregnant while being treated with ramucirumab, she should be informed of the potential risk to the maintenance of pregnancy and the risk to the foetus. Cyramza is not recommended during pregnancy and in women of childbearing potential not using contraception. Breast-feeding It is unknown whether ramucirumab is excreted in human milk. Excretion in milk and oral absorption is expected to be low. As a risk to newborns/infants cannot be excluded, breast-feeding should be discontinued during treatment with Cyramza and for at least 3 months after the last dose. Fertility There are no data on the effect of ramucirumab on human fertility. Female fertility is likely to be compromised during treatment with ramcuirumab based on studies in animals (see section 5.3). 4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines Cyramza has no known influence on the ability to drive and use machines. If patients experience symptoms affecting their ability to concentrate and react, it is recommended that they do not drive or use machines until the effect subsides. 4.8 Undesirable effects Summary of the safety profile The most serious adverse reactions associated with ramucirumab treatment (as a single agent or in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy) were: Gastrointestinal perforation (see section 4.4) Severe gastrointestinal haemorrhage (see section 4.4) Arterial thromboembolic events (see section 4.4) The most common adverse reactions observed in ramucirumab-treated patients are: fatigue/asthenia, neutropenia, leukopenia, diarrhoea, epistaxis, and hypertension. Tabulated list of adverse reactions Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) which were reported in patients with advanced gastric cancer are listed below by MedDRA body system organ class, frequency and grade of severity. The following convention has been used for classification of frequency: Very common (≥1/10) Common (≥1/100 to <1/10) Uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100) Rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000) Very rare (<1/10,000) Within each frequency grouping, ADRs are presented in order of decreasing seriousness. Ramucirumab in combination with paclitaxel The following table provides the frequency and severity of ADRs based on results from RAINBOW, a phase 3 study in adult patients with advanced gastric cancer randomised to treatment with ramucirumab in combination with paclitaxel or placebo plus paclitaxel. Table 2 ADRs reported in ≥ 5 % of ramucirumab treated patients in RAINBOW
b MedDRA preferred terms included anal haemorrhage, diarrhoea haemorrhage, gastric haemorrhage, gastrointestinal haemorrhage, haematemesis, haematochezia, haemorrhoidal haemorrhage, Mallory-Weiss syndrome, melaena, oesophageal haemorrhage, rectal haemorrhage, and upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Clinically relevant ADRs reported in ≥ 1% and < 5% of the ramucirumab plus paclitaxel-treated patients in RAINBOW were gastrointestinal perforation (1.2% ramucirumab plus paclitaxel versus 0.3% for placebo plus paclitaxel) and sepsis (3.1% ramucirumab plus paclitaxel versus 1.8% placebo plus paclitaxel). Ramucirumab as a single agent The following table provides the frequency and severity of the ADRs based on results from REGARD, a phase 3 study in adult patients with advanced gastric cancer randomised to treatment with single-agent ramucirumab plus Best Supportive Care (BSC) or placebo plus BSC. Table 3 ADRs reported in ≥ 5 % of ramucirumab treated patients in REGARD
b There were no Grade 5 ADRs for Cyramza. There was one Grade 4 ADR of hypokalaemia and one of hyponatraemia. c Refer to NCI CTCAE Criteria (Version 4.0) for each Grade of toxicity. d MedDRA preferred terms included are: blood potassium decreased and hypokalaemia. e MedDRA preferred terms included are: blood pressure increased and hypertension. f MedDRA preferred terms included are: abdominal pain, abdominal pain lower, abdominal pain upper, and hepatic pain. Clinically relevant ADRs reported in ≥ 1% and < 5% of the ramucirumab treated patients in REGARD were: neutropenia, arterial thromboembolic events (see sections 4.2 and 4.4), intestinal obstruction, epistaxis, and rash. Clinically relevant reactions (including Grade ≥ 3) associated with antiangiogenic therapy observed in ramucirumab-treated patients across clinical studies were: gastrointestinal perforations, infusion-related reactions and proteinuria (see sections 4.2 and 4.4). Reporting of suspected adverse reactions Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via Ireland: HPRA Pharmacovigilance, Earlsfort Terrace, IRL - Dublin 2, Tel: +353 1 6764971, Fax: +353 1 6762517; Website: www.hpra.ie; e-mail: medsafety@hpra.ie, or United Kingdom: Yellow Card Scheme; Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard. 4.9 Overdose There is no data on overdose in humans. Cyramza has been administered in a Phase 1 study up to 10 mg/kg every two weeks without reaching a maximum tolerated dose. In case of overdose, supportive therapy should be used. 5. Pharmacological properties 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antineoplastic agents, monoclonal antibodies ATC code: L01XC21. Mechanism of action Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Receptor 2 is the key mediator of VEGF induced angiogenesis. Ramucirumab is a human receptor-targeted antibody that specifically binds VEGF Receptor 2 and blocks binding of VEGF-A, VEGF-C, and VEGF-D. As a result, ramucirumab inhibits ligand stimulated activation of VEGF Receptor 2 and its downstream signalling components, including p44/p42 mitogen-activated protein kinases, neutralizing ligand-induced proliferation and migration of human endothelial cells. Clinical efficacy and safety RAINBOW RAINBOW, a global, randomised, double-blind, study of Cyramza plus paclitaxel versus placebo plus paclitaxel, was conducted in 665 patients with locally recurrent and unresectable or metastatic gastric cancer (including GEJ adenocarcinoma) following platinum- and fluoropyrimidine-containing chemotherapy, with or without anthracycline. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS) and the secondary endpoints included progression free survival (PFS) and overall response rate (ORR). Patients were required to have experienced disease progression during, or within 4 months after the last dose of first-line therapy and with ECOG PS 0-1. Patients were randomised in a 1:1 ratio to receive Cyramza plus paclitaxel (n=330) or placebo plus paclitaxel (n=335). Randomisation was stratified by geographic region, time to progression from the start of first-line therapy (<6 months versus ≥6 months) and disease measurability. Cyramza at 8 mg/kg or placebo was administered by intravenous infusion every 2 weeks (on days 1 and 15) of a 28-day cycle. Paclitaxel at 80 mg/m2 was administered by intravenous infusion on days 1, 8, and 15 of each 28-day cycle. A majority (75%) of patients randomised in the study received prior platinum and fluoropyrimidine combination therapy without anthracycline. The remainder (25%) received prior platinum and fluoropyrimidine combination therapy with anthracycline. Two-thirds of the patients experienced disease progression while still on first-line therapy (66.8%). Baseline patient demographics and disease characteristics were generally balanced between arms: the median age was 61 years; 71% of patients were male; 61% were Caucasian, 35% Asian; the ECOG PS was 0 for 39% of patients, 1 for 61% of patients; 81% of patients had measurable disease and 79% had gastric cancer; 21% had GEJ adenocarcinoma. The majority of patients (76%) had experienced disease progression within 6 months from the start of first-line therapy. For patients treated with Cyramza plus paclitaxel the median duration of therapy was 19 weeks, and for patients treated with placebo plus paclitaxel the median duration of therapy was 12 weeks. The median relative dose intensity of Cyramza was 98.6% and of placebo was 99.6%. The median relative dose intensity of paclitaxel was 87.7% for the Cyramza plus paclitaxel arm and 93.2% for the placebo plus paclitaxel arm. A similar percentage of patients discontinued treatment due to adverse events: 12% of patients treated with Cyramza plus paclitaxel compared with 11% of patients treated with placebo plus paclitaxel. Post discontinuation systemic anti-cancer therapy was given to 47.9% of patients receiving Cyramza plus paclitaxel and 46.0% of patients receiving placebo plus paclitaxel. Overall survival was statistically significantly improved in patients receiving Cyramza plus paclitaxel compared with those receiving placebo plus paclitaxel (HR 0.807; 95%CI: 0.678 to 0.962; p=0.0169). There was an increase in median survival of 2.3 months in favour of the Cyramza plus paclitaxel arm: 9.63 months in the Cyramza plus paclitaxel arm and 7.36 months in the placebo plus paclitaxel arm. Progression-free survival was statistically significantly improved in patients receiving Cyramza plus paclitaxel compared with those receiving placebo plus paclitaxel (HR 0.635; 95%CI: 0.536 to 0.752; p<0.0001). There was an increase in median PFS of 1.5 months in favour of the Cyramza plus paclitaxel arm: 4.4 months in the Cyramza plus paclitaxel arm and 2.9 months in the placebo plus paclitaxel arm. Objective response rate (complete response [CR] + partial response [PR]) was significantly improved in patients receiving Cyramza plus paclitaxel compared with those receiving placebo plus paclitaxel (Odds ratio 2.140; 95% CI: 1.499 to 3.160; p=0.0001). The ORR in the Cyramza plus paclitaxel arm was 27.9% and in the placebo plus paclitaxel arm was 16.1%. Improvements in OS and PFS were consistently observed in pre-specified subgroups based on age, sex, race and in most other pre-specified subgroups. Efficacy results are shown in Table 4. Table 4: Summary of efficacy data –ITT population
Figure 1: Kaplan-Meier curves of overall survival for Cyramza plus paclitaxel versus placebo plus paclitaxel in RAINBOW
REGARD
Figure 3: Kaplan-Meier curves of overall survival for Cyramza versus placebo in REGARD
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