英文药名：Ikervis（ciclosporin eye drops, emulsion）

中文药名：环孢素滴眼剂/乳剂

生产厂家：参天制药
药品介绍
2015年3月27日，参天制药的眼科药物Ikervis（ciclosporin，环孢素）获欧盟委员会（EC）批准，用于经人工泪液治疗未得到改善的干眼病成人患者严重角膜炎的治疗。
干眼症（dry eye）又名角结膜干燥症（KCS），是指任何原因造成的泪液质或量异常或动力学异常，导致泪膜稳定性下降，并伴有眼部不适和(或)眼表组织病变特征的多种疾病的总称。它是目前最为常见的眼表疾病，主要治疗方法是使用人工泪液。
目前，干眼病患者严重角膜炎治疗方面，仍存在着真真实实的治疗挑战。而Ikervis的上市，将为欧洲干眼病患者提供首个处方药，同时标志着该地区严重干眼病患者临床治疗的重大进步。
Ikervis的获批，是基于在欧洲开展的一项III期临床项目的数据。该研究在伴有严重角膜炎的干眼病成人患者中开展，调查了ciclosporin的疗效和安全性。根据所提交的质量、安全性和疗效数据，欧洲药品管理局（EMA）人用医药产品委员会（CHMP）在2015年1月建议批准Ikervis。CHMP审查后认为，Ikervis具有很好的效益-风险平衡，建议批准上市，造福欧洲的干眼病患者。
Ikervis的活性药物成分是环孢素（ciclosporin），这是一种免疫抑制剂，归属于眼科类治疗产品。环孢素能够阻断前炎性细胞因子 (pro-inflammatory cytokine)的释放，在眼表细胞发挥抗炎作用。Ikervis的治疗益处是能够改善眼表损伤并减少炎症反应。

IKERVIS 1 mg/mL eye drops, emulsion
Ikervis (ciclosporin) is indicated for the treatment of severe keratitis in adults with dry eye disease that has not improved despite treatment with tear substitutes.
As an immunosuppressant, ciclosporin acts to improve ocular surface damage and reduce inflammation.
1. Name of the medicinal product
IKERVIS 1 mg/mL eye drops, emulsion
2. Qualitative and quantitative composition
One mL of emulsion contains 1 mg of ciclosporin.
Excipient with known effect:
One mL of emulsion contains 0.05 mg cetalkonium chloride (see section 4.4).
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1.
3. Pharmaceutical form
Eye drops, emulsion.
Milky white emulsion.
4. Clinical particulars
4.1 Therapeutic indications
Treatment of severe keratitis in adult patients with dry eye disease, which has not improved despite treatment with tear substitutes (see section 5.1).
4.2 Posology and method of administration
IKERVIS treatment must be initiated by an ophthalmologist or a healthcare professional qualified in ophthalmology.
Posology
Adults
The recommended dose is one drop of IKERVIS once daily to be applied to the affected eye(s) at bedtime.
Response to treatment should be reassessed at least every 6 months.
If a dose is missed, treatment should be continued on the next day as normal. Patients should be advised not to instil more than one drop in the affected eye(s).
Elderly patients
The elderly population has been studied in clinical studies. No dose adjustment is required.
Patients with renal or hepatic impairment
The effect of IKERVIS has not been studied in patients with hepatic or renal impairment. However, no special considerations are needed in these populations.
Paediatric population
There is no relevant use of IKERVIS in children and adolescents aged below 18 in the treatment of severe keratitis in adult patients with dry eye disease, which has not improved despite treatment with tear substitutes.
Method of administration
Ocular use.
Precautions to be taken before administering the medicinal product
Patients should be instructed to first wash their hands.
Prior to administration, the single-dose container should be gently shaken.
For single use only. Each single-dose container is sufficient to treat both eyes. Any unused emulsion should be discarded immediately.
Patients should be instructed to use nasolacrimal occlusion and to close the eyelids for 2 minutes after instillation, to reduce the systemic absorption. This may result in a decrease in systemic undesirable effects and an increase in local activity (see section 4.4).
If more than one topical ophthalmic medicinal product is being used, the medicinal products must be administered at least 15 minutes apart. IKERVIS should be administered last (see section 4.4).
4.3 Contraindications
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.
Active or suspected ocular or peri-ocular infection.
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
IKERVIS has not been studied in patients with a history of ocular herpes and should therefore be used with caution in such patients.
Contact lenses
Patients wearing contact lenses have not been studied. Careful monitoring of patients with severe keratitis is recommended. Contact lenses should be removed before instillation of the eye drops at bedtime and may be reinserted at wake-up time.
Concomitant therapy
There is limited experience with IKERVIS in the treatment of patients with glaucoma. Caution should be exercised when treating these patients concomitantly with IKERVIS, especially with beta-blockers which are known to decrease tear secretion.
Effects on the immune system
Medicinal products, which affect the immune system, including ciclosporin, may affect host defences against infections and malignancies.
Co-administration of IKERVIS with eye drops containing corticosteroids could potentiate the effects of IKERVIS on the immune system (see section 4.5).
Excipient
IKERVIS contains cetalkonium chloride which may cause eye irritation.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction
No interaction studies have been performed with IKERVIS.
Combination with other medicinal products that affect the immune system
Co-administration of IKERVIS with eye drops containing corticosteroids could potentiate the effects of ciclosporin on the immune system (see section 4.4).
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Women of childbearing potential/contraception in females
IKERVIS is not recommended in women of childbearing potential not using effective contraception.
Pregnancy
There is no data from the use of IKERVIS in pregnant women.
Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity following systemic administration of ciclosporin at exposure considered sufficiently in excess of the maximum human exposure indicating little relevance to the clinical use of IKERVIS.
IKERVIS is not recommended during pregnancy unless the potential benefit to the mother outweighs the potential risk to the foetus.
Breast-feeding
Following oral administration, ciclosporin is excreted in breast milk. There is insufficient information on the effects of ciclosporin in newborns/infants. However, at therapeutic doses of ciclosporin in eye drops, it is unlikely that sufficient amounts would be present in breast milk. A decision must be made whether to discontinue breast-feeding or to discontinue/abstain from IKERVIS therapy taking into account the benefit of breast-feeding for the child and the benefit of therapy for the woman.
Fertility
There is no data on the effects of IKERVIS on human fertility.
No impairment of fertility has been reported in animals receiving intravenous ciclosporin (see section 5.3).
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
IKERVIS has moderate influence on the ability to drive and use machines.
This medicinal product may induce temporary blurred vision or other visual disturbances which may affect the ability to drive or use machines (see section 4.8). Patients should be advised not to drive or use machines until their vision has cleared.
4.8 Undesirable effects
Summary of the safety profile
In four clinical studies including 532 patients who received IKERVIS and 398 who received IKERVIS vehicle (control), IKERVIS was administered at least once a day in both eyes, for up to one year. The most common adverse reactions were eye pain (19%), eye irritation (17.8%), lacrimation (6.2%), ocular hyperaemia (5.5%) and eyelid erythema (1.7%) which were usually transitory and occurred during instillation.
The majority of adverse reactions reported in clinical studies with the use of IKERVIS were ocular and mild to moderate in severity.
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
The following adverse reactions listed below were observed in clinical studies. They are ranked according to system organ class and classified according to the following convention: very common (≥1/10), common (≥1/100 to <1/10), uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100), rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000), very rare (<1/10,000), or not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).

Infections and infestations	Uncommon	Keratitis bacterial, herpes zoster ophthalmic.
Eye disorders	Common	Erythema of eyelid, lacrimation increased, ocular hyperaemia, vision blurred, eyelid oedema, conjunctival hyperaemia, eye irritation, eye pain.
	Uncommon	Conjunctival oedema, lacrimal disorder, eye discharge, eye pruritus, conjunctival irritation, conjunctivitis, foreign body sensation in eyes, deposit eye, keratitis, blepharitis, corneal decompensation, chalazion, corneal infiltrates, corneal scar, eyelid pruritus, iridocyclitis.
General disorders and administration site conditions	Very common	Instillation site pain.
	Common	Instillation site irritation, instillation site erythema, instillation site lacrimation.
	Uncommon	Instillation site reaction, instillation site discomfort, instillation site pruritus, instillation site foreign body sensation.

Description of selected adverse reactions
Instillation site pain was a frequently reported local adverse reaction associated with the use of IKERVIS during clinical trials. It is likely to be attributable to ciclosporin.
One case of severe epithelial erosion of the cornea identified as corneal decompensation by the investigator resolved without sequeleae was reported.
Patients receiving immunosuppressive therapies, including ciclosporin, are at increased risk of infections. Both generalised and localised infections can occur. Pre-existing infections may also be aggravated (see section 4.3). Cases of infections have been reported uncommonly in association with the use of IKERVIS. To reduce the systemic absorption, see section 4.2.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.
4.9 Overdose
A topical overdose is not likely to occur after ocular administration. If overdose with IKERVIS occurs, treatment should be symptomatic and supportive.
5. Pharmacological properties
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Ophthalmologicals, other ophthalmologicals, ATC code: S01XA18.
Mechanism of action and pharmacodynamic effects
Ciclosporin (also known as ciclosporin A) is a cyclic polypeptide immunomodulator with immunosuppressant properties. It has been shown to prolong survival of allogeneic transplants in animals and significantly improved graft survival in all types of solid organ transplantation in man.
Ciclosporin has also been shown to have an anti-inflammatory effect. Studies in animals suggest that ciclosporin inhibits the development of cell-mediated reactions. Ciclosporin has been shown to inhibit the production and/or release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 2 (IL-2) or T-cell growth factor (TCGF). It is also known to up-regulate the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Ciclosporin appears to block the resting lymphocytes in the G0 or G1 phase of the cell cycle. All available evidence suggests that ciclosporin acts specifically and reversibly on lymphocytes and does not depress haematopoiesis or has any effect on the function of phagocytic cells..
In patients with dry eye disease, a condition that may be considered to have an inflammatory immunological mechanism, following ocular administration, ciclosporin is passively absorbed into T-lymphocyte infiltrates in the cornea and conjunctiva and inactivates calcineurin phosphatase. Ciclosporin-induced inactivation of calcineurin inhibits the dephosphorylation of the transcription factor NF-AT and prevents NF-AT translocation into the nucleus, thus blocking the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-2.
Clinical efficacy and safety
The efficacy and safety of IKERVIS were evaluated in two randomised, double-masked, vehicle-controlled clinical studies in adult patients with dry eye disease (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) who met the International Dry Eye Workshop (DEWS) criteria.
In the 12 month, double-masked, vehicle controlled, pivotal clinical trial (SANSIKA study), 246 Dry Eye Disease (DED) patients with severe keratitis (defined as a corneal fluorescein staining (CFS) score of 4 on the modified Oxford scale) were randomised to one drop of IKERVIS or vehicle daily at bedtime for 6 months. Patients randomised to the vehicle group were switched to IKERVIS after 6 months. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients achieving by Month 6 at least a two-grade improvement in keratitis (CFS) and a 30% improvement in symptoms, measured with the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI). The proportion of responders in the IKERVIS group was 28.6%, compared to 23.1% in the vehicle group. The difference was not statistically significant (p=0.326).
The severity of keratitis, assessed using CFS, improved significantly from baseline at Month 6 with IKERVIS compared to vehicle (mean change from baseline was -1.81 with IKERVIS vs. -1.48 with vehicle, p=0.037). The proportion of IKERVIS-treated patients with a 3-grade improvement in CFS score at Month 6 (from 4 to 1) was 28.8%, compared to 9.6% of vehicle-treated subjects, but this was a post-hoc analysis, which limits the robustness of this outcome. The beneficial effect on keratitis was maintained in the open phase of the study, from Month 6 and up to Month 12.
The mean change from baseline in the 100-point OSDI score was -13.6 with IKERVIS and -14.1 with vehicle at Month 6 (p=0.858). In addition, no improvement was observed for IKERVIS compared to vehicle at Month 6 for other secondary endpoints, including ocular discomfort score, Schirmer test, use of concomitant artificial tears, investigator's global evaluation of efficacy, tear break-up time, lissamine green staining, quality of life score, and tear osmolarity.
A reduction in the ocular surface inflammation assessed with Human Leukocyte Antigen-DR (HLA-DR) expression (an exploratory endpoint), was observed at Month 6 in favour of IKERVIS (p=0.021).
In the 6 month, double-masked, vehicle controlled, supportive clinical trial (SICCANOVE study), 492 DED patients with moderate to severe keratitis (defined as a CFS score of 2 to 4) were also randomised to IKERVIS or vehicle daily at bedtime for 6 months. The co-primary endpoints were the change in CFS score, and the change in global score of ocular discomfort unrelated to study medication instillation, both measured at Month 6. A small but statistically significant difference in CFS improvement was observed between the treatment groups at Month 6 in favour of IKERVIS (mean change from baseline in CFS -1.05 with IKERVIS and -0.82 with vehicle, p=0.009).
The mean change from baseline in ocular discomfort score (assessed using a Visual Analogic Scale) was -12.82 with IKERVIS and -11.21 with vehicle (p=0.808).
In both studies, no significant improvement of symptoms was observed for IKERVIS compared to vehicle after 6 months of treatment, whether using a visual analogue scale or the OSDI.
In both studies one third of the patients in average had Sjögren's syndrome; as for the overall population, a statistically significant improvement in CFS in favour of IKERVIS was observed in this subgroup of patients.
Paediatric population
The European Medicines Agency has waived the obligation to submit the results of studies with IKERVIS in all subsets of the paediatric population for dry eye disease (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use).
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties
Formal pharmacokinetic studies have not been conducted in humans with IKERVIS.
Blood concentrations of IKERVIS were measured using a specific high-pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay. In 374 patients from the two efficacy studies, plasma concentrations of ciclosporin were measured before administration and after 6 months (SICCANOVE study and SANSIKA study) and 12 months of treatment (SANSIKA study). After 6 months of ocular instillation of IKERVIS once per day, 327 patients had values below the lower limit of detection (0.050 ng/mL) and 35 patients were below the lower limit of quantification (0.100 ng/mL). Measurable values not exceeding 0.206 ng/mL were measured in eight patients, values considered to be negligible. Three patients had values above the upper limit of quantification (5 ng/mL) however they were already taking oral ciclosporin at a stable dose, which was allowed by the studies' protocol. After 12 months of treatment, values were below the low limit of detection for 56 patients and below the low limit of quantification in 19 patients. Seven patients had measurable values (from 0.105 to 1.27 ng/mL), all considered to be negligible values. Two patients had values above the upper limit of quantification, however they were also on oral ciclosporin at a stable dose since their inclusion in the study.
5.3 Preclinical safety data
Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, repeated dose toxicity, phototoxicity and photoallergy, genotoxicity, carcinogenic potential, toxicity to reproduction and development.
Effects in non-clinical studies were observed only with systemic administration or at exposures considered sufficiently in excess of the maximum human exposure indicating little relevance to clinical use.
6. Pharmaceutical particulars
6.1 List of excipients
Medium-chain triglycerides
Cetalkonium chloride
Glycerol
Tyloxapol
Poloxamer 188
Sodium hydroxide (to adjust pH)
Water for injections
6.2 Incompatibilities
Not applicable.
6.3 Shelf life
3 years.
6.4 Special precautions for storage
Do not freeze.
After opening of the aluminium pouches, the single-dose containers should be kept in the pouches in order to protect from light and avoid evaporation. Any opened individual single-dose container with any remaining emulsion should be discarded immediately after use.
6.5 Nature and contents of container
IKERVIS is supplied in 0.3 mL single-dose, low-density polyethylene (LDPE) containers presented in a sealed laminate aluminium pouch.
One pouch contains five single-dose containers.
Pack sizes: 30 and 90 single-dose containers.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
7. Marketing authorisation holder
SANTEN Oy
Niittyhaankatu 20
33720 Tampere
Finland
8. Marketing authorisation number(s)
EU/1/15/990/001
EU/1/15/990/002
9. Date of first authorisation/renewal of the authorisation
Date of first authorisation: 19 March 2015
10. Date of revision of the text
June 2015
Detailed information on this medicinal product is available on the website of the European Medicines Agency http://www.ema.europa.eu.