新型丙型肝炎药物Viekirax(ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir)薄膜片为首个三合一制剂治疗基因1型和4型慢性丙型肝炎获欧盟批准上市 通用名称：ombitasvir/paritaprevir/利托那韦 商标名称：Viekirax 活性物质：ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir 授权日期：2015年1月15日 治疗领域：丙型肝炎，慢性 药物治疗组：抗病毒药物系统用 上市许可持有人：艾伯维有限公司 Viekirax 12.5mg/75mg/50mg film-coated tablets 1. Name of the medicinal product Viekirax 12.5 mg/75 mg/50 mg film-coated tablets 2. Qualitative and quantitative composition Each film-coated tablet contains 12.5 mg of ombitasvir, 75 mg of paritaprevir and 50 mg of ritonavir. For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1. 3. Pharmaceutical form Film-coated tablet (tablet). Pink, oblong, biconvex, film-coated tablets of dimensions 18.8 mm x 10.0 mm, debossed on one side with 'AV1'. 4. Clinical particulars 4.1 Therapeutic indications Viekirax is indicated in combination with other medicinal products for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) in adults (see sections 4.2, 4.4, and 5.1). For hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype specific activity, see sections 4.4 and 5.1. 4.2 Posology and method of administration Treatment with Viekirax should be initiated and monitored by a physician experienced in the management of chronic hepatitis C. Posology The recommended oral dose of Viekirax is two 12.5 mg / 75 mg / 50 mg tablets once daily with food. Viekirax should be used in combination with other medicinal products for the treatment of HCV (see Table 1). Table 1. Recommended co-administered medicinal product(s) and treatment duration for Viekirax by patient population For specific dosage instructions for dasabuvir and ribavirin, including dose modification, refer to the respective Summaries of Product Characteristics. Missed doses In case a dose of Viekirax is missed, the prescribed dose can be taken within 12 hours. If more than 12 hours have passed since Viekirax is usually taken, the missed dose should NOT be taken and the patient should take the next dose per the usual dosing schedule. Patients should be instructed not to take a double dose. Special populations HIV-1 Co-infection Follow the dosing recommendations in Table 1. For dosing recommendations with HIV antiviral agents, refer to section 4.4 (Treatment of patients with HIV co-infection) and section 4.5. See section 5.1 for additional information. Liver transplant recipients Viekirax and dasabuvir in combination with ribavirin is recommended for 24 weeks in liver transplant recipients with genotype 1 HCV infection. Viekirax in combination with ribavirin is recommended in genotype 4 infection. Lower ribavirin dose at initiation may be appropriate. In the post-liver transplant study, ribavirin dosing was individualized and most subjects received 600 to 800 mg per day (see section 5.1). For dosing recommendations with calcineurin inhibitors see section 4.5. Elderly No dose adjustment of Viekirax is warranted in elderly patients (see section 5.2). Renal impairment No dose adjustment of Viekirax is required for patients with mild, moderate, or severe renal impairment (see section 5.2). Hepatic impairment No dose adjustment of Viekirax is required in patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh A). Viekirax is not recommended in patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh B) (see sections 4.4 and 4.8). Viekirax is contraindicated in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh C) (see sections 4.3 and 5.2). Paediatric population The safety and efficacy of Viekirax in children less than 18 years of age have not been established. No data are available. Method of administration The film-coated tablets are for oral use. Patients should be instructed to swallow the tablets whole (i.e. patients should not chew, break or dissolve the tablet). To maximise absorption, Viekirax tablets should be taken with food, without regard to fat and calorie content (see section 5.2). 4.3 Contraindications Hypersensitivity to the active substances or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1. Patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh C) (see section 5.2). Use of ethinylestradiol-containing medicinal products such as those contained in most combined oral contraceptives or contraceptive vaginal rings (see section 4.4 and 4.5). Medicinal products that are highly dependent on CYP3A for clearance and for which elevated plasma levels are associated with serious events must not be co-administered with Viekirax (see section 4.5). Examples are provided below. CYP3A4 substrates: • alfuzosin hydrochloride • amiodarone • astemizole, terfenadine • cisapride • colchicine in patients with renal or hepatic impairment • ergotamine, dihydroergotamine, ergonovine, methylergometrine • fusidic acid • lovastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin • oral midazolam, triazolam • pimozide • quetiapine • quinidine • salmeterol • sildenafil (when used for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension) • ticagrelor Co-administration of Viekirax with or without dasabuvir with medicinal products that are strong or moderate enzyme inducers is expected to decrease ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir plasma concentrations and reduce their therapeutic effect and must not be co-administered (see section 4.5). Examples of contraindicated strong or moderate enzyme inducers are provided below. Enzyme inducers: • carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital • efavirenz, nevirapine, etravirine • enzalutamide • mitotane • rifampicin • St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) Co-administration of Viekirax with or without dasabuvir with medicinal products that are strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 is expected to increase paritaprevir plasma concentrations and must not be co-administered with Viekirax (see section 4.5). Examples of contraindicated strong CYP3A4 inhibitors are provided below. CYP3A4 inhibitors: • cobicistat • indinavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, saquinavir, tipranavir, • itraconazole, ketoconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole • clarithromycin, telithromycin • conivaptan 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use General Viekirax is not recommended for administration as monotherapy and must be used in combination with other medicinal products for the treatment of hepatitis C infection (see sections 4.2 and 5.1). Risk of Hepatic Decompensation and Hepatic Failure in Patients with Cirrhosis Hepatic decompensation and hepatic failure, including liver transplantation or fatal outcomes, have been reported postmarketing in patients treated with Viekirax with and without dasabuvir and with and without ribavirin. Most patients with these severe outcomes had evidence of advanced or decompensated cirrhosis prior to initiating therapy. Although causality is difficult to establish due to background advanced liver disease, a potential risk cannot be excluded. Viekirax is not recommended in patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh B). Viekirax is contraindicated in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh C) (see sections 4.2, 4.3, 4.8 and 5.2). For patients with cirrhosis: • Monitor for clinical signs and symptoms of hepatic decompensation (such as ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, variceal haemorrhage). • Hepatic laboratory testing including direct bilirubin levels should be performed at baseline, during the first 4 weeks of starting treatment and as clinically indicated thereafter. • Discontinue treatment in patients who develop evidence of hepatic decompensation. ALT elevations During clinical trials with Viekirax and dasabuvir with or without ribavirin, transient elevations of ALT to greater than 5 times the upper limit of normal occurred in approximately 1% of subjects (35 of 3,039). ALT elevations were asymptomatic and generally occurred during the first 4 weeks of treatment, without concomitant elevations of bilirubin, and declined within approximately two weeks of onset with continued dosing of Viekirax and dasabuvir with or without ribavirin. These ALT elevations were significantly more frequent in the subgroup of subjects who were using ethinylestradiol-containing medicinal products such as combined oral contraceptives or contraceptive vaginal rings (6 of 25 subjects); (see section 4.3). In contrast, the rate of ALT elevations in subjects using other types of estrogens as typically used in hormonal replacement therapy (i.e., oral and topical estradiol and conjugated estrogens) was similar to the rate observed in subjects who were not using estrogen-containing products (approximately 1% in each group). Patients who are taking ethinylestradiol-containing medicinal products (i.e. most combined oral contraceptives or contraceptive vaginal rings) must switch to an alternative method of contraception (e.g., progestin only contraception or non-hormonal methods) prior to initiating Viekirax and dasabuvir therapy (see sections 4.3 and 4.5). Although ALT elevations associated with Viekirax and dasabuvir have been asymptomatic, patients should be instructed to watch for early warning signs of liver inflammation, such as fatigue, weakness, lack of appetite, nausea and vomiting, as well as later signs such as jaundice and discoloured faeces, and to consult a doctor without delay if such symptoms occur. Routine monitoring of liver enzymes is not necessary in patients that do not have cirrhosis (for cirrhotics, see above). Early discontinuation may result in drug resistance, but implications for future therapy are not known. Pregnancy and concomitant use with ribavirin Also see section 4.6. Extreme caution must be taken to avoid pregnancy in female patients and female partners of male patients when Viekirax is taken in combination with ribavirin, see section 4.6 and refer to the Summary of Product Characteristics for ribavirin for additional information. Genotype-specific activity Concerning recommended regimens with different HCV genotypes, see section 4.2. Concerning genotype- specific virological and clinical activity, see section 5.1. The efficacy of Viekirax has not been established in patients with HCV genotypes 2, 3, 5 and 6; therefore Viekirax should not be used to treat patients infected with these genotypes. There are no data on the use of Viekirax and ribavirin in patients with HCV genotype 4 infection with compensated cirrhosis and therefore the optimal treatment duration has not been established. Based on in vitro antiviral activity and available clinical data in HCV genotype 1, a conservative treatment duration of 24 weeks is recommended for patients with HCV genotype 4 and compensated cirrhosis. Co-administration with other direct-acting antivirals against HCV Viekirax safety and efficacy have been established in combination with dasabuvir and/or ribavirin. Co-administration of Viekirax with other antivirals has not been studied and therefore cannot be recommended. Retreatment The efficacy of Viekirax in patients previously exposed to Viekirax, or to medicinal products of the same classes as those of Viekirax (NS3/4A inhibitors or NS5A inhibitors), has not been demonstrated. Concerning cross-resistance, see also section 5.1. Use with glucocorticoids metabolised by CYP3A (e.g. fluticasone) Caution should be used when administering Viekirax with fluticasone or other glucocorticoids that are metabolised by CYP3A4. Concomitant use of inhaled glucocorticoids metabolised with CYP3A can increase systemic exposures of the glucocorticoids, and cases of Cushing's syndrome and subsequent adrenal suppression have been reported with ritonavir-containing regimens. Concomitant use of Viekirax and glucocorticoids, particularly long-term use, should only be initiated if the potential benefit of treatment outweighs the risk of systemic corticosteroid effects (see section 4.5). Use with colchicine The interaction between Viekirax with or without dasabuvir and colchicine has not been evaluated. A reduction in colchicine dosage or an interruption of colchicine treatment is recommended in patients with normal renal or hepatic function if treatment with Viekirax with or without dasabuvir is required (see section 4.5). In patients with renal or hepatic impairment, use of colchicine with Viekirax with or without dasabuvir is contraindicated (see section 4.3 and 4.5). Use with statins Simvastatin, lovastatin and atorvastatin are contraindicated (see section 4.3 and 4.5). Rosuvastatin Viekirax with dasabuvir is expected to increase the exposure to rosuvastatin more than 3-fold. If rosuvastatin treatment is required during the treatment period, the maximum daily dose of rosuvastatin should be 5 mg (see section 4.5, Table 2).The increase in rosuvastatin when combined with Viekirax without dasabuvir is less pronounced. In this combination, the maximum daily dose of rosuvastatin should be 10 mg (see section 4.5, Table 2). Pitavastatin and fluvastatin The interactions between pitavastatin and fluvastatin and Viekirax have not been investigated. Theoretically, Viekirax with and without dasabuvir is expected to increase the exposure to pitavastatin and fluvastatin. A temporary suspension of pitavastatin/fluvastatin is recommended for the duration of treatment with Viekirax. If statin treatment is required during the treatment period, a switch to a reduced dose of pravastatin/rosuvastatin is possible (see section 4.5, Table 2). Treatment of patients with HIV co-infection Low dose ritonavir, which is part of the fixed dose combination Viekirax, may select for PI resistance in HIV co-infected patients without ongoing antiretroviral therapy. HIV co-infected patients without suppressive antiretroviral therapy should not be treated with Viekirax. Drug interactions need to be carefully taken into account in the setting of HIV co-infection (for details see section 4.5, Table 2). Atazanavir can be used in combination with Viekirax and dasabuvir, if administered at the same time. To be noted, atazanavir should be taken without ritonavir, since ritonavir 100 mg once daily is provided as part of Viekirax. The combination carries an increased risk for hyperbilirubinemia (including ocular icterus), in particular when ribavirin is part of the hepatitis C regimen. Darunavir, dosed 800 mg once daily, if administered at the same time as Viekirax and dasabuvir, can be used in the absence of extensive PI resistance (darunavir exposure lowered). To be noted, darunavir should be taken without ritonavir, since ritonavir 100 mg once daily is provided as part of Viekirax. HIV protease inhibitors other than atazanavir and darunavir (e.g., indinavir, saquinavir, tipranavir, lopinavir/ritonavir) are contraindicated (see section 4.3). Raltegravir exposure is substantially increased (2-fold). The combination was not linked to any particular safety issues in a limited set of patients treated for 12-24 weeks. Rilpivirine exposure is substantially increased (3-fold) when rilpivirine is given in combination with Viekirax and dasabuvir, with a consequent potential for QT-prolongation. If an HIV protease inhibitor is added (atazanavir, darunavir), rilpivirine exposure may increase even further and is therefore not recommended. Rilpivirine should be used cautiously, in the setting of repeated ECG monitoring. NNRTIs other than rilpivirine (efavirenz, etravirine and nevirapine) are contraindicated (see section 4.3). HCV/HBV (Hepatitis B Virus) co-infection The safety and efficacy of Viekirax have not been established in patients with HCV/HBV co-infection. Paediatric population The safety and efficacy of Viekirax in children below 18 years have not been established. No data are available. 4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction Viekirax may be administered with or without dasabuvir. When co-administered, they exert mutual effects on each other (see section 5.2). Therefore, the interaction profile of the compounds must be considered as a combination. Pharmacodynamic interactions Coadministration with enzyme inducers may increase the risk of adverse events and ALT elevations (see Table 2). Coadministration with ethinylestradiol may increase the risk of ALT elevations (see sections 4.3 and 4.4). Examples of contraindicated enzyme inducers are provided in section 4.3. Pharmacokinetic interactions Potential for Viekirax to affect the pharmacokinetics of other medicinal products In vivo drug interaction studies evaluated the net effect of the combination treatment, including ritonavir. The following section describes the specific transporters and metabolizing enzymes that are affected by Viekirax with or without dasabuvir. See Table 2 for guidance regarding potential interactions with other medicinal products and dosing recommendations. Medicinal products metabolised by CYP3A4 Ritonavir is a strong inhibitor of CYP3A. Co-administration of Viekirax with or without dasabuvir with medicinal products primarily metabolized by CYP3A may result in increased plasma concentrations of these medicinal products. Medicinal products that are highly dependent on CYP3A for clearance and for which elevated plasma levels are associated with serious events are contraindicated (see section 4.3 and Table 2). CYP3A substrates evaluated in drug interaction studies which may require dose adjustment and/or clinical monitoring include (see Table 2) cyclosporine, tacrolimus, amlodipine, rilpivirine and alprazolam. Examples of other CYP3A4 substrates which may require dose adjustment and/or clinical monitoring include calcium channel blockers (e.g. nifedipine), and trazodone. Although buprenorphine and zolpidem are also metabolized by CYP3A, drug interaction studies indicate that no dose adjustment is needed when co-administering these medicinal products with Viekirax with or without dasabuvir (see Table 2). Medicinal products transported by the OATP family and OCT1 Paritaprevir is an inhibitor of the hepatic uptake transporters OATP1B1 and OATP1B3, and paritaprevir and ritonavir are inhibitors of OATP2B1. Ritonavir is an in vitro inhibitor of OCT1, but the clinical relevance is unknown. Co-administration of Viekirax with or without dasabuvir with medicinal products that are substrates of OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OATP2B1 or OCT1 may increase plasma concentrations of these transporter substrates, potentially requiring dose adjustment/clinical monitoring. Such medicinal products include some statins (see Table 2), fexofenadine, repaglinide and angiotensin II receptor antagonists (e.g., valsartan). OATP1B1/3 substrates evaluated in drug interaction studies include pravastatin and rosuvastatin (see Table 2). Medicinal products transported by BCRP Paritaprevir, ritonavir and dasabuvir are inhibitors of BCRP in vivo. Co-administration of Viekirax with or without dasabuvir together with medicinal products that are substrates of BCRP may increase plasma concentrations of these transporter substrates, potentially requiring dose adjustment/clinical monitoring. Such medicinal products include sulfasalazine, imatinib and some of the statins (see Table 2). BCRP substrates evaluated in drug interaction studies include rosuvastatin (see Table 2). Medicinal products transported by P-gp in the intestine While paritaprevir, ritonavir and dasabuvir are in vitro inhibitors of P-gp, no significant change was observed in the exposure of the P-gp substrate digoxin when administered with Viekirax and dasabuvir. However, co-administration of digoxin with Viekirax without dasabuvir may result in increased plasma concentrations (see Table 2). Viekirax may increase the plasma exposure to medicinal products that are sensitive for changed intestinal P-gp activity (such as dabigatran etexilate). Medicinal products metabolised by glucuronidation (UGT1A1) Paritaprevir, ombitasvir and dasabuvir are inhibitors of UGT1A1. Co-administration of Viekirax with or without dasabuvir with medicinal products that are primarily metabolized by UGT1A1 result in increased plasma concentrations of such medicinal products; routine clinical monitoring is recommended for narrow therapeutic index medicinal products (i.e. levothyroxine). See also Table 2 for specific advice on raltegravir and buprenorphine, which have been evaluated in drug interaction studies. Medicinal products metabolised by CYP2C19 Co-administration of Viekirax with or without dasabuvir can decrease exposures of medicinal products that are metabolized by CYP2C19 (e.g. lansoprazole, esomeprazole, s-mephenytoin), which may require dose adjustment/clinical monitoring. CYP2C19 substrates evaluated in drug interaction studies include omeprazole and escitalopram (see Table 2). Medicinal products metabolised by CYP2C9 Viekirax administered with or without dasabuvir did not affect the exposures of the CYP2C9 substrate, warfarin. Other CYP2C9 substrates (NSAIDs (e.g. ibuprofen), antidiabetics (e.g. glimepiride, glipizide) are not expected to require dose adjustments. Medicinal products metabolised by CYP2D6 or CYP1A2 Viekirax administered with or without dasabuvir did not affect the exposures of the CYP2D6/CYP1A2 substrate, duloxetine. Other CYP1A2 substrates (e.g. ciprofloxacin, theophylline and caffeine) and CYP2D6 substrates (e.g. desipramine, metoprolol and dextromethorphan) are not expected to require dose adjustments. Medicinal products renally excreted via transport proteins Ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir do not inhibit organic anion transporter (OAT1) in vivo as shown by the lack of interaction with tenofovir (OAT1 substrate). In vitro studies show that ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir are not inhibitors of organic cation transporters (OCT2), organic anion transporters (OAT3), or multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (MATE1 and MATE2K) at clinically relevant concentrations. Therefore, Viekirax with or without dasabuvir is not expected to affect medicinal products which are primarily excreted by the renal route via these transporters (see section 5.2). Potential for other medicinal products to affect the pharmacokinetics of ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and dasabuvir Medicinal products that inhibit CYP3A4 Co-administration of Viekirax with or without dasabuvir with strong inhibitors of CYP3A may increase paritaprevir concentrations (see section 4.3 and Table 2). Enzyme inducers Co-administration of Viekirax and dasabuvir with medicinal products that are moderate or strong enzyme inducers is expected to decrease ombitasvir, paritaprevir, ritonavir and dasabuvir plasma concentrations and reduce their therapeutic effect. Contraindicated enzyme inducers are provided in section 4.3 and Table 2. Medicinal products that inhibit CYP3A4 and transport proteins Paritaprevir is eliminated via CYP3A4 mediated metabolism and biliary excretion (substrate of the hepatic transporters OATP1B1, P-gp and BCRP). Caution is advised if co-administering Viekirax with medicinal products that are both moderate inhibitors of CYP3A4 and inhibitors of multiple transporters (P-gp, BCRP and/or OATP1B1/ OATP1B3). These medicinal products may show clinically relevant increases in exposures of paritaprevir (e.g., ritonavir with atazanavir, erythromycin, diltiazem or verapamil). Medicinal products that inhibit transport proteins Potent inhibitors of P-gp, BCRP, OATP1B1 and/or OATP1B3 have the potential to increase the exposure to paritaprevir. Inhibition of these transporters is not expected to show clinically relevant increases in exposures of ombitasvir and dasabuvir. Drug interaction studies Recommendations for co-administration of Viekirax with and without dasabuvir for a number of medicinal products are provided in Table 2. If a patient is already taking medicinal product(s) or initiating a medicinal product while receiving Viekirax with or without dasabuvir for which potential for drug interaction is expected, dose adjustment of the concomitant medicinal product(s) or appropriate clinical monitoring should be considered (Table 2). If dose adjustments of concomitant medicinal products are made due to treatment with Viekirax or Viekirax with dasabuvir, doses should be re-adjusted after administration of Viekirax or Viekirax with dasabuvir is completed. Table 2 provides the Least Squares Means Ratio (90% Confidence Interval) effect on concentration of Viekirax with or without dasabuvir and concomitant medicinal products. The magnitude of interaction when administered with medicinal products listed in Table 2 are similar (≤25% difference in the Least Square Means ratio) for Viekirax with or without dasabuvir, unless otherwise noted. Drug interactions were evaluated for the Viekirax and dasabuvir regimen, but not for the Viekirax without dasabuvir, with carbamazepine, furosemide, zolpidem, darunavir twice daily, darunavir (evening administration), atazanavir (evening administration) or rilpivirine. Thus, for these medicinal products, results and dosing recommendations of the Viekirax and dasabuvir regimen can be extrapolated to Viekirax without dasabuvir. The direction of the arrow indicates the direction of the change in exposures (Cmax, and AUC) in paritaprevir, ombitasvir, dasabuvir and the co-administered medicinal product (↑ = increase (more than 20%), ↓ = decrease (of more than 20%), ↔ = no change or change less than 20%). This is not an exclusive list. Table 2. Interactions between Viekirax with or without dasabuvir and other medicinal products 1. Lopinavir/ritonavir 800/200 mg once daily (administered in the evening) was also administered with Viekirax with or without dasabuvir. The effect on Cmax and AUC of DAAs and lopinavir was similar to that observed when lopinavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg twice daily was administered with Viekirax with or without dasabuvir. 2. Rilpivirine was also administered in the evening with food and at night 4 hours after dinner with Viekirax + dasabuvir in other two arms in the study. The effect on rilpivirine exposures was similar to that observed when rilpivirine was administered in the morning with food with Viekirax + dasabuvir (shown in the table above). 3. Ciclosporin 100 mg dosed alone, 10 mg administered with Viekirax and 30 mg administered with Viekirax + dasabuvir. Dose normalized cyclosporine ratios are shown for interaction with Viekirax with or without dasabuvir. 4. Tacrolimus 2 mg was dosed alone and Tacrolimus 0.5 mg was administered with Viekirax and 2 mg was administered with Viekirax + dasabuvir. Dose normalized tacrolimus ratios are shown for interaction with Viekirax with or without dasabuvir. 5. Dose normalised parameters reported for methadone, buprenorphine and naloxone. Note: Doses used for Viekirax and dasabuvir were: ombitasvir 25 mg, paritaprevir 150 mg, ritonavir 100 mg, once daily and dasabuvir 400 mg twice daily or 250 mg twice daily. The dasabuvir exposures obtained with the 400 mg formulation and the 250 mg tablet are similar. Viekirax with or without dasabuvir was administered as multiple doses in all the drug interaction studies except the drug interaction studies with carbamazepine, gemfibrozil and ketoconazole. Paediatric population Drug interaction studies have only been performed in adults. 4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation Women of childbearing potential / contraception in males and females Extreme caution must be taken to avoid pregnancy in female patients and female partners of male patients when Viekirax is taken in combination with ribavirin. Significant teratogenic and/or embryocidal effects have been demonstrated in all animal species exposed to ribavirin; therefore, ribavirin is contraindicated in women who are pregnant and in the male partners of women who are pregnant. Refer to the Summary of Product Characteristics for ribavirin for additional information. Female patients: Women of childbearing potential should not receive ribavirin unless they are using an effective form of contraception during treatment with ribavirin and for 4 months after treatment. Ethinylestradiol is contraindicated in combination with Viekirax (see sections 4.3 and 4.4). Male patients and their female partners: Either male patients or their female partners of childbearing potential must use a form of effective contraception during treatment with ribavirin and for 7 months after treatment. Pregnancy There are very limited data from the use of Viekirax in pregnant women. Studies with ombitasvir and paritaprevir/ritonavir in animals have shown malformations (see section 5.3). The potential risk for humans is unknown. Viekirax should not be used during pregnancy or in women of childbearing potential not using effective contraception. If ribavirin is co-administered with Viekirax, the contraindications regarding use of ribavirin during pregnancy apply (see also the Summary of Product Characteristics of ribavirin). Breast-feeding It is not known whether paritaprevir /ritonavir or ombitasvir and their metabolites are excreted in human breast milk. Available pharmacokinetic data in animals have shown excretion of active substance and metabolite in milk (see section 5.3). Because of the potential for adverse reactions from the medicinal product in breastfed infants, a decision must be made whether to discontinue breast-feeding or discontinue treatment with Viekirax, taking into account the importance of the therapy to the mother. For patients co-administered ribavirin refer to the Summary of Product Characteristics of ribavirin. Fertility No human data on the effect of Viekirax on fertility are available. Animal studies do not indicate harmful effects on fertility (see section 5.3). 4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines Patients should be informed that fatigue has been reported during treatment with Viekirax in combination with dasabuvir and ribavirin (see section 4.8). 4.8 Undesirable effects Summary of the safety profile The safety summary is based on pooled data from phase 2 and 3 clinical trials in more than 2,600 subjects who received Viekirax and dasabuvir with or without ribavirin. In subjects receiving Viekirax and dasabuvir with ribavirin, the most commonly reported adverse reactions (greater than 20% of subjects) were fatigue and nausea. The proportion of subjects who permanently discontinued treatment due to adverse reactions was 0.2% (5/2,044) and 4.8% (99/2,044) of subjects had ribavirin dose reductions due to adverse reactions. In subjects receiving Viekirax and dasabuvir without ribavirin, adverse events typically associated to ribavirin (e.g. nausea, insomnia, anaemia) were less frequent and no subjects (0/588) permanently discontinued treatment due to adverse reactions. The safety profile of Viekirax and dasabuvir was similar in subjects without cirrhosis, and with compensated cirrhosis with the exception of increased rates of transient hyperbilirubinemia when ribavirin was part of the regimen. Tabulated list of adverse reactions Table 3 lists adverse reactions for which a causal relationship between paritaprevir/ombitasvir/ritonavir, in combination with dasabuvir and/or ribavirin, and the adverse event is at least a reasonable possibility. The majority of adverse reactions presented in Table 3 were of grade 1 severity in Viekirax and dasabuvir-containing regimens. The adverse reactions are listed below by system organ class and frequency. Frequencies are defined as follows: very common (≥1/10), common (≥1/100 to <1/10), uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100), rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1,000) or very rare (<1/10,000). Table 3. Adverse drug reactions identified with Viekirax in combination with dasabuvir with and without ribavirin *Data set includes all genotype 1-infected subjects in Phase 2 and 3 trials including subjects with cirrhosis. Note: For laboratory abnormalities, refer to Table 4 Description of selected adverse reactions Laboratory abnormalities Changes in selected laboratory parameters are described in Table 4. A side-by-side tabulation is shown to simplify presentation; direct comparison across trials should not be made due to differing trial designs. Table 4. Selected treatment emergent laboratory abnormalities Serum ALT elevations In a pooled analysis of clinical trials with Viekirax and dasabuvir with and without ribavirin, 1% of subjects experienced serum ALT levels greater than 5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) after starting treatment. As the incidence of such elevations was 26% among women taking a concomitant ethinylestradiol-containing medicinal product, such medicinal products are contraindicated with Viekirax with or without dasabuvir. No increase in incidence of ALT elevations was observed with other types of estrogens commonly used for hormone replacement therapy (e.g. estradiol and conjugated estrogens). ALT elevations were typically asymptomatic, generally occurred during the first 4 weeks of treatment (mean time 20 days, range 8-57 days) and most resolved with ongoing therapy. Two patients discontinued Viekirax and dasabuvir due to elevated ALT, including one on ethinylestradiol. Three interrupted Viekirax and dasabuvir for one to seven days, including one on ethinylestradiol. The majority of these ALT elevations were transient and assessed as drug-related. Elevations in ALT were generally not associated with bilirubin elevations. Cirrhosis was not a risk factor for elevated ALT (see section 4.4). Serum bilirubin elevations Transient elevations in serum bilirubin (predominantly indirect) were observed in subjects receiving Viekirax and dasabuvir with ribavirin, related to the inhibition of the bilirubin transporters OATP1B1/1B3 by paritaprevir and ribavirin-induced haemolysis. Bilirubin elevations occurred after initiation of treatment, peaked by study Week 1, and generally resolved with ongoing therapy. Bilirubin elevations were not associated with aminotransferase elevations. The frequency of indirect bilirubin elevations was lower among subjects who did not receive ribavirin. Liver transplant recipients The overall safety profile in HCV-infected transplant recipients who were administered Viekirax and dasabuvir and ribavirin (in addition to their immunosuppressant medications) was similar to subjects treated with Viekirax and dasabuvir and ribavirin in phase 3 clinical trials, although some adverse reactions were increased in frequency. 10 subjects (29.4%) had at least one post baseline haemoglobin value of less than 10 g/dL. 10 of 34 subjects (29.4%) dose modified ribavirin due to decrease in haemoglobin and 2.9% (1/34) had an interruption of ribavirin. Ribavirin dose modification did not impact SVR rates. 5 subjects required erythropoietin, all of whom initiated ribavirin at the starting dose of 1000 to 1200 mg daily. No subject received a blood transfusion. HIV/HCV co-infected patients The overall safety profile in HCV/HIV-1 co-infected subjects was similar to that observed in HCV mono-infected subjects. Transient elevations in total bilirubin >3 x ULN (mostly indirect) occurred in 17 (27.0%) subjects; 15 of these subjects were receiving atazanavir. None of the subjects with hyperbilirubinemia had concomitant elevations of aminotransferases. Post Marketing Adverse Reactions Hepatobiliary Disorders: Hepatic decompensation, hepatic failure have been observed during treatment with Viekirax with and without dasabuvir and with or without ribavirin (see section 4.4). The frequency of these events is unknown. Paediatric population The safety of Viekirax in children and adolescents aged < 18 years has not yet been established. No data are available. Reporting of suspected adverse reactions Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via: Ireland HPRA Pharmacovigilance Earlsfort Terrace IRL - Dublin 2 Tel: +353 1 6764971 Fax: +353 1 6762517 Website: www.hpra.ie e-mail: medsafety@hpra.ie Malta ADR Reporting Website: www.medicinesauthority.gov.mt/adrportal United Kingdom Yellow Card Scheme Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard 4.9 Overdose The highest documented single dose administered to healthy volunteers was 400 mg for paritaprevir (with 100 mg ritonavir), 200 mg for ritonavir (with 100 mg paritaprevir) and 350 mg for ombitasvir. No study related adverse reactions with paritaprevir, ritonavir, or ombitasvir were observed. Transient increases in indirect bilirubin were observed at the highest doses of paritaprevir/ritonavir. In case of overdose, it is recommended that the patient be monitored for any signs or symptoms of adverse reactions or effects and appropriate symptomatic treatment instituted immediately. 5. Pharmacological properties 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antivirals for systemic use; direct-acting antivirals, ATC code: J05AX67 Mechanism of action Viekirax, when co-administered with dasabuvir, combines three direct-acting antiviral agents with distinct mechanisms of action and non-overlapping resistance profiles to target HCV at multiple steps in the viral lifecycle. Refer to the Summary of Product Characteristics of dasabuvir for its pharmacological properties. Ritonavir Ritonavir is not active against HCV. Ritonavir is a CYP3A inhibitor that increases the systemic exposure of the CYP3A substrate paritaprevir. Ombitasvir Ombitasvir is an inhibitor of HCV NS5A which is essential for viral replication. Paritaprevir Paritaprevir is an inhibitor of HCV NS3/4A protease which is necessary for the proteolytic cleavage of the HCV encoded polyprotein (into mature forms of the NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A, and NS5B proteins) and is essential for viral replication. Activity in cell culture and/or biochemical studies Ombitasvir The EC50 of ombitasvir against genotype 1a-H77 and 1b-Con1 strains in HCV replicon cell culture assays was 14.1 and 5 pM, respectively. The activity of ombitasvir was attenuated 11- to 13-fold in the presence of 40% human plasma. The mean EC50 of ombitasvir against replicons containing NS5A from a panel of treatment-naïve genotype 1a and 1b isolates in the HCV replicon cell culture assay was 0.66 pM (range 0.35 to 0.88 pM; n=11) and 1.0 pM (range 0.74 to 1.5 pM; n=11), respectively. Ombitasvir has EC50 values of 12, 4.3, 19, 1.7, 3.2, and 366 pM against replicon cell lines constructed with NS5A from single isolates representing genotypes 2a, 2b, 3a, 4a, 5a, and 6a, respectively. Paritaprevir The EC50 of paritaprevir against genotype 1a-H77 and 1b-Con1 strains in the HCV replicon cell culture assay was 1.0 and 0.21 nM, respectively. The activity of paritaprevir was attenuated 24 to 27 -fold in the presence of 40% human plasma. The mean EC50 of paritaprevir against replicons containing NS3 from a panel of treatment-naïve genotype 1a and 1b isolates in the HCV replicon cell culture assay was 0.86 nM (range 0.43 to 1.87 nM; n=11) and 0.06 nM (range 0.03 to 0.09 nM; n=9), respectively. Paritaprevir had an EC50 value of 5.3 nM against the 2a-JFH-1 replicon cell line, and EC50 values of 19, 0.09, and 0.68 nM against replicon cell lines containing NS3 from a single isolate each of genotype 3a, 4a, and 6a, respectively Ritonavir did not exhibit a direct antiviral effect on the replication of HCV subgenomic replicons, and the presence of ritonavir did not affect the in vitro antiviral activity of paritaprevir. Resistance In cell culture Genotype 1 Resistance to paritaprevir and ombitasvir conferred by variants in NS3 and NS5A respectively, selected in cell culture or identified in Phase 2b and 3 clinical trials were phenotypically characterised in the appropriate genotype 1a or 1b replicons. In genotype 1a, substitutions F43L, R155K, A156T, and D168A/F/H/V/Y in HCV NS3 reduced susceptibility to paritaprevir. In the genotype 1a replicon, the activity of paritaprevir was reduced 20-, 37-, and 17-fold by the F43L, R155K and A156T substitutions, respectively. The activity of paritaprevir was reduced 96-fold by D168V, and 50- to 219-fold by each of the other D168 substitutions. The activity of paritaprevir in genotype 1a was not significantly affected (less than or equal to 3-fold) by single substitutions V36A/M, V55I, Y56H, Q80K or E357K. Double variants including combinations of V36LM, F43L, Y56H, Q80K or E357K with R155K or with a D168 substitution reduced the activity of paritaprevir by an additional 2 to 3-fold relative to the single R155K or D168 substitution. In the genotype 1b replicon, the activity of paritaprevir was reduced 76- and 159-and 337- fold by D168A, D168H, D168V, and D168Y respectively. Y56H alone could not be evaluated due to poor replication capacity, however, the combination of Y56H and D168A/V/Y reduced the activity of paritaprevir by 700- to 4118-fold. In genotype 1a, substitutions M28T/V, Q30E/R, L31V, H58D, Y93C/H/N, and M28V + Q30R in HCV NS5A reduced susceptibility to ombitasvir. In the genotype 1a replicon, the activity of ombitasvir was reduced by 896-, 58- and 243-fold against the M28T/V and H58D substitutions, respectively, and 1326-, 800-, 155-foldand 1675- to 66740- fold by the Q30E/R, L31V and Y93C/H/N substitutions, respectively. Y93H, Y93N or M28V in combination with Q30R reduced the activity of ombitasvir by more than 42,802-fold. In genotype 1b, substitutions L28T, L31F/V, as well as Y93H alone or in combination with L28M, R30Q, L31F/M/V or P58S in HCV NS5A reduced susceptibility to ombitasvir. In the genotype 1b replicon, the activity of ombitasvir was reduced by less than 10-fold by variants at amino acid positions 30 and 31. The activity of ombitasvir was reduced by 661-, 77-, 284- and 142-fold against the genotype 1b substitutions L28T, Y93H, R30Q in combination with Y93H, and L31M in combination with Y93H, respectively. All other double substitutions of Y93H in combination with substitutions at positions 28, 31, or 58 reduced the activity of ombitasvir by more than 400-fold. Genotype 4 In genotype 4a, resistance to paritaprevir or ombitasvir by variants in NS3 or NS5A, respectively, selected in cell culture were phenotypically characterised. Substitutions R155C, A156T/V, and D168H/V in HCV NS3 reduced susceptibility to paritaprevir by 40- to 323-fold. Substitution L28V in HCV NS5A reduced the susceptibility to ombitasvir by 21-fold. Effect of baseline HCV substitutions/polymorphisms on treatment outcome A pooled analysis of subjects with genotype 1 HCV infection, who were treated with ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and dasabuvir (a non-nucleotide NS5B inhibitor) with or without ribavirin in the Phase 2b and 3 clinical trials was conducted to explore the association between baseline NS3/4A, NS5A or NS5B substitutions/polymorphisms and treatment outcome in recommended regimens. In the greater than 500 genotype 1a baseline samples in this analysis, the most frequently observed resistance-associated variants were M28V (7.4%) in NS5A and S556G (2.9%) in NS5B. Q80K, although a highly prevalent polymorphism in NS3 (41.2% of samples), confers minimal resistance to paritaprevir. Resistance-associated variants at amino acid positions R155 and D168 in NS3 were rarely observed (less than 1%) at baseline. In the greater than 200 genotype 1b baseline samples in this analysis, the most frequently observed resistance-associated variants observed were Y93H (7.5%) in NS5A, and C316N (17.0%) and S556G (15%) in NS5B. Given the low virologic failure rates observed with recommended treatment regimens for HCV genotype 1a- and 1b-infected subjects, the presence of baseline variants appears to have little impact on the likelihood of achieving SVR. In clinical studies Of the 2,510 HCV genotype 1 infected subjects who were treated with regimens containing ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and dasabuvir with or without ribavirin (for 8, 12, or 24 weeks) in Phase 2b and 3 clinical trials, a total of 74 subjects (3%) experienced virologic failure (primarily post-treatment relapse). Treatment-emergent variants and their prevalence in these virologic failure populations are shown in Table 5. In the 67 genotype 1a infected subjects, NS3 variants were observed in 50 subjects, NS5A variants were observed in 46 subjects, NS5B variants were observed in 37 subjects, and treatment-emergent variants were seen in all 3 drug targets in 30 subjects. In the 7 genotype 1b infected subjects, treatment-emergent variants were observed in NS3 in 4 subjects, in NS5A in 2 subjects, and in both NS3 and NS5A in 1 subject. No genotype 1b infected subjects had treatment-emergent variants in all 3 drug targets. Table 5. Treatment-emergent amino acid substitutions in the pooled analysis of Viekirax and dasabuvir with and without RBV regimens in Phase 2b and Phase 3 clinical trials (N=2510) a. Observed in at least 2 subjects of the same subtype. b. N=66 for the NS5B target. c. Substitutions were observed in combination with other emergent substitutions at NS3 position R155 or D168. d. Observed in combination in genotype 1b-infected subjects. e. Observed in combination in 6% (4/67) of the subjects. Note: The following variants were selected in cell culture but were not treatment-emergent: NS3 variants A156T in genotype 1a, and R155Q and D168H in genotype 1b; NS5A variants Y93C/H in genotype 1a, and L31F/V or Y93H in combination with L28M, L31F/V or P58S in genotype 1b; and NS5B variants Y448H in genotype 1a, and M414T and Y448H in genotype 1b. Persistence of resistance-associated substitutions The persistence of paritaprevir, ombitasvir, and dasabuvir resistance-associated amino acid substitutions in NS3, NS5A, and NS5B, respectively, was assessed in genotype 1a-infected subjects in Phase 2b trials. Paritaprevir treatment-emergent variants V36A/M, R155K or D168V were observed in NS3 in 47 subjects. Ombitasvir treatment-emergent variants M28T, M28V or Q30R in NS5A were observed in 32 subjects. Dasabuvir treatment-emergent variants M414T, G554S, S556G, G558R or D559G/N in NS5B were observed in 34 subjects. NS3 variants V36A/M and R155K and NS5B variants M414T and S556G remained detectable at post-treatment Week 48, whereas NS3 variant D168V and all other NS5B variants were not observed at post-treatment Week 48. All treatment-emergent variants in NS5A remained detectable at post-treatment Week 48. Due to high SVR rates in genotype 1b, trends in persistence of treatment-emergent variants in this genotype could not be established. The lack of detection of virus containing a resistance-associated substitution does not indicate that the resistant virus is no longer present at clinically significant levels. The long-term clinical impact of the emergence or persistence of virus containing Viekirax- and dasabuvir-resistance-associated substitutions on future treatment is unknown. Cross-resistance Cross-resistance is expected among NS5A inhibitors, NS3/4A protease inhibitors, and non-nucleoside NS5B inhibitors by class. The impact of prior ombitasvir, paritaprevir or dasabuvir treatment experience on the efficacy of other NS5A inhibitors, NS3/4A protease inhibitors, or NS5B inhibitors has not been studied. Clinical efficacy and safety Clinical studies in subjects with genotype 1 hepatitis C infection The efficacy and safety of Viekirax in combination with dasabuvir with and without ribavirin was evaluated in seven Phase 3 clinical trials, including two trials exclusively in subjects with cirrhosis (Child-Pugh A), in over 2,360 subjects with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C infection as summarised in Table 6. Table 6. Phase 3 global multicentre studies conducted with Viekirax and dasabuvir with or without ribavirin (RBV). In all seven trials, the Viekirax dose was 25 mg/150 mg/100 mg once daily and the dasabuvir dose was 250 mg twice daily. For subjects who received ribavirin, the ribavirin dose was 1000 mg per day for subjects weighing less than 75 kg or 1200 mg per day for subjects weighing greater than or equal to 75 kg. Sustained virologic response (SVR) was the primary endpoint to determine the HCV cure rate in the Phase 3 studies and was defined as unquantifiable or undetectable HCV RNA 12 weeks after the end of treatment (SVR12). Treatment duration was fixed in each trial and was not guided by subjects' HCV RNA levels (no response guided algorithm). Plasma HCV RNA values were measured during the clinical trials using the COBAS TaqMan HCV test (version 2.0), for use with the High Pure System. The assay had a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 25 IU per mL. Clinical trials in treatment-naïve adults SAPPHIRE-I – genotype 1, treatment-naïve SAPPHIRE-I was a randomised, global multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted in 631 treatment-naïve adults with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C virus infection without cirrhosis. Viekirax and dasabuvir were given for 12 weeks of treatment in combination with ribavirin. Subjects randomised to the placebo arm received placebo for 12 weeks, after which they received open-label Viekirax and dasabuvir in combination with ribavirin for 12 weeks. Treated subjects (N=631) had a median age of 52 years (range: 18 to 70); 54.5% were male; 5.4% were Black; 16.2% had a body mass index of at least 30 kg/m2; 15.2% had a history of depression or bipolar disorder; 69.3% had IL28B non-CC genotype; 79.1% had baseline HCV RNA levels of at least 800,000 IU/mL; 15.4% had portal fibrosis (F2) and 8.7% had bridging fibrosis (F3); 67.7% had HCV genotype 1a infection; 32.3% had HCV genotype 1b infection. Table 7 shows the SVR12 rates for genotype 1-infected treatment-naïve subjects receiving Viekirax and dasabuvir in combination with ribavirin for 12 weeks in SAPPHIRE-I. Table 7. SVR12 for genotype 1-infected treatment-naïve subjects in SAPPHIRE-I a. Confirmed HCV ≥ 25 IU/mL after HCV RNA < 25 IU/mL during treatment, confirmed 1 log10 IU/mL increase in HCV RNA from nadir, or HCV RNA persistently ≥ 25 IU/mL with at least 6 weeks of treatment. b. Other includes early drug discontinuation not due to virologic failure missing HCV RNA values in the SVR12 window. No subjects with HCV genotype 1b infection experienced on-treatment virologic failure and one subject with HCV genotype 1b infection experienced relapse. PEARL-III – genotype 1b, treatment-naïve PEARL-III was a randomised, global multicentre, double-blind, controlled trial conducted in 419 treatment-naïve adults with genotype 1b chronic hepatitis C virus infection without cirrhosis. Subjects were randomised in a 1:1 ratio to receive Viekirax and dasabuvir with or without ribavirin for 12 weeks of treatment. Treated subjects (N=419) had a median age of 50 years (range: 19 to 70), 45.8% were male; 4.8% were Black; 16.5% had a body mass index of at least 30 kg/m2; 9.3% had a history of depression or bipolar disorder; 79.0% had IL28B non-CC genotype; 73.3% had baseline HCV RNA of at least 800,000 IU/mL; 20.3% had portal fibrosis (F2) and 10.0% had bridging fibrosis (F3). Table 8 shows the SVR12 rates for genotype 1b-infected treatment-naïve subjects who received either Viekirax and dasabuvir with ribavirin or Viekirax and dasabuvir without ribavirin for 12 weeks in PEARL III. In this study Viekirax and dasabuvir without ribavirin had similar SVR12 rates (100%) compared to Viekirax and dasabuvir with ribavirin (99.5%). Table 8. SVR12 for genotype 1b-infected treatment-naïve subjects in PEARL III PEARL-IV – genotype 1a, treatment-naïve PEARL-IV was a randomised, global multicentre, double-blind, controlled trial conducted in 305 treatment-naïve adults with genotype 1a chronic hepatitis C virus infection without cirrhosis. Subjects were randomised in a 1:2 ratio to receive Viekirax and dasabuvir with or without ribavirin for 12 weeks of treatment. Treated subjects (N=305) had a median age of 54 years (range: 19 to 70); 65.2% were male; 11.8% were Black; 19.7% had a body mass index of at least 30 kg/m2; 20.7% had a history of depression or bipolar disorder; 69.2% had IL28B non-CC genotype; 86.6% had baseline HCV RNA levels of at least 800,000 IU/mL; 18.4% had portal fibrosis (F2) and 17.7% had bridging fibrosis (F3). Table 9 shows the SVR12 rates for genotype 1a-infected, treatment-naïve subjects who received Viekirax and dasabuvir with or without ribavirin for 12 weeks in PEARL IV. Viekirax and dasabuvir without ribavirin was not non-inferior to Viekirax and dasabuvir with ribavirin. Table 9. SVR12 for genotype 1a-infected treatment-naïve subjects in PEARL IV Clinical trials in peginterferon+ribavirin-experienced adults SAPPHIRE-II – genotype 1, peginterferon+ribavirin-experienced SAPPHIRE-II was a randomised, global multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted in 394 subjects with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C virus infection without cirrhosis who did not achieve SVR with prior treatment with pegIFN/RBV. Viekirax and dasabuvir in combination with ribavirin were given for 12 weeks of treatment. Subjects randomised to the placebo arm received placebo for 12 weeks, after which they received Viekirax and dasabuvir in combination with ribavirin for 12 weeks. Treated subjects (N=394) had a median age of 54 years (range: 19 to 71); 49.0% were prior pegIFN/RBV null responders; 21.8/% were prior pegIFN/RBV partial responders, and 29.2% were prior pegIFN/RBV relapsers; 57.6% were male; 8.1% were Black; 19.8% had a body mass index of at least 30 kg/m2; 20.6% had a history of depression or bipolar disorder; 89.6% had IL28B non-CC genotype; 87.1% had baseline HCV RNA levels of at least 800,000 IU per mL; 17.8% had portal fibrosis (F2) and 14.5% had bridging fibrosis (F3); 58.4% had HCV genotype 1a infection; 41.4% had HCV genotype 1b infection. Table 10 shows the SVR12 rates for treatment-experienced subjects with genotype 1-infection receiving Viekirax and dasabuvir in combination with ribavirin for 12 weeks in SAPPHIRE-II. Table 10. SVR12 for genotype 1-infected peginterferon+ribavirin-experienced subjects in SAPPHIRE-II No subjects with HCV genotype 1b infection experienced on-treatment virologic failure and 2 subjects with HCV genotype 1b infection experienced relapse. PEARL-II – genotype 1b, peginterferon+ribavirin-experienced PEARL-II was a randomised, global multicentre, open-label trial conducted in 179 adults with chronic genotype 1b hepatitis C virus infection without cirrhosis who did not achieve SVR with prior treatment pegIFN/RBV. Subjects were randomised in a 1:1 ratio to receive Viekirax and dasabuvir with or without ribavirin for 12 weeks of treatment. Treated subjects (N=179) had a median age of 57 years (range: 26 to 70); 35.2% were prior pegIFN/RBV null responders; 28.5% were prior pegIFN/RBV partial responders, and 36.3% were prior pegIFN/RBV relapsers; 54.2% were male; 3.9% were Black; 21.8% had a body mass index of at least 30 kg/m2; 12.8% had a history of depression or bipolar disorder; 90.5% had IL28B non-CC genotype; 87.7% had baseline HCV RNA levels of at least 800,000 IU/mL; 17.9% had portal fibrosis (F2) and 14.0% had bridging fibrosis (F3). Table 11 shows the SVR12 rates for genotype 1b-infected, peginterferon+ribavirin-experienced subjects who received Viekirax and dasabuvir with or without ribavirin for 12 weeks in PEARL II. In this study, Viekirax and dasabuvir without ribavirin had similar SVR12 rate (100%) compared to Viekirax and dasabuvir with ribavirin (97.7%). Table 11. SVR12 for genotype 1b-infected peginterferon+ribavirin-experienced subjects in PEARL II Clinical trial in subjects with compensated cirrhosis TURQUOISE-II – genotype 1, treatment-naïve or peginterferon+ribavirin-experienced subjects with compensated cirrhosis TURQUOISE-II was a randomised, global multicentre, open-label trial conducted exclusively in 380 genotype 1-infected subjects with compensated cirrhosis (Child-Pugh A) who were either treatment-naïve or did not achieve SVR with prior treatment with pegIFN/RBV. Viekirax and dasabuvir in combination with ribavirin were administered for either 12 or 24 weeks of treatment. Treated subjects (N=380) had a median age of 58 years (range: 21 to 71); 42.1% were treatment-naïve, 36.1% were prior pegIFN/RBV null responders; 8.2% were prior pegIFN/RBV partial responders, 13.7% were prior pegIFN/RBV relapsers; 70.3% were male; 3.2% were Black; 28.4% had a body mass index of at least 30 kg/m2; 14.7% had platelet counts of less than 90 x 109/L; 49.7% had albumin less than 40 g/L; 86.1% had baseline HCV RNA levels of at least 800,000 IU/mL; 81.8% had IL28B non-CC genotype; 24.7% had a history of depression or bipolar disorder; 68.7% had HCV genotype 1a infection, 31.3% had HCV genotype 1b infection. Table 12 shows the SVR12 rates for genotype 1-infected subjects with compensated cirrhosis who were treatment-naïve or previously treated with pegIFN/RBV. Table 12. SVR12 for genotype 1-infected subjects with compensated cirrhosis who were treatment-naïve or previously treated with pegIFN/RBV a. 97.5% confidence intervals are used for the primary efficacy endpoints (overall SVR12 rate); 95% confidence intervals are used for additional efficacy endpoints (SVR12 rates in HCV genotype 1a and 1b-infected subjects). Relapse rates in GT1a cirrhotic subjects by baseline laboratory values are presented in Table 13. Table 13. TURQUOISE-II: Relapse Rates by Baseline Laboratory Values after 12 and 24 Weeks of Treatment in Subjects with Genotype 1a Infection and Compensated Cirrhosis In subjects with all three favourable baseline laboratory values (AFP < 20 ng/mL, platelets ≥ 90 x 109/L, and albumin ≥ 35 g/L), relapse rates were similar in subjects treated for 12 or 24 weeks. TURQUOISE-III: Clinical Trial of GT1b-Infected Subjects with Cirrhosis without RBV TURQUOISE-III is a Phase 3b, open-label, single-arm, multicentre study evaluating the efficacy and safety of Viekirax and dasabuvir (without ribavirin) administered for 12 weeks in HCV GT1b-infected, treatment-naïve and pegIFN/RBV treatment-experienced adults with compensated cirrhosis. 60 patients were randomized and treated, and 60/60 (100%) achieved SVR12. Main characteristics are shown below. Table 14. Main demographics in TURQUOISE-III Pooled analyses of clinical trials Durability of response Overall, 660 subjects in Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials had HCV RNA results for both the SVR12 and SVR24 time points. Among these subjects, the positive predictive value of SVR12 on SVR24 was 99.8%. Pooled efficacy analysis In Phase 3 clinical trials, 1075 subjects (including 181 with compensated cirrhosis) with genotype 1 HCV infection received the recommended regimen (see section 4.2). Table 15 shows SVR rates for these subjects. In subjects who received the recommended regimen, 97% achieved SVR overall (among which 181 subjects with compensated cirrhosis achieved 97% SVR), while 0.5% experienced virologic breakthrough and 1.2% experienced post-treatment relapse. Table 15. SVR12 rates for recommended treatment regimens by patient population +Other types of pegIFN/RBV failure include less well documented non-response, relapse/breakthrough or other pegIFN failure. Viekirax without ribavirin and without dasabuvir was also evaluated in genotype 1b infected subjects in Phase 2 studies M13-393 (PEARL-I) and M12-536. PEARL I was conducted in the US and Europe, M12-536 in Japan. The treatment-experienced subjects studied were primarily pegIFN/RBV null responders. The doses of ombitasvir, paritaprevir, ritonavir were 25 mg 150 mg, 100 mg once daily in PEARL-I, while the dose of paritaprevir was 100 mg or 150 mg in study M12-536. Treatment duration was 12 weeks for treatment naïve subjects, 12-24 weeks for treatment experienced subjects and 24 weeks for subjects with cirrhosis. Overall, 107 of 113 subjects without cirrhosis and 147 of 155 subjects with cirrhosis achieved SVR12 after 12-24 weeks of treatment. Viekirax with ribavirin & without dasabuvir was evaluated for 12 weeks in genotype 1 treatment naive and treatment experienced non-cirrhotic subjects in a phase 2 study M11-652 (AVIATOR). The doses of paritaprevir were 100 mg and 200 mg and ombitasvir 25 mg. Ribavirin was dosed based on weight (1000 mg – 1200 mg per day). Overall, 72 of 79 treatment-naive subjects (45 of 52 GT1a and 27 of 27 GT1b) and 40 of 45 treatment-experienced subjects (21 of 26 GT1a and 19 of 19 GT1b) achieved SVR12 after 12 weeks of treatment. Impact of ribavirin dose adjustment on probability of SVR In Phase 3 clinical trials, 91.5% of subjects did not require ribavirin dose adjustments during therapy. In the 8.5% of subjects who had ribavirin dose adjustments during therapy, the SVR rate (98.5%) was comparable to subjects who maintained their starting ribavirin dose throughout treatment. Clinical Trial in subjects with HCV genotype 1 infection/HIV-1 co-infection In an open-label clinical trial (TURQUOISE-I) the safety and efficacy of 12 or 24 weeks of treatment with Viekirax and dasabuvir and ribavirin was evaluated in 63 subjects with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C co-infected with HIV-1. See section 4.2 for dosing recommendations in HCV/HIV-1 co-infected patients. Subjects were on a stable HIV-1 antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen that included ritonavir-boosted atazanavir or raltegravir, co-administered with a backbone of tenofovir plus emtricitabine or lamivudine. Treated subjects (N = 63) had a median age of 51 years (range: 31 to 69); 24% of subjects were Black; 81% of subjects had IL28B non-CC genotype; 19% of subjects had compensated cirrhosis; 67% of subjects were HCV treatment-naïve; 33% of subjects had failed prior treatment with pegIFN/RBV; 89% of subjects had HCV genotype 1a infection. Table 16 shows the SVR12 rates for subjects with HCV genotype 1 infection and HIV-1 co-infection in TURQUOISE-I. Table 16. SVR12 for HIV-1 co-infected Subjects in TURQUOISE-I a. These virologic failures appear to have resulted from reinfection based on analyses of baseline and virologic failure samples In TURQUOISE-I, the SVR12 rates in HCV/HIV-1 co-infected subjects were consistent with SVR12 rates in the phase 3 trials of HCV mono-infected subjects. 7 of 7 subjects with genotype 1b infection and 51 of 56 subjects with genotype 1a infection achieved SVR12. 5 of 6 subjects with compensated cirrhosis in each arm achieved SVR12. Clinical Trial in liver transplant recipients with HCV genotype 1 infection In the CORAL-I study, the safety and efficacy of Viekirax and dasabuvir with ribavirin for 24 weeks was studied in 34 HCV genotype 1-infected liver transplant recipients who were at least 12 months post transplantation at enrolment. The dose of ribavirin was left to the discretion of the investigator, with most patients receiving 600 to 800 mg per day as a starting dose, and most patients also receiving 600 to 800 mg per day at the end of treatment. 34 subjects (29 with HCV genotype 1a infection and 5 with HCV genotype 1b infection) were enrolled who had not received treatment for HCV infection after transplantation and had a METAVIR fibrosis score of F2 or less. 33 out of the 34 subjects (97.1%) achieved SVR12 (96.6% in subjects with genotype 1a infection and 100% in subjects with genotype 1b infection). One subject with HCV genotype 1a infection relapsed post-treatment. Clinical trial in patients receiving opioid substitution therapy In a phase 2, multicentre, open-label, single arm study, 38 treatment-naïve or pegIFN/RBV treatment experienced, non-cirrhotic subjects with genotype 1 infection who were on stable doses of methadone (N=19) or buprenorphine +/- naloxone (N=19) received 12 weeks of Viekirax and dasabuvir with ribavirin. Treated subjects had a median age of 51 years (range: 26 to 64); 65.8% were male and 5.3% were Black. A majority (86.8%) had baseline HCV RNA levels of at least 800,000 IU/mL and a majority (84.2%) had genotype 1a infection; 68.4% had IL28B non-CC genotype; 15.8% had portal fibrosis (F2) and 5.3% had bridging fibrosis (F3); and 94.7% were naïve to prior HCV treatment. Overall, 37 (97.4%) of 38 subjects achieved SVR12. No subjects experienced on-treatment virologic failure or relapse. Clinical trial in subjects with genotype 4 chronic hepatitis C PEARL- I– genotype 4, treatment-naïve or peginterferon + ribavirin experienced PEARL-I- was a randomised, global multicentre, open-label trial conducted in 135 adults with genotype 4 chronic hepatitis C virus infection without cirrhosis who were treatment-naïve or did not achieve SVR with prior treatment with pegIFN/RBV. Treatment naive subjects were randomised in a 1:1 ratio to receive ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir with or without ribavirin for 12 weeks of treatment. PegIFN/RBV-experienced subjects received ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir in combination with ribavirin for 12 weeks Treated subjects (N=135) had a median age of 51 years (range: 19 to 70); 63,7% were treatment-naïve, 17.0% were prior pegIFN/RBV null responders, 6.7% were prior pegIFN/RBV partial responders, 12.6% were prior pegIFN/RBV relapsers; 65.2%were male; 8.9% were Black, 14.1% had a body mass index of at least 30 kg/m2; 69.6% had baseline HCV RNA levels at least 800,000 IU/mL; 78.5% had IL28B non-CC genotype; 6.7% had bridging fibrosis (F3). Table 17 shows the SVR12 rates for genotype 4 infected subjects, treatment-naïve or previously treated with pegIFN/RBV, who received ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir with or without ribavirin for 12 weeks in PEARL I. Table 17. SVR12 for genotype 4-infected, subjects who were treatment-naïve or previously treated with pegIFN/RBV in PEARL I Ombitasvir tablets, paritaprevir tablets and ritonavir capsules administered separately. Paediatric population The European Medicines Agency has deferred the obligation to submit the results of studies with Viekirax in one or more subsets of the paediatric populations in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use). 5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties The pharmacokinetic properties of the combination of Viekirax with dasabuvir have been evaluated in healthy adult subjects and in subjects with chronic hepatitis C. Table 18 shows mean Cmax and AUC of Viekirax 25 mg/150 mg/100 mg once daily with dasabuvir 250 mg twice daily following multiple doses with food in healthy volunteers. Table 18. Geometric mean Cmax, AUC of multiple doses of Viekirax 150 mg/100 mg/25 mg once daily with dasabuvir 250 mg twice daily with food in healthy volunteers Absorption Ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir were absorbed after oral administration with mean Tmax of approximately 4 to 5 hours. While ombitasvir exposures increased in a dose proportional manner, paritaprevir and ritonavir exposures increased in a more than dose proportional manner. Accumulation is minimal for ombitasvir and approximately 1.5- to 2-fold for ritonavir and paritaprevir. Pharmacokinetic steady state for the combination is achieved after approximately 12 days of dosing. The absolute bioavailability of ombitasvir and paritaprevir was approximately 50% when administered with food as Viekirax. Effect of paritaprevir/ritonavir on ombitasvir and dasabuvir In the presence of paritaprevir/ritonavir, dasabuvir exposures decreased by approximately 50% to 60% while ombitasvir exposures increased by 31-47%. Effect of ombitasvir on paritaprevir/ritonavir and dasabuvir In the presence of ombitasvir, paritaprevir exposures were minimally affected (5% to 27% change) while dasabuvir exposures increase by approximately 30%. Effect of dasabuvir on paritaprevir/ritonavir and ombitasvir In the presence of dasabuvir, paritaprevir exposures increased by 50% to 65% while there was no change in ombitasvir exposures. Effects of food Ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir should be administered with food. All clinical trials with ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir have been conducted following administration with food. Food increased the exposure (AUC) of ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir by up to 82%, 211% and 49%, respectively relative to the fasting state. The increase in exposure was similar regardless of meal type (e.g., high-fat versus moderate-fat) or calorie content (approximately 600 Kcal versus approximately 1000 Kcal). To maximise absorption, Viekirax should be taken with food without regard to fat or calorie content. Distribution Ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir are highly bound to plasma proteins. Plasma protein binding is not meaningfully altered in subjects with renal or hepatic impairment. The blood to plasma concentration ratios in humans ranged from 0.6 to 0.8 indicating that ombitasvir and paritaprevir were preferentially distributed in the plasma compartment of whole blood. Ombitasvir was approximately 99.9% bound to human plasma proteins. Paritaprevir was approximately 97-98.6% bound to human plasma proteins. Ritonavir was greater than 99% bound to human plasma proteins. In vitro data indicate that paritaprevir is a substrate for the human hepatic uptake transporters, OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. Biotransformation Ombitasvir Ombitasvir is metabolised via amide hydrolysis followed by oxidative metabolism. Following a 25 mg single dose of 14C-ombitasvir given alone, unchanged parent drug accounted for 8.9% of total radioactivity in human plasma; a total of 13 metabolites were identified in human plasma. These metabolites are not expected to have antiviral activity or off-target pharmacologic activity. Paritaprevir Paritaprevir is metabolised predominantly by CYP3A4 and to a lesser extent CYP3A5. Following administration of a single 200 mg/100 mg oral dose of 14C paritaprevir /ritonavir to humans, the parent drug was the major circulating component, accounting for approximately 90% of the plasma radioactivity. At least 5 minor metabolites of paritaprevir have been identified in circulation that accounted for approximately 10% of plasma radioactivity. These metabolites are not expected to have antiviral activity. Ritonavir Ritonavir is predominantly metabolised by CYP3A and to a lesser extent, by CYP2D6. Nearly the entire plasma radioactivity after a single 600 mg dose of 14C-ritonavir oral solution in humans was attributed to unchanged ritonavir. Elimination Ombitasvir Following dosing of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir with or without dasabuvir, mean plasma half-life of ombitasvir was approximately 21 to 25 hours. Following a single 25 mg dose of 14C- ombitasvir approximately 90% of the radioactivity was recovered in faeces and 2% in urine. Unchanged parent drug accounted for 88% of total radioactivity recovered in faeces, indicating that biliary excretion is a major elimination pathway for ombitasvir. Paritaprevir Following dosing of ombitasvir/paritaprevir /ritonavir with or without dasabuvir, mean plasma half-life of paritaprevir was approximately 5.5 hours. Following a 200 mg 14C -paritaprevir dose with 100 mg ritonavir, approximately 88% of the radioactivity was recovered in faeces with limited radioactivity (8.8%) in urine. Metabolism as well as biliary excretion of parent drug contribute to the elimination of paritaprevir. Ritonavir Following dosing of ombitasvir/paritaprevir /ritonavir, mean plasma half-life of ritonavir was approximately 4 hours. Following a 600 mg dose of 14C -ritonavir oral solution, 86.4% of the radioactivity was recovered in the faeces and 11.3% of the dose was excreted in the urine. In vitro interaction data Ombitasvir and paritaprevir do not inhibit organic anion transporter (OAT1) in vivo and are not expected to inhibit organic cation transporters (OCT1 and OCT2), organic anion transporters (OAT3), or multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (MATE1 and MATE2K) at clinically relevant concentrations. Ritonavir does not inhibit OAT1 and is not expected to inhibit OCT2, OAT3, MATE1 and MATE2K at clinically relevant concentrations. Special populations Elderly Based on population pharmacokinetic analysis of data from Phase 3 clinical studies, a 10 year increase or decrease in age from 54 years (median age in the Phase 3 studies) would result in approximately 10% change in ombitasvir exposures, and ≤20% change in paritaprevir exposures. There is no pharmacokinetic information in patients >75 years. Sex or body weight Based on population pharmacokinetic analysis of data from Phase 3 clinical studies, female subjects would have approximately 55% higher, 100% higher and 15% higher ombitasvir, paritaprevir and ritonavir exposures than male subjects. However, no dose-adjustment based on gender is warranted. A 10 kg change in body weight from 76 kg (median weight in the Phase 3 studies) would results in <10% change in ombitasvir exposures, and no change in paritaprevir exposures. Body weight is not a significant predictor of ritonavir exposures. Race or ethnicity Based on population pharmacokinetic analysis of data from Phase 3 clinical studies, Asian subjects had 18% to 21% higher ombitasvir exposures, and 37% to 39% higher paritaprevir exposures than non-Asian subjects. The ritonavir exposures were comparable between Asians and non-Asians. Renal impairment The changes in ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir exposures in subjects with mild, moderate and severe renal impairment are not considered to be clinically significant. No dose adjustment for Viekirax with and without dasabuvir is recommended in HCV-infected patients with mild, moderate or severe renal impairment (see section 4.2). Viekirax has not been studied in HCV-infected patients on dialysis. Pharmacokinetics of the combination of ombitasvir 25 mg, paritaprevir 150 mg, and ritonavir 100 mg, with or without dasabuvir 400 mg were evaluated in subjects with mild (CrCl: 60 to 89 ml/min), moderate (CrCl: 30 to 59 ml/min) and severe (CrCl: 15 to 29 ml/min) renal impairment. Following administration of Viekirax and dasabuvir Compared to the subjects with normal renal function, ombitasvir exposures were comparable in subjects with mild, moderate and severe renal impairment. Compared to the subjects with normal renal function, paritaprevir Cmax values were comparable, but AUC values were 19%, 33% and 45% higher in mild, moderate and severe renal impairment, respectively. Ritonavir plasma concentrations increased when renal function was reduced: Cmax and AUC values were 26% to 42% higher, 48% to 80% higher and 66% to 114% higher in subjects with mild, moderate and severe renal impairment, respectively. Following administration of Viekirax Following administration of Viekirax, the changes in ombitasvir, paritaprevir, and ritonavir exposures in subjects with mild, moderate and severe renal impairment were similar to those observed when Viekirax was administered with dasabuvir, and are not considered to be clinically significant. Hepatic impairment Following administration of Viekirax and dasabuvir Pharmacokinetics of the combination of ombitasvir 25 mg, paritaprevir 200 mg, and ritonavir 100 mg, with dasabuvir 400 mg were evaluated in subjects with mild (Child-Pugh A), moderate (Child-Pugh B) and severe (Child-Pugh C) hepatic impairment. In subjects with mild hepatic impairment, paritaprevir, ritonavir and ombitasvir mean Cmax and AUC values decreased by 29% to 48%, 34% to 38% and up to 8%, respectively, compared to subjects with normal hepatic function. In subjects with moderate hepatic impairment, ombitasvir and ritonavir mean Cmax and AUC values decreased by 29% to 30% and 30 to 33%, respectively, while paritaprevir mean Cmax and AUC values increased by 26% to 62% compared to subjects with normal hepatic function. (see sections 4.2, 4.4, and 4.8). In subjects with severe hepatic impairment, paritaprevir mean Cmax and AUC values increased by 3.2-to 9.5-fold; ritonavir mean Cmax values were 35% lower and AUC values were 13% higher and ombitasvir mean Cmax and AUC values decreased by 68% and 54%, respectively, compared to subjects with normal hepatic function, therefore, Viekirax must not be used in patients with severe hepatic impairment (see sections 4.2 and 4.4). Following administration of Viekirax Pharmacokinetics of the combination of ombitasvir 25 mg, paritaprevir 200 mg, and ritonavir 100 mg were not evaluated in subjects with mild (Child-Pugh A), moderate (Child-Pugh B) and severe (Child-Pugh C) hepatic impairment. Results from the pharmacokinetic evaluation of the combination of ombitasvir 25 mg, paritaprevir 200 mg, and ritonavir 100 mg, with dasabuvir 400 mg can be extrapolated to the combination of ombitasvir 25 mg, paritaprevir 200 mg, and ritonavir 100 mg. Paediatric population The pharmacokinetics of Viekirax in paediatric patients has not been established (see section 4.2). 5.3 Preclinical safety data Ombitasvir Ombitasvir and its major inactive human metabolites (M29, M36) were not genotoxic in a battery of in vitro or in vivo assays, including bacterial mutagenicity, chromosome aberration using human peripheral blood lymphocytes and in vivo mouse micronucleus assays. Ombitasvir was not carcinogenic in a 6-month transgenic mouse study up to the highest dosage tested (150 mg/kg/day), resulting in ombitasvir AUC exposures approximately 26-fold higher than those in humans at the recommended clinical dose of 25 mg. Similarly, ombitasvir was not carcinogenic in a 2-year rat study up to the highest dose tested (30 mg per kg per day), resulting in ombitasvir exposures approximately 16-fold higher than those in humans at 25 mg. Ombitasvir has shown malformations in rabbits at maximal feasible exposures 4-fold higher than the AUC exposure at recommended clinical dose. Malformations at low incidence were observed mainly in the eyes (microphthalmia) and teeth (absent incisors). In mice, an increased incidence of open eye lid was present in foetuses of dams administered ombitasvir; however, the relationship to treatment with ombitasvir is uncertain. The major, inactive human metabolites of ombitasvir were not teratogenic in mice at exposures approximately 26 times higher than in humans at the recommended clinical dose. Ombitasvir had no effect on fertility when evaluated in mice. Unchanged ombitasvir was the predominant component observed in the milk of lactating rats, without effect on nursing pups. Ombitasvir-derived material was minimally transferred through the placenta in pregnant rats. Paritaprevir/ritonavir Paritaprevir was positive in an in vitro human chromosome aberration test. Paritaprevir was negative in a bacterial mutation assay, and in two in vivo genetic toxicology assays (rat bone marrow micronucleus and rat liver Comet tests). Paritaprevir /ritonavir was not carcinogenic in a 6-month transgenic mouse study up to the highest dosage tested (300 mg/30 mg/kg/day), resulting in paritaprevir AUC exposures approximately 38-fold higher than those in humans at the recommended dose of 150 mg. Similarly, paritaprevir/ritonavir was not carcinogenic in a 2-year rat study up to the highest dosage tested (300 mg/30 mg/kg/day), resulting in paritaprevir AUC exposures approximately 8-fold higher than those in humans at 150 mg. Paritaprevir/ritonavir has shown malformations (open eye lids) at a low incidence in mice at exposures 32/8-fold higher than the exposure in humans at the recommended clinical dose. Paritaprevir/ritonavir had no effects on embryo-foetal viability or on fertility when evaluated in rats at exposures 2- to 8-fold higher than the exposure in humans at the recommended clinical dose. Paritaprevir and its hydrolysis product M13 were the predominant components observed in the milk of lactating rats, without effect on nursing pups. Paritaprevir -derived material was minimally transferred through the placenta in pregnant rats. 6. Pharmaceutical particulars 6.1 List of excipients Tablet core Copovidone Vitamin E polyethylene glycol succinate Propylene glycol monolaurate Sorbitan monolaurate Colloidal anhydrous silica (E551) Sodium stearyl fumarate Film-coating Polyvinyl alcohol (E1203) Polyethylene glycol 3350 Talc (E553b) Titanium dioxide (E171) Iron oxide red (E172) 6.2 Incompatibilities Not applicable. 6.3 Shelf life 3 years. 6.4 Special precautions for storage This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions. 6.5 Nature and contents of container PVC/PE/PCTFE aluminium foil blister packs. 56 tablets (multipack carton containing 4 inner cartons of 14 tablets each). 6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements. 7. Marketing authorisation holder AbbVie Ltd Maidenhead SL6 4UB United Kingdom 8. Marketing authorisation number(s) EU/1/14/982/001 9. Date of first authorisation/renewal of the authorisation Date of first authorisation: 15 January 2015 10. Date of revision of the text 25 February 2016 Detailed information on this medicinal product is available on the website of the European Medicines Agency http://www.ema.europa.eu. http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/29784 注：以下产品在瑞士、德国、英国等欧洲多个国家上市销售，采购请以咨询为准！ 「Viekirax(ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir)」 12,5mg/75mg/50mgx56粒/盒 「Exviera dasabuvir」 250mgx56粒/盒 全口服治疗慢性丙肝新方案获欧盟批准上市 2015年1月20日，欧盟委员会批准Viekirax和Exviera，有或无利巴韦林方案上市，用于治疗基因1型和4型慢性丙型肝炎。 Viekirax（omitasvir/ paritaprevir/利托那韦，AbbVie）和Exviera（dasabuvir，AbbVie）联合是一种全口服、无干扰素方案，包含固定剂量的蛋白酶抑制剂利托那韦，100mg/150mg，与25mg ombitasvir配方，每天给药一次，同时使用250mg dasabuvir有或无利巴韦林，每天两次。 除了基因1a型HCV合并肝硬化患者（应使用24周）外，其他患者应使用联合方案12周，有或无利巴韦林。对于基因4型慢性HCV患者，方案应包括viekirax，每日一次，利巴韦林，每日两次。接受阿片类药物替代治疗和肝脏移植的HIV-1合并感染患者，也可使用该方案治疗。 “随着欧盟对Viekirax+Exviera方案的批准，我们提供了一种可实现GT1和GT4慢性丙型肝炎患者高治愈率的治疗方案，”研究和开发执行副总裁兼AbbVie首席科学官，Michael Severino博士，在新闻稿中说。“这是我们不断将科学创新应用于有前景的医药研发而促进公众健康的重要组成部分。” 多个3期研究-SAPPHIRE-I，SAPPHIRE-II，PEARL-II，PEARL-III，PEARL-IV和TURQUOISE-II数据显示，该方案毫不逊色。超过2300例患者接受直接抗病毒治疗方案，治疗的耐受性较好。 VIEKIRAX + EXVIERA: HCV-Therapieregime von AbbVie ab sofort in Deutschland verfügbar Ab sofort ist das rein orale, interferonfreie Therapieregime von AbbVie, bestehend aus VIEKIRAX® (Ombitasvir / Paritaprevir / Ritonavir) + EXVIERA® (Dasabuvir) mit oder ohne Ribavirin (RBV), zur Behandlung der chronischen Hepatitis C vom Genotyp 1 (GT1) in Deutschland verfügbar. Mit VIEKIRAX + EXVIERA kann eine große Bandbreite von Patienten behandelt werden, darunter selbst bislang schwer zu behandelnde Patienten mit kompensierter Leberzirrhose, HCV-HIV-Koinfektion und nach Lebertransplantation. Die Behandlungsdauer beträgt für fast alle Patientengruppen einheitlich 12 Wochen. Zudem erhielt VIEKIRAX mit RBV die Zulassung für die Behandlung von HCV-Patienten mit Genotyp 4 (GT4). Packshots Die jetzige Verfügbarkeit in Deutschland von VIEKIRAX + EXVIERA folgt auf die Marktzulassung der Europäischen Kommission vom 15. Januar 2015. „Es ist ein historischer Meilenstein in der Hepatitis-C-Therapie: VIEKIRAX + EXVIERA bieten insbesondere Patienten mit dem Genotyp 1 eine hohe Chance auf Heilung – bei guter Verträglichkeit“, so Alexander Würfel, Geschäftsführer von AbbVie Deutschland. „Dieser Therapieerfolg ist eine wunderbare Nachricht für die Menschen, die in Deutschland mit Hepatitis C infiziert sind. Er wurde möglich durch unsere fokussierte Forschung und Entwicklung von innovativen Therapien, die zum Teil auch in Deutschland stattfanden.“ Innerhalb der sechs zulassungsrelevanten klinischen Phase-III-Studien konnten mit VIEKIRAX + EXVIERA mit oder ohne RBV insgesamt 97 % der chronischen HCV-Patienten mit Genotyp 1 geheilt werden, darunter mehr als 99 % aller Patienten mit Genotyp-1b-Infektion ohne Zirrhose sowie 96 % der GT1-Patienten mit Zirrhose, eine bislang schwer zu behandelnde Patientengruppe.1,2,3,4,5,6,7 In den klinischen Phase-III-Studien schlossen 98 % der Patienten die Therapie mit VIEKIRAX + EXVIERA mit oder ohne RBV ab. Die Abbruchrate aufgrund von Nebenwirkungen bei der Therapie mit VIEKIRAX + EXVIERA mit oder ohne RBV war sowohl in den Phase-II- als auch in den Phase-III-Studien gering (0,2 %).1,2,3,4,5,6,7 VIEKIRAX + EXVIERA ist das erste und einzige in Deutschland verfügbare HCV-Therapieregime, das drei direkt antiviral wirksame Substanzen (direct-acting antivirals, DAA) mit unterschiedlichen Wirkmechanismen und sich nicht überlappenden Resistenzprofilen miteinander kombiniert. So wird das Hepatitis-C-Virus in verschiedenen Phasen des viralen Lebenszyklus angegriffen.1,2 Die Marktzulassung von VIEKIRAX + EXVIERA stützt ein großes, robustes klinisches Studienprogramm mit mehr als 2.300 GT1-Patienten in mehr als 25 Ländern, darunter auch Deutschland.3,4,5,6,7,8,9 Es war darauf ausgerichtet, die Sicherheit und Wirksamkeit des Therapieregimes zu untersuchen. Das Studienprogramm schließt das bislang größte HCV-Phase-III-Studienprogramm bei GT1-Patienten ein. Es beinhaltete unter anderem eine separate Studie, die ausschließlich Patienten mit kompensierter Leberzirrhose untersuchte, sowie einen Head-to-Head-Vergleich mit der Triple-Therapie mit Telaprevir. „Die Heilungsraten in den Phase-III-Studien waren über die verschiedenen Patientenpopulationen vergleichbar, unabhängig davon, welchen Subtyp die Patienten hatten, ob sie bereits vorbehandelt waren oder eine Leberzirrhose vorlag. Das heißt, alle Prädiktoren, die bei der interferonbasierten Therapie einen Einfluss auf die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Heilung hatten, spielen jetzt keine oder nur noch eine untergeordnete Rolle“, so Studienleiter Prof. Stefan Zeuzem, Direktor der Medizinischen Klinik I des Universitätsklinikums Frankfurt am Main. Chronische Hepatitis C ist eine oft lange unbemerkt verlaufende, fortschreitende Erkrankung, die zu einer Leberschädigung, Leberzirrhose, Leberkrebs und schließlich zum Tod führen kann.10 In der EU haben etwa neun Millionen Menschen eine chronische HCV-Infektion, von denen ca. 10-20 % im Laufe der Jahre eine Leberzirrhose entwickeln.11 GT1 ist der vorherrschende Genotyp weltweit.12 Er macht ca. 62 % aller HCV-Fälle in Deutschland aus.13 GT4 ist der häufigste Genotyp im Nahen Osten und Ägypten14, seine Verbreitung nimmt aber auch in einigen europäischen Ländern wie Italien, Frankreich, Griechenland und Spanien zu.15 Während der Therapie mit VIEKIRAX + EXVIERA steht den Patienten in Deutschland AbbVie Care zur Verfügung, ein speziell auf die Bedürfnisse der Patienten ausgerichtetes, kostenloses Unterstützungsprogramm. Es bietet Unterstützung für Arzt und Patient und umfasst mehrsprachige Informationsmaterialien, einen Erinnerungsservice für die Medikamenteneinnahme und Arzttermine sowie eine kostenfreie Service-Hotline (Mo-So, 8-22 Uhr). Wie weitere HCV-Experten die sich nun eröffnenden Möglichkeiten in der HCV-Therapie bewerten, erfahren Sie in einem Video Über VIEKIRAX® + EXVIERA® VIEKIRAX® + EXVIERA® sind zur Behandlung von erwachsenen Patienten mit einer chronischen HCV-Infektion vom Genotyp 1, einschließlich Patienten mit kompensierter Leberzirrhose, zugelassen. VIEKIRAX besteht aus der Fixdosiskombination aus Paritaprevir 150 mg (NS3/4A-Protease-Inhibitor) und Ritonavir 100 mg mit Ombitasvir 25 mg (NS5A-Inhibitor) einmal täglich. EXVIERA besteht aus Dasabuvir 250 mg (nichtnukleosidischer NS5B-Polymerase-Inhibitor) zweimal täglich. VIEKIRAX + EXVIERA werden mit oder ohne Ribavirin (RBV) verabreicht, welches gegebenenfalls zweimal täglich gegeben wird. Für GT4-Patienten besteht das Therapieregime von AbbVie aus einer Fixdosiskombination aus Paritaprevir / Ritonavir (150 mg / 100 mg) mit Ombitasvir (25 mg) einmal täglich sowie RBV zweimal täglich. Paritaprevir wurde im Zuge der bestehenden Zusammenarbeit zwischen AbbVie und Enanta Pharmaceuticals zu HCV-Protease-Inhibitoren und Therapieregimen mit Protease-Inhibitoren entdeckt. Paritaprevir wurde von AbbVie zur Verwendung in Kombination mit anderen Prüfpräparaten zur HCV-Therapie entwickelt.