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EPCLUSA Tablets(sofosbuvir 400mg/velpatasvir 100mg)

2016-07-19 08:17:28  作者:新特药房  来源:互联网  浏览次数:42  文字大小:【】【】【
简介: 首个泛基因型丙肝鸡尾酒疗法(索非布韦/velpatasvir,400mg/100mg)用于治疗全部六种基因型丙肝获美国FDA批准上市2016年6月28日,美国FDA批准Epclusa用于治疗慢性丙型肝炎病毒感染成年患者,不管患者是否 ...

首个泛基因型丙肝鸡尾酒疗法(索非布韦/velpatasvir,400mg/100mg)用于治疗全部六种基因型丙肝获美国FDA批准上市
2016年6月28日,美国FDA批准Epclusa用于治疗慢性丙型肝炎病毒感染成年患者,不管患者是否伴有肝硬化(晚期肝病)。对于中重度肝硬化(代偿失调性肝硬化)患者,Epclusa获批与利巴韦林合并使用。
Epclusa是一款固定剂量的复方药片,其含有索非布韦和Velpatasvir,前者于2013年获得批准,后者是一款新药,该复方药物是首款获批用于治疗所有6种主要丙型肝炎病毒的药物。
此次批准为更广泛的慢性丙型肝炎病毒感染患者提供了一种管理及治疗选择,FDA药物评价与研究中心抗微生物产品办公室主任、医学博士Cox称。丙型肝炎是一种病毒性疾病,它可引起肝脏炎症,导致肝功能衰退或肝衰竭。至少有6 种不同的丙型肝炎病毒基因型(或病毒珠),从基因方面来讲它们属于不同种类的病毒。确定基因型有助于明确治疗的建议和治疗周期。
美国大约75%的慢性丙型肝炎患者为基因型1疾病,20%-25%的患者为基因型2或3疾病,少量患者感染有基因型4、5或6病毒。据美国疾病控制与预防中心提供的信息,慢性丙型肝炎病毒感染在大约75%-85%的病例中为慢性疾病。多年以来,遭受慢性丙型肝炎病毒感染的患者有并发症,如出血、黄疸(眼或皮肤发黄)、腹部积液、感染、肝癌或死亡。
Epclusa 12周治疗的安全性及有效性在三项3期临床试验中得到评价,试验受试者为1558名没有肝硬化或有补偿性肝硬化(中度肝硬化)的患者。结果证明,95%-99%的Epclusa治疗患者在完成12周治疗后其血液中检测不到病毒,这表明患者的感染已得到治愈。
Epclusa的安全性及有效性还在一项267名患者参与的临床试验中得到评价,这项试验的受试者为有代偿失调性肝硬化(中重度肝硬化)的患者,他们当中有87名患者以Epclusa与利巴韦林合并用药治疗12周,在完成12周治疗后,他们当中有94%的患者血液中检测不到病毒。
Epclusa最常见的副作用包括头痛及疲劳。
Epclusa与利巴韦林合并用药方案禁忌用于不能使用利巴韦林的患者。Epclusa的一项警告是提醒患者及医疗保健供应商该药物能严重减慢心率(症状性心动过缓),当胺碘酮和索菲布韦与另一种直接起作用的抗丙型肝炎病毒药物一起使用时,报道有病例需要起搏器进行干预。不建议胺碘酮与Epclusa共同使用。
Epclusa携带的另一项警告是,提醒不要与某些可降低血液中Epclusa水平的药物一起使用,因为这样可能导致Epclusa疗效降低。
Epclusa的审评是在FDA优先审评程序下完成的,优先审评程序为那些治疗严重疾病的药物提供了一种加快的审评,如果获得批准,这种药物在安全性或有效性方面将提供显著改善。


HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION

These highlights do not include all the information needed to use EPCLUSA safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for EPCLUSA.
EPCLUSA ® (sofosbuvir and velpatasvir) tablets, for oral use
Initial U.S. Approval: 2016
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
EPCLUSA is a fixed-dose combination of sofosbuvir, a hepatitis C virus (HCV) nucleotide analog NS5B polymerase inhibitor, and velpatasvir, an HCV NS5A inhibitor, and is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with chronic HCV genotype 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 infection (1):
without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis
with decompensated cirrhosis for use in combination with ribavirin
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
Recommended dosage: One tablet (400 mg of sofosbuvir and 100 mg of velpatasvir) taken orally once daily with or without food (2.1)
See recommended treatment regimen and duration in patients with genotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 HCV in table below: (2.1)

Patient Population Recommended Treatment Regimen
Patients without cirrhosis and patients with compensated cirrhosis (Child-Pugh A) EPCLUSA for 12 weeks
Patients with decompensated cirrhosis (Child-Pugh B and C) EPCLUSA + ribavirin for 12 weeks
A dosage recommendation cannot be made for patients with severe renal impairment or end stage renal disease (2.2)
DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
Tablets: 400 mg sofosbuvir and 100 mg velpatasvir (3)
CONTRAINDICATIONS
EPCLUSA and ribavirin combination regimen is contraindicated in patients for whom ribavirin is contraindicated (4)
WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
Bradycardia with amiodarone coadministration: Serious symptomatic bradycardia may occur in patients taking amiodarone, particularly in patients also receiving beta blockers, or those with underlying cardiac comorbidities and/or advanced liver disease. Coadministration of amiodarone with EPCLUSA is not recommended. In patients without alternative viable treatment options, cardiac monitoring is recommended. (5.1, 7.3)
ADVERSE REACTIONS
The most common adverse reactions (incidence greater than or equal to 10%, all grades) observed with treatment with EPCLUSA for 12 weeks are headache and fatigue. (6.1)
The most common adverse reactions (incidence greater than or equal to 10%, all grades) observed with treatment with EPCLUSA and ribavirin for 12 weeks in patients with decompensated cirrhosis are fatigue, anemia, nausea, headache, insomnia, and diarrhea. (6.1)
To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Gilead Sciences, Inc. at 1-800-GILEAD-5 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.
DRUG INTERACTIONS
P-gp inducers and/or moderate to potent CYP inducers (e.g., rifampin, St. John's wort, carbamazepine): May decrease concentrations of sofosbuvir and/or velpatasvir. Use of EPCLUSA with P-gp inducers and/or moderate to potent CYP inducers is not recommended (5.2, 7)
Consult the full prescribing information prior to use for potential drug interactions (5.1, 5.2, 7)
See 17 for PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION and FDA-approved patient labeling.
Revised: 6/2016
FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION: CONTENTS*
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
EPCLUSA is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 infection [see Dosage and Administration (2.1) and Clinical Studies (14)]:
without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis
with decompensated cirrhosis for use in combination with ribavirin
2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
2.1 Recommended Dosage
The recommended dosage of EPCLUSA is one tablet taken orally once daily with or without food [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. One tablet of EPCLUSA contains 400 mg of sofosbuvir and 100 mg of velpatasvir. Table 1 shows the recommended treatment regimen and duration based on patient population.
Table 1 Recommended Treatment Regimen in Patients with Genotype 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 HCV 

Patient Population Treatment Regimen and Duration
Patients without cirrhosis and patients with compensated cirrhosis (Child-Pugh A) EPCLUSA 12 weeks
Patients with decompensated cirrhosis (Child-Pugh B or C) EPCLUSA + ribavirin 12 weeks
When administered with EPCLUSA, the recommended dosage of ribavirin is based on weight (administered with food): 1000 mg per day for patients less than 75 kg and 1200 mg for those weighing at least 75 kg, divided and administered twice daily. The starting dosage and on-treatment dosage of ribavirin can be decreased based on hemoglobin and creatinine clearance. For ribavirin dosage modifications, refer to the ribavirin prescribing information.
2.2 No Dosage Recommendations in Severe Renal Impairment and End Stage Renal Disease
No dosage recommendation can be given for patients with severe renal impairment (estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate [eGFR] less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2) or with end stage renal disease (ESRD), due to higher exposures (up to 20-fold) of the predominant sofosbuvir metabolite [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
Each EPCLUSA tablet contains 400 mg of sofosbuvir and 100 mg of velpatasvir. The tablets are pink, diamond-shaped, film-coated, and debossed with "GSI" on one side and "7916" on the other side.
4 CONTRAINDICATIONS
EPCLUSA and ribavirin combination regimen is contraindicated in patients for whom ribavirin is contraindicated. Refer to the ribavirin prescribing information for a list of contraindications for ribavirin.
5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
5.1 Serious Symptomatic Bradycardia When Sofosbuvir Is Coadministered with Amiodarone and Another HCV Direct-Acting Antiviral
Postmarketing cases of symptomatic bradycardia and cases requiring pacemaker intervention have been reported when amiodarone is coadministered with sofosbuvir in combination with daclatasvir or simeprevir. A fatal cardiac arrest was reported in a patient taking amiodarone who was coadministered a sofosbuvir-containing regimen (HARVONI (ledipasvir/sofosbuvir)). Bradycardia has generally occurred within hours to days, but cases have been observed up to 2 weeks after initiating HCV treatment. Patients also taking beta blockers, or those with underlying cardiac comorbidities and/or advanced liver disease may be at increased risk for symptomatic bradycardia with coadministration of amiodarone. Bradycardia generally resolved after discontinuation of HCV treatment. The mechanism for this effect is unknown.
Coadministration of amiodarone with EPCLUSA is not recommended. For patients taking amiodarone who have no other alternative viable treatment options and who will be coadministered EPCLUSA:
Counsel patients about the risk of symptomatic bradycardia.
Cardiac monitoring in an in-patient setting for the first 48 hours of coadministration is recommended, after which outpatient or self-monitoring of the heart rate should occur on a daily basis through at least the first 2 weeks of treatment.
Patients who are taking EPCLUSA who need to start amiodarone therapy due to no other alternative viable treatment options should undergo similar cardiac monitoring as outlined above.
Due to amiodarone's long half-life, patients discontinuing amiodarone just prior to starting EPCLUSA should also undergo similar cardiac monitoring as outlined above.
Patients who develop signs or symptoms of bradycardia should seek medical evaluation immediately. Symptoms may include near-fainting or fainting, dizziness or lightheadedness, malaise, weakness, excessive tiredness, shortness of breath, chest pains, confusion, or memory problems [see Adverse Reactions (6.2) and Drug Interactions (7.3)].
5.2 Risk of Reduced Therapeutic Effect Due to Concomitant Use of EPCLUSA with Inducers of P-gp and/or Moderate to Potent Inducers of CYP
Drugs that are inducers of P-gp and/or moderate to potent inducers of CYP2B6, CYP2C8, or CYP3A4 (e.g., rifampin, St. John's wort, carbamazepine) may significantly decrease plasma concentrations of sofosbuvir and/or velpatasvir, leading to potentially reduced therapeutic effect of EPCLUSA. The use of these agents with EPCLUSA is not recommended [see Drug Interactions (7.3)].
5.3 Risks Associated with Ribavirin and EPCLUSA Combination Treatment
If EPCLUSA is administered with ribavirin, the warnings and precautions for ribavirin apply to this combination regimen. Refer to the ribavirin prescribing information for a full list of the warnings and precautions for ribavirin [see Dosage and Administration (2.1)].
6 ADVERSE REACTIONS
The following serious adverse reactions are described below and elsewhere in labeling:
Serious Symptomatic Bradycardia When Sofosbuvir Is Coadministered with Amiodarone and Another HCV Direct-Acting Antiviral [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].
6.1 Clinical Trials Experience
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
If EPCLUSA is administered with ribavirin, refer to the prescribing information for ribavirin for a description of ribavirin-associated adverse reactions.
Adverse Reactions in Subjects without Cirrhosis or with Compensated Cirrhosis
The adverse reactions data for EPCLUSA in patients without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis were derived from three Phase 3 clinical trials (ASTRAL-1, ASTRAL-2, and ASTRAL-3) which evaluated a total of 1035 subjects infected with genotype 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 HCV, without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis, who received EPCLUSA for 12 weeks. EPCLUSA was studied in placebo- and active-controlled trials [see Clinical Studies (14.2)].
The proportion of subjects who permanently discontinued treatment due to adverse events was 0.2% for subjects who received EPCLUSA for 12 weeks.
The most common adverse reactions (adverse events assessed as causally related by the investigator and at least 10%) were headache and fatigue in subjects treated with EPCLUSA for 12 weeks.
Adverse reactions, all grades, observed in greater than or equal to 5% of subjects receiving 12 weeks of treatment with EPCLUSA in ASTRAL-1 include headache (22%), fatigue (15%), nausea (9%), asthenia (5%), and insomnia (5%). Of subjects receiving EPCLUSA who experienced these adverse reactions, 79% had an adverse reaction of mild severity (Grade 1). With the exception of asthenia, each of these adverse reactions occurred at a similar frequency or more frequently in subjects treated with placebo compared to subjects treated with EPCLUSA (asthenia: 3% versus 5% for the placebo and EPCLUSA groups, respectively).
The adverse reactions observed in subjects treated with EPCLUSA in ASTRAL-2 and ASTRAL-3 were consistent with those observed in ASTRAL-1. Irritability was also observed in greater than or equal to 5% of subjects treated with EPCLUSA in ASTRAL-3.
Adverse Reactions in Subjects with Decompensated Cirrhosis
The safety assessment of EPCLUSA in subjects infected with genotype 1, 2, 3, 4, or 6 HCV with decompensated cirrhosis was based on one Phase 3 trial (ASTRAL-4) including 87 subjects who received EPCLUSA with ribavirin for 12 weeks. All 87 subjects had Child-Pugh B cirrhosis at screening. On the first day of treatment with EPCLUSA with ribavirin, 6 subjects and 4 subjects were assessed to have Child-Pugh A and Child-Pugh C cirrhosis, respectively [see Clinical Studies (14.3)].
The most common adverse reactions (adverse events assessed as causally related by the investigator, all grades with frequency of 10% or greater) in the 87 subjects who received EPCLUSA with ribavirin for 12 weeks were fatigue (32%), anemia (26%), nausea (15%), headache (11%), insomnia (11%), and diarrhea (10%). Of subjects who experienced these adverse reactions, 98% had adverse reactions of mild to moderate severity.
A total of 4 (5%) subjects permanently discontinued EPCLUSA with ribavirin due to an adverse event; there was no adverse event leading to discontinuation that occurred in more than 1 subject.
Decreases in hemoglobin to less than 10 g/dL and 8.5 g/dL during treatment were observed in 23% and 7% of subjects treated with EPCLUSA with ribavirin for 12 weeks, respectively. Ribavirin was permanently discontinued in 17% of subjects treated with EPCLUSA with ribavirin for 12 weeks, due to adverse reactions.
Less Common Adverse Reactions Reported in Clinical Trials
The following adverse reactions occurred in less than 5% of subjects without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis treated with EPCLUSA for 12 weeks and are included because of a potential causal relationship.
Rash: In the ASTRAL-1 study, rash occurred in 2% of subjects treated with EPCLUSA and in 1% of subjects treated with placebo. No serious adverse reactions of rash occurred and all rashes were mild or moderate in severity.
Depression: In the ASTRAL-1 study, depressed mood occurred in 1% of subjects treated with EPCLUSA and was not reported by any subject taking placebo. No serious adverse reactions of depressed mood occurred and all events were mild or moderate in severity.
The following adverse reactions occurred in less than 10% of subjects with decompensated cirrhosis (ASTRAL-4) treated with EPCLUSA with ribavirin for 12 weeks and are included because of a potential causal relationship.
Rash: Rash occurred in 5% of subjects treated with EPCLUSA with ribavirin. No serious adverse reactions of rash occurred and all rashes were mild or moderate in severity.
Laboratory Abnormalities
Lipase Elevations: In ASTRAL-1, isolated, asymptomatic lipase elevations of greater than 3×ULN were observed in 3% and 1% of subjects treated with EPCLUSA and placebo for 12 weeks, respectively; and in 6% and 3% of subjects treated with EPCLUSA in ASTRAL-2 and ASTRAL-3, respectively.
In the Phase 3 trial of subjects with decompensated cirrhosis (ASTRAL-4), lipase was assessed when amylase values were greater than or equal to 1.5×ULN. Isolated, asymptomatic lipase elevations of greater than 3×ULN were observed in 2% of subjects treated with EPCLUSA with ribavirin for 12 weeks.
Creatine Kinase: In ASTRAL-1, isolated, asymptomatic creatine kinase elevations greater than or equal to 10×ULN were reported in 1% and 0% of subjects treated with EPCLUSA and placebo for 12 weeks, respectively; and in 2% and 1% of subjects treated with EPCLUSA in ASTRAL-2 and ASTRAL-3, respectively.
In the Phase 3 trial with decompensated cirrhosis (ASTRAL-4), isolated, asymptomatic creatine kinase elevations greater than or equal to 10×ULN were reported in 1% of subjects treated with EPCLUSA with ribavirin for 12 weeks. 
Indirect Bilirubin: Increases in indirect bilirubin up to 3 mg/dL above baseline were noted among HIV-1/HCV coinfected subjects treated with EPCLUSA and an atazanavir/ritonavir-based antiretroviral regimen. The elevated indirect bilirubin values were not associated with clinical adverse events and all subjects completed 12 weeks of EPCLUSA without dose adjustment or treatment interruption of either EPCLUSA or HIV antiretroviral agents.
6.2 Postmarketing Experience
The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of sofosbuvir. Because postmarketing reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Cardiac Disorders
Serious symptomatic bradycardia has been reported in patients taking amiodarone who initiated treatment with sofosbuvir in combination with another HCV direct-acting antiviral [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Drug Interactions (7.3)].
7 DRUG INTERACTIONS
7.1 Potential for Other Drugs to Affect EPCLUSA
Sofosbuvir and velpatasvir are substrates of drug transporters P-gp and BCRP while GS-331007 (the predominant circulating metabolite of sofosbuvir) is not. In vitro, slow metabolic turnover of velpatasvir by CYP2B6, CYP2C8, and CYP3A4 was observed.
Drugs that are inducers of P-gp and/or moderate to potent inducers of CYP2B6, CYP2C8, or CYP3A4 (e.g., rifampin, St. John's wort, carbamazepine) may decrease plasma concentrations of sofosbuvir and/or velpatasvir, leading to reduced therapeutic effect of EPCLUSA. The use of these agents with EPCLUSA is not recommended [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. EPCLUSA may be coadministered with P-gp, BCRP, and CYP inhibitors.
7.2 Potential for EPCLUSA to Affect Other Drugs
Velpatasvir is an inhibitor of drug transporters P-gp, breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OATP2B1. Coadministration of EPCLUSA with drugs that are substrates of these transporters may increase the exposure of such drugs.
7.3 Established and Potentially Significant Drug Interactions
Table 2 provides a listing of established or potentially clinically significant drug interactions. The drug interactions described are based on studies conducted with either EPCLUSA, the components of EPCLUSA (sofosbuvir and velpatasvir) as individual agents, or are predicted drug interactions that may occur with EPCLUSA [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1, 5.2) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
Table 2 Potentially Significant Drug Interactions: Alteration in Dose or Regimen May Be Recommended Based on Drug Interaction Studies or Predicted Interaction*

Concomitant Drug Class: Drug Name Effect on Concentration Clinical Effect/Recommendation
DF = disoproxil fumarate.
Acid Reducing Agents: ↓ velpatasvir Velpatasvir solubility decreases as pH increases. Drugs that increase gastric pH are expected to decrease concentration of velpatasvir.
Antacids (e.g., aluminum and magnesium hydroxide) Separate antacid and EPCLUSA administration by 4 hours.
H2-receptor antagonists‡ (e.g., famotidine) H2-receptor antagonists may be administered simultaneously with or 12 hours apart from EPCLUSA at a dose that does not exceed doses comparable to famotidine 40 mg twice daily.
Proton-pump inhibitors‡ (e.g., omeprazole) Coadministration of omeprazole or other proton-pump inhibitors is not recommended. If it is considered medically necessary to coadminister, EPCLUSA should be administered with food and taken 4 hours before omeprazole 20 mg. Use with other proton-pump inhibitors has not been studied.
Antiarrhythmics:
amiodarone
Effect on amiodarone, sofosbuvir, and velpatasvir concentrations unknown Coadministration of amiodarone with EPCLUSA may result in serious symptomatic bradycardia. The mechanism of this effect is unknown. Coadministration of amiodarone with EPCLUSA is not recommended; if coadministration is required, cardiac monitoring is recommended [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) and Adverse Reactions (6.2)].
digoxin‡ ↑ digoxin Therapeutic concentration monitoring of digoxin is recommended when coadministered with EPCLUSA. Refer to digoxin prescribing information for monitoring and dose modification recommendations for concentration increases of less than 50%.
Anticancers:
topotecan
↑ topotecan Coadministration is not recommended.
Anticonvulsants:
carbamazepine
phenytoin
phenobarbital
oxcarbazepine
↓ sofosbuvir
↓ velpatasvir
Coadministration is not recommended.
Antimycobacterials:
rifabutin
rifampin‡
rifapentine
↓ sofosbuvir
↓ velpatasvir
Coadministration is not recommended.
HIV Antiretrovirals:
efavirenz‡
↓ velpatasvir Coadministration of EPCLUSA with efavirenz-containing regimens is not recommended.
Regimens containing tenofovir DF ↑ tenofovir Monitor for tenofovir-associated adverse reactions in patients receiving EPCLUSA concomitantly with a regimen containing tenofovir DF. Refer to the prescribing information of the tenofovir DF-containing product for recommendations on renal monitoring.
tipranavir/ritonavir ↓ sofosbuvir
↓ velpatasvir
Coadministration is not recommended.
Herbal Supplements:
St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum)
↓ sofosbuvir
↓ velpatasvir
Coadministration is not recommended.
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors:
rosuvastatin‡
↑ rosuvastatin
Coadministration of EPCLUSA with rosuvastatin may significantly increase the concentration of rosuvastatin, which is associated with increased risk of myopathy, including rhabdomyolysis. Rosuvastatin may be administered with EPCLUSA at a dose that does not exceed 10 mg.
atorvastatin ↑ atorvastatin
Coadministration of EPCLUSA with atorvastatin is expected to increase the concentrations of atorvastatin, which is associated with increased risk of myopathy, including rhabdomyolysis. Monitor closely for HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor-associated adverse reactions, such as myopathy and rhabdomyolysis.
This table is not all inclusive.
↓ = decrease, ↑ = increase.
These interactions have been studied in healthy adults. 
7.4 Drugs without Clinically Significant Interactions with EPCLUSA
Based on drug interaction studies conducted with the components of EPCLUSA (sofosbuvir or velpatasvir) or EPCLUSA, no clinically significant drug interactions have been observed with the following drugs [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]:
EPCLUSA: atazanavir/ritonavir, cyclosporine, darunavir/ritonavir, dolutegravir, elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide, emtricitabine, raltegravir, or rilpivirine
Sofosbuvir: ethinyl estradiol/norgestimate, methadone, or tacrolimus
Velpatasvir: ethinyl estradiol/norgestimate, ketoconazole, or pravastatin. See Table 2 for use of EPCLUSA with certain HIV antiretroviral regimens [see Drug Interactions (7.3)].
8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
8.1 Pregnancy
Risk Summary
If EPCLUSA is administered with ribavirin, the combination regimen is contraindicated in pregnant women and in men whose female partners are pregnant. Refer to the ribavirin prescribing information for more information on ribavirin-associated risks of use during pregnancy.
No adequate human data are available to establish whether or not EPCLUSA poses a risk to pregnancy outcomes. In animal reproduction studies, no evidence of adverse developmental outcomes was observed with the components of EPCLUSA (sofosbuvir or velpatasvir) at exposures greater than those in humans at the recommended human dose (RHD) [see Data]. During organogenesis in the mouse, rat, and rabbit, systemic exposures (AUC) to velpatasvir were approximately 31 (mice), 6 (rats), and 0.4 (rabbits) times the exposure in humans at the RHD, while exposures to the predominant circulating metabolite of sofosbuvir (GS-331007) were approximately 4 (rats) and 10 (rabbits) times the exposure in humans at the RHD. In rat pre/postnatal development studies, maternal systemic exposures (AUC) to velpatasvir and GS-331007 were approximately 5 times the exposures of each component in humans at the RHD.
The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2–4% and 15–20%, respectively.
Data
Sofosbuvir: Sofosbuvir was administered orally to pregnant rats (up to 500 mg/kg/day) and rabbits (up to 300 mg/kg/day) on gestation days 6 to 18 and 6 to 19, respectively, and also to rats (oral doses up to 500 mg/kg/day) on gestation day 6 to lactation/post-partum day 20. No significant effects on embryo-fetal (rats and rabbits) or pre/postnatal (rats) development were observed at the highest doses tested. The systemic exposures (AUC) of the predominant circulating metabolite of sofosbuvir (GS-331007) during gestation were approximately 4 (rats) and 10 (rabbits) times the exposure in humans at the RHD.
Velpatasvir: Velpatasvir was administered orally to pregnant mice (up to 1000 mg/kg/day), rats (up to 200 mg/kg/day) and rabbits (up to 300 mg/kg/day) on gestation days 6 to 15, 6 to 17, and 7 to 20, respectively, and also to rats (oral doses up to 200 mg/kg) on gestation day 6 to lactation/post-partum day 20. No significant effects on embryo-fetal (mice, rats, and rabbits) or pre/postnatal (rats) development were observed at the highest doses tested. The systemic exposures (AUC) of velpatasvir during gestation were approximately 31 (mice), 6 (rats), and 0.4 (rabbits) times the exposure in humans at the RHD.
8.2 Lactation
Risk Summary
It is not known whether the components of EPCLUSA and its metabolites are present in human breast milk, affect human milk production, or have effects on the breastfed infant. The predominant circulating metabolite of sofosbuvir (GS-331007) was the primary component observed in the milk of lactating rats administered sofosbuvir, without effect on nursing pups. When administered to lactating rats, velpatasvir was detected in the milk of lactating rats and in the plasma of nursing pups without effects on the nursing pups [see Data].
The development and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for EPCLUSA and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed child from EPCLUSA or from the underlying maternal condition.
If EPCLUSA is administered with ribavirin, the nursing mother's information for ribavirin also applies to this combination regimen. Refer to the ribavirin prescribing information for more information on use during lactation.
Data
Sofosbuvir: No effects of sofosbuvir on growth and postnatal development were observed in nursing pups at the highest dose tested in rats. Maternal systemic exposure (AUC) to the predominant circulating metabolite of sofosbuvir (GS-331007) was approximately 5 times the exposure in humans at the RHD, with exposure of approximately 2% that of maternal exposure observed in nursing pups on lactation day 10. In a lactation study, sofosbuvir metabolites (primarily GS-331007) were excreted into the milk of lactating rats following administration of a single oral dose of sofosbuvir (20 mg/kg) on lactation day 2, with milk concentrations of approximately 10% that of maternal plasma concentrations observed 1 hour post-dose.
Velpatasvir: No effects of velpatasvir on growth and postnatal development were observed in nursing pups at the highest dose tested in rats. Maternal systemic exposure (AUC) to velpatasvir was approximately 5 times the exposure in humans at the RHD. Velpatasvir was present in the milk (approximately 173% that of maternal plasma concentrations) of lactating rats following a single oral dose of velpatasvir (30 mg/kg), and systemic exposure (AUC) in nursing pups was approximately 4% that of maternal exposure on lactation day 10.
8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential
If EPCLUSA is administered with ribavirin, the information for ribavirin with regard to pregnancy testing, contraception, and infertility also applies to this combination regimen. Refer to ribavirin prescribing information for additional information.
8.4 Pediatric Use
Safety and effectiveness of EPCLUSA have not been established in pediatric patients.
8.5 Geriatric Use
Clinical trials of EPCLUSA included 156 subjects aged 65 and over (12% of total number of subjects in the Phase 3 clinical trials). No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these subjects and younger subjects, and other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out. No dosage adjustment of EPCLUSA is warranted in geriatric patients [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
8.6 Renal Impairment
No dosage adjustment of EPCLUSA is required for patients with mild or moderate renal impairment. The safety and efficacy of EPCLUSA have not been established in patients with severe renal impairment (eGFR less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2) or ESRD requiring hemodialysis. No dosage recommendation can be given for patients with severe renal impairment or ESRD [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. Refer to ribavirin prescribing information regarding use of ribavirin in patients with renal impairment.
8.7 Hepatic Impairment
No dosage adjustment of EPCLUSA is required for patients with mild, moderate, or severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A, B, or C) [see Adverse Reactions (6.1), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3), and Clinical Studies (14)].
Clinical and hepatic laboratory monitoring (including direct bilirubin), as clinically indicated, is recommended for patients with decompensated cirrhosis receiving treatment with EPCLUSA and ribavirin [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. 
10 OVERDOSAGE
No specific antidote is available for overdose with EPCLUSA. If overdose occurs the patient must be monitored for evidence of toxicity. Treatment of overdose with EPCLUSA consists of general supportive measures including monitoring of vital signs as well as observation of the clinical status of the patient. Hemodialysis can efficiently remove the predominant circulating metabolite of sofosbuvir, GS-331007, with an extraction ratio of 53%. Hemodialysis is unlikely to result in significant removal of velpatasvir since velpatasvir is highly bound to plasma protein.
11 DESCRIPTION
EPCLUSA is a fixed-dose combination tablet containing sofosbuvir and velpatasvir for oral administration. Sofosbuvir is a nucleotide analog HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitor and velpatasvir is an NS5A inhibitor.
Each tablet contains 400 mg sofosbuvir and 100 mg velpatasvir. The tablets include the following inactive ingredients: copovidone, croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate, and microcrystalline cellulose. The tablets are film-coated with a coating material containing the following inactive ingredients: iron oxide red, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, talc, and titanium dioxide.
Sofosbuvir: The IUPAC name for sofosbuvir is (S)-Isopropyl 2-((S)-(((2R,3R,4R,5R)-5-(2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)-4-fluoro-3-hydroxy-4-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methoxy)-(phenoxy)phosphorylamino)propanoate. It has a molecular formula of C22H29FN3O9P and a molecular weight of 529.45. It has the following structural formula:


Sofosbuvir is a white to off-white crystalline solid with a solubility of at least 2 mg/mL across the pH range of 2–7.7 at 37 °C and is slightly soluble in water.
Velpatasvir: The IUPAC name for velpatasvir is Methyl {(1R)-2-[(2S,4S)-2-(5-{2-[(2S,5S)-1-{(2S)-2-[(methoxycarbonyl)amino]-3-methylbutanoyl}-5-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]-1,11-dihydro[2]benzopyrano[4',3':6,7]naphtho[1,2-d]imidazol-9-yl}-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-4-(methoxymethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxo-1-phenylethyl}carbamate. It has a molecular formula of C49H54N8O8 and a molecular weight of 883.0. It has the following structural formula:


Velpatasvir is practically insoluble (less than 0.1 mg/mL) above pH 5, slightly soluble (3.6 mg/mL) at pH 2, and soluble (greater than 36 mg/mL) at pH 1.2.
12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
12.1 Mechanism of Action
EPCLUSA is a fixed-dose combination of sofosbuvir and velpatasvir which are direct-acting antiviral agents against the hepatitis C virus [see Microbiology (12.4)].
12.2 Pharmacodynamics
Cardiac Electrophysiology
The effect of sofosbuvir 400 mg (recommended dosage) and 1200 mg (3 times the recommended dosage) on QTc interval was evaluated in an active-controlled (moxifloxacin 400 mg) thorough QT trial. At a dose 3 times the recommended dose, sofosbuvir does not prolong QTc to any clinically relevant extent.
The effect of velpatasvir 500 mg (5 times the recommended dosage) was evaluated in an active-controlled (moxifloxacin 400 mg) thorough QT trial. At a dose 5 times the recommended dose, velpatasvir does not prolong QTc interval to any clinically relevant extent.
12.3 Pharmacokinetics
The pharmacokinetic properties of the components of EPCLUSA are provided in Table 3. The multiple dose pharmacokinetic parameters of sofosbuvir and its metabolite, GS-331007, and velpatasvir are provided in Table 4.
Table 3 Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Components of EPCLUSA

Sofosbuvir Velpatasvir
CES1 = carboxylesterase 1; HINT1 = histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1.

 

Absorption
Tmax (h) 0.5–1 3
Effect of moderate meal (relative to fasting) ↑ 60% ↑ 34%
Effect of high fat meal (relative to fasting)* ↑ 78% ↑ 21%
Distribution
% Bound to human plasma proteins 61–65 >99.5
Blood-to-plasma ratio 0.7 0.52–0.67
Metabolism
Metabolism Cathepsin A
CES1
HINT1
CYP2B6
CYP2C8
CYP3A4
Elimination
Major route of elimination SOF: metabolism
GS-331007†: glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion
Biliary excretion as parent (77%)
t1/2 (h) SOF: 0.5
GS-331007: 25
15
% Of dose excreted in urine 80 0.4
% Of dose excreted in feces§ 14 94
Values refer to mean systemic exposure. Moderate meal = ~600 kcal, 30% fat; high fat meal = ~800 kcal, 50% fat. EPCLUSA can be taken with or without food.
GS-331007 is the primary circulating nucleoside metabolite of SOF.
t 1/2 values refer to median terminal plasma half-life.
Single dose administration of [ 14C] SOF or [ 14C] VEL in mass balance studies.
Predominantly as GS-331007. 
Table 4 Multiple Dose Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Sofosbuvir and its Metabolite, GS-331007, and Velpatasvir Following Oral Administration of EPCLUSA in HCV-Infected Adults

Parameter
Mean (%CV)
Sofosbuvir GS-331007† Velpatasvir
CV = coefficient of variation; NA = not applicable.
Cmax
(nanogram per mL)
567 (30.7) 898 (26.7) 259 (54.3)
AUCtau
(nanogram∙hr per mL)
1268 (38.5) 14372 (28.0) 2980 (51.3)
Ctrough
(nanogram per mL)
NA NA 42 (67.3)
From Population PK analysis, N = 666
From Population PK analysis, N = 1029
From Population PK analysis, N = 1025 
Sofosbuvir and GS-331007 AUC0–24 and Cmax were similar in healthy adult subjects and subjects with HCV infection. Relative to healthy subjects (N=331), velpatasvir AUC0–24 and Cmax were 37% lower and 42% lower, respectively, in HCV-infected subjects.
Velpatasvir AUC increases in a greater than proportional manner from 5 to 50 mg and in a less than proportional manner from 50 to 450 mg in healthy volunteers. However, velpatasvir exhibited more than or near dose-proportional increase in exposures 25 mg to 150 mg in HCV-infected patients when coadministered with sofosbuvir. Sofosbuvir and GS-331007 AUCs are near dose-proportional over the dose range of 200 mg to 1200 mg.
Specific Populations
Pediatric Patients: The pharmacokinetics of sofosbuvir or velpatasvir in pediatric patients has not been established [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)].
Geriatric Patients: Population pharmacokinetic analysis in HCV-infected subjects showed that within the age range (18 to 82 years) analyzed, age did not have a clinically relevant effect on the exposure to sofosbuvir, GS-331007, or velpatasvir [see Use in Specific Populations (8.5)].
Patients with Renal Impairment:
The pharmacokinetics of sofosbuvir were studied in HCV negative subjects with mild (eGFR between 50 to less than 80 mL/min/1.73 m 2), moderate (eGFR between 30 to less than 50 mL/min/1.73 m 2), severe renal impairment (eGFR less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m 2), and subjects with ESRD requiring hemodialysis following a single 400 mg dose of sofosbuvir. Relative to subjects with normal renal function (eGFR greater than 80 mL/min/1.73 m 2), the sofosbuvir AUC 0–inf was 61%, 107%, and 171% higher in subjects with mild, moderate, and severe renal impairment, while the GS-331007 AUC 0–inf was 55%, 88%, and 451% higher, respectively. In subjects with ESRD, relative to subjects with normal renal function, sofosbuvir and GS-331007 AUC 0–inf was 28% and 1280% higher when sofosbuvir was dosed 1 hour before hemodialysis compared with 60% and 2070% higher when sofosbuvir was dosed 1 hour after hemodialysis, respectively. A 4 hour hemodialysis session removed approximately 18% of administered dose [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) and Use in Specific Populations (8.6)].
The pharmacokinetics of velpatasvir were studied with a single dose of 100 mg velpatasvir in HCV negative subjects with severe renal impairment (eGFR less than 30 mL/min by Cockcroft-Gault). No clinically relevant differences in velpatasvir pharmacokinetics were observed between healthy subjects and subjects with severe renal impairment.
Patients with Hepatic Impairment:
The pharmacokinetics of sofosbuvir were studied following 7-day dosing of 400 mg sofosbuvir in HCV-infected subjects with moderate and severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B and C, respectively). Relative to subjects with normal hepatic function, the sofosbuvir AUC 0–24 were 126% and 143% higher in moderate and severe hepatic impairment, while the GS-331007 AUC 0–24 were 18% and 9% higher, respectively. Population pharmacokinetics analysis in HCV-infected subjects indicated that cirrhosis (including decompensated cirrhosis) had no clinically relevant effect on the exposure of sofosbuvir and GS-331007 [see Use in Specific Populations (8.7)].
The pharmacokinetics of velpatasvir were studied with a single dose of 100 mg velpatasvir in HCV negative subjects with moderate and severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B and C). Velpatasvir plasma exposure (AUC inf) was similar in subjects with moderate hepatic impairment, severe hepatic impairment, and control subjects with normal hepatic function. Population pharmacokinetics analysis in HCV-infected subjects indicated that cirrhosis (including decompensated cirrhosis) had no clinically relevant effect on the exposure of velpatasvir [see Use in Specific Populations (8.7)].
Race: Population pharmacokinetics analysis in HCV-infected subjects indicated that race had no clinically relevant effect on the exposure of sofosbuvir, GS-331007, or velpatasvir.
Gender: Population pharmacokinetics analysis in HCV-infected subjects indicated that gender had no clinically relevant effect on the exposure of sofosbuvir, GS-331007, or velpatasvir.
Drug Interaction Studies
After oral administration of EPCLUSA, sofosbuvir is rapidly absorbed and subject to extensive first-pass hepatic extraction (hydrolysis followed by sequential phosphorylation) to form the pharmacologically active triphosphate. In clinical pharmacology studies, both sofosbuvir and the primary circulating metabolite GS-331007 (dephosphorylated nucleotide metabolite) were monitored for purposes of pharmacokinetic analyses.
Sofosbuvir and velpatasvir are substrates of drug transporters P-gp and BCRP while GS-331007 is not. Velpatasvir is also transported by OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. In vitro, slow metabolic turnover of velpatasvir by CYP2B6, CYP2C8, and CYP3A4 was observed. Inducers of P-gp and/or moderate to potent inducers of CYP2B6, CYP2C8, or CYP3A4 (e.g., rifampin, St. John's wort, carbamazepine) may decrease plasma concentrations of sofosbuvir and/or velpatasvir, leading to reduced therapeutic effect of EPCLUSA [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) and Drug Interactions (7.3)]. Coadministration with drugs that inhibit P-gp and/or BCRP may increase sofosbuvir and/or velpatasvir plasma concentrations without increasing GS-331007 plasma concentration. Drugs that inhibit CYP2B6, CYP2C8, or CYP3A4 may increase plasma concentration of velpatasvir.
Velpatasvir is an inhibitor of drug transporter P-gp, BCRP, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OATP2B1, and its involvement in drug interactions with these transporters is primarily limited to the process of absorption. At clinically relevant concentration, velpatasvir is not an inhibitor of hepatic transporters OATP1A2 or OCT1, renal transporters OCT2, OAT1, OAT3 or MATE1, or CYP or UGT1A1 enzymes.
Sofosbuvir and GS-331007 are not inhibitors of drug transporters P-gp, BCRP, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OCT1 and GS-331007 is not an inhibitor of OAT1, OAT3, OCT2, and MATE1. Sofosbuvir and GS-331007 are not inhibitors or inducers of CYP or UGT1A1 enzymes.
The effects of coadministered drugs on the exposure of sofosbuvir, GS-331007, and velpatasvir are shown in Table 5. The effects of sofosbuvir, velpatasvir, or EPCLUSA on the exposure of coadministered drugs are shown in Table 6.
Table 5 Drug Interactions: Changes in Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Sofosbuvir, GS-331007, and Velpatasvir in the Presence of the Coadministered Drug*

Coadministered Drug Dose of Coadministered Drug
(mg)
SOF Dose
(mg)
VEL Dose
(mg)
N Mean Ratio (90% CI) of Sofosbuvir, GS-331007, and Velpatasvir PK With/Without Coadministered Drug
No Effect=1.00
Cmax AUC Cmin
NA = not available/not applicable, ND = not dosed, DF = disoproxil fumarate.
Atazanavir/ ritonavir + emtricitabine/ tenofovir DF 300/100 + 200/300 once daily 400 once daily 100 once daily 24 sofosbuvir 1.12
(0.97, 1.29)
1.22
(1.12, 1.33)
NA
GS-331007 1.21
(1.12, 1.29)
1.32
(1.27, 1.36)
1.42
(1.37, 1.49)
velpatasvir 1.55
(1.41, 1.71)
2.42
(2.23, 2.64)
4.01
(3.57, 4.50)
Cyclosporine 600 single dose 400 single dose ND 19 sofosbuvir 2.54
(1.87, 3.45)
4.53
(3.26, 6.30)
NA
GS-331007 0.60
(0.53, 0.69)
1.04
(0.90, 1.20)
NA
ND 100 single dose 12 velpatasvir 1.56
(1.22, 2.01)
2.03
(1.51, 2.71)
NA
Darunavir/ritonavir + emtricitabine/tenofovir DF 800/100 + 200/300 once daily 400 once daily 100 once daily 29 sofosbuvir 0.62
(0.54, 0.71)
0.72
(0.66, 0.80)
NA
GS-331007 1.04
(0.99, 1.08)
1.13
(1.08, 1.18)
1.13
(1.06, 1.19)
velpatasvir 0.76
(0.65, 0.89)
0.84
(0.72, 0.98)
1.01
(0.87, 1.18)
Efavirenz/emtricitabine/ tenofovir DF† 600/200/300 once daily 400 once daily 100 once daily 14 sofosbuvir 1.38
(1.14, 1.67)
0.97
(0.83, 1.14)
NA
GS-331007 0.86
(0.80, 0.93)
0.90
(0.85, 0.96)
1.01
(0.95, 1.07)
velpatasvir 0.53
(0.43, 0.64)
0.47
(0.39, 0.57)
0.43
(0.36, 0.52)
Elvitegravir/cobicistat/ emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide‡ 150/150/200/10 once daily 400 once daily 100 once daily 23 sofosbuvir 1.23
(1.07, 1.42)
1.37
(1.24, 1.52)
NA
GS-331007 1.29
(1.25, 1.33)
1.48
(1.43, 1.53)
1.58
(1.52, 1.65)
velpatasvir 1.30
(1.17, 1.45)
1.50
(1.35, 1.66)
1.60
(1.44, 1.78)
Elvitegravir/cobicistat/ emtricitabine/tenofovir DF§ 150/150/200/300 once daily 400 once daily 100 once daily 24 sofosbuvir 1.01
(0.85, 1.19)
1.24
(1.13, 1.37)
NA
GS-331007 1.13
(1.07, 1.18)
1.35
(1.30, 1.40)
1.45
(1.38, 1.52)
velpatasvir 1.05
(0.93, 1.19)
1.19
(1.07, 1.34)
1.37
(1.22, 1.54)
Famotidine 40 single dose simultaneously with EPCLUSA 400 single dose 100 single dose 60 sofosbuvir 0.92
(0.82, 1.05)
0.82
(0.74, 0.91)
NA
GS-331007 0.84
(0.78, 0.89)
0.94
(0.91, 0.98)
NA
velpatasvir 0.80
(0.70, 0.91)
0.81
(0.71, 0.91)
NA
40 single dose 12 hours prior to EPCLUSA 60 sofosbuvir 0.77
(0.68, 0.87)
0.80
(0.73, 0.88)
NA
GS-331007 1.20
(1.13, 1.28)
1.04
(1.01, 1.08)
NA
velpatasvir 0.87
(0.76, 1.00)
0.85
(0.74, 0.97)
NA
Ketoconazole 200 twice daily ND 100 single dose 12 velpatasvir 1.29
(1.02, 1.64)
1.71
(1.35, 2.18)
NA
Lopinavir/ ritonavir + emtricitabine/ tenofovir DF 4×200/50 + 200/300 once daily 400 once daily 100 once daily 24 sofosbuvir 0.59
(0.49, 0.71)
0.71
(0.64, 0.78)
NA
GS-331007 1.01
(0.98, 1.05)
1.15
(1.09, 1.21)
1.15
(1.07, 1.25)
velpatasvir 0.70
(0.59, 0.83)
1.02
(0.89, 1.17)
1.63
(1.43, 1.85)
Methadone 30 to 130 daily 400 once daily ND 14 sofosbuvir 0.95
(0.68, 1.33)
1.30
(1.00, 1.69)
NA
GS-331007 0.73
(0.65, 0.83)
1.04
(0.89, 1.22)
NA
Omeprazole 20 once daily simultaneously with EPCLUSA 400 single dose fasted 100 single dose fasted 60 sofosbuvir 0.66
(0.55, 0.78)
0.71
(0.60, 0.83)
NA
GS-331007 1.18
(1.10, 1.26)
1.00
(0.95, 1.05)
NA
velpatasvir 0.63
(0.50, 0.78)
0.64
(0.52, 0.79)
NA
20 once daily 12 hours prior to EPCLUSA 400 single dose fasted 100 single dose fasted 60 sofosbuvir 0.55
(0.47, 0.64)
0.56
(0.49, 0.65)
NA
GS-331007 1.26
(1.18, 1.34)
0.97
(0.94, 1.01)
NA
velpatasvir 0.43
(0.35, 0.54)
0.45
(0.37, 0.55)
NA
20 once daily 2 hours prior to EPCLUSA 400 single dose fed 100 single dose fed 40 sofosbuvir 0.84
(0.68, 1.03)
1.08
(0.94, 1.25)
NA
GS-331007 0.94
(0.88, 1.02)
0.99
(0.96, 1.03)
NA
velpatasvir 0.52
(0.43, 0.64)
0.62
(0.51, 0.75)
NA
20 once daily 4 hours after EPCLUSA 400 single dose fed 100 single dose fed 38 sofosbuvir 0.79
(0.68, 0.92)
1.05
(0.94, 1.16)
NA
GS-331007 0.91
(0.85, 0.98)
0.99
(0.95, 1.02)
NA
velpatasvir 0.67
(0.58, 0.78)
0.74
(0.63, 0.86)
NA
40 once daily 4 hours after EPCLUSA 400 single dose fed 100 single dose fed 40 sofosbuvir 0.70
(0.57, 0.87)
0.91
(0.76, 1.08)
NA
GS-331007 1.01
(0.96, 1.07)
0.99
(0.94, 1.03)
NA
velpatasvir 0.44
(0.34, 0.57)
0.47
(0.37, 0.60)
NA
Rifampin 600 once daily 400 single dose ND 17 sofosbuvir 0.23
(0.19, 0.29)
0.28
(0.24, 0.32)
NA
GS-331007 1.23
(1.14, 1.34)
0.95
(0.88, 1.03)
NA
ND 100 single dose 12 velpatasvir 0.29
(0.23, 0.37)
0.18
(0.15, 0.22)
NA
600 single dose ND 100 single dose 12 velpatasvir 1.28
(1.05, 1.56)
1.46
(1.17, 1.83)
NA
Tacrolimus 5 single dose 400 single dose ND 16 sofosbuvir 0.97
(0.65, 1.43)
1.13
(0.81, 1.57)
NA
GS-331007 0.97
(0.83,
All interaction studies conducted in healthy volunteers.
Administered as ATRIPLA (efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir DF fixed-dose combination).
Administered as GENVOYA (elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide fixed-dose combination).
Administered as STRIBILD (elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir DF fixed-dose combination).
EPCLUSA was administered under fasted conditions in the reference arms.
No effect on the pharmacokinetic parameters of sofosbuvir, GS-331007, or velpatasvir was observed with dolutegravir; the combination of emtricitabine, rilpivirine, and tenofovir DF; emtricitabine; raltegravir; or tenofovir DF.
Table 6 Changes in Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Coadministered Drug in the Presence of Sofosbuvir, Velpatasvir, or EPCLUSA*

Coadministered Drug Dose of Coadministered Drug
(mg)
SOF Dose
(mg)
VEL Dose
(mg)
N Mean Ratio (90% CI) of Coadministered Drug PK With/Without Sofosbuvir, Velpatasvir, or EPCLUSA
No Effect=1.00
Cmax AUC Cmin
NA = not available/not applicable, ND = not dosed, DF = disoproxil fumarate.
Atazanavir/ritonavir + emtricitabine/tenofovir DF† atazanavir 300 once daily 400 once daily 100 once daily 24 1.09
(1.00, 1.19)
1.20
(1.10, 1.31)
1.39
(1.20, 1.61)
ritonavir 100 once daily 0.89
(0.82, 0.97)
0.97
(0.89, 1.05)
1.29
(1.15, 1.44)
emtricitabine 200 once daily 1.01
(0.96, 1.06)
1.02
(0.99, 1.04)
1.06
(1.02, 1.11)
tenofovir DF 300 once daily 1.55
(1.43, 1.68)
1.30
(1.24, 1.36)
1.39
(1.31, 1.48)
Darunavir/ritonavir + emtricitabine/tenofovir DF darunavir 800 once daily 400 once daily 100 once daily 29 0.90
(0.86, 0.95)
0.92
(0.87, 0.98)
0.87
(0.79, 0.95)
ritonavir 100 once daily 1.07
(0.97, 1.17)
1.12
(1.05, 1.19)
1.09
(1.02, 1.15)
emtricitabine 200 once daily 1.05
(1.01, 1.08)
1.05
(1.02, 1.08)
1.04
(0.98, 1.09)
tenofovir DF 300 once daily 1.55
(1.45, 1.66)
1.39
(1.33, 1.44)
1.52
(1.45, 1.59)
Digoxin 0.25 single dose ND 100 21 1.88
(1.71, 2.08)
1.34
(1.13, 1.60)
NA
Efavirenz/emtricitabine/ tenofovir DF efavirenz 600 once daily 400 once daily 100 once daily 15 0.81
(0.74, 0.89)
0.85
(0.80, 0.91)
0.90
(0.85, 0.95)
emtricitabine 200 once daily 1.07
(0.98, 1.18)
1.07
(1.00, 1.14)
1.10
(0.97, 1.25)
tenofovir DF 300 once daily 1.77
(1.53, 2.04)
1.81
(1.68, 1.94)
2.21
(2.00, 2.43)
Elvitegravir/cobicistat/ emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide elvitegravir 150 once daily 400 once daily 100 once daily 24 0.87
(0.80, 0.94)
0.94
(0.88, 1.00)
1.08
(0.97, 1.20)
cobicistat 150 once daily 1.16
(1.09, 1.23)
1.30
(1.23, 1.38)
2.03
(1.67, 2.48)
emtricitabine 200 once daily 1.02
(0.97, 1.06)
1.01
(0.98, 1.04)
1.02
(0.97, 1.07)
tenofovir alafenamide 10 once daily 0.80
(0.68, 0.94)
0.87
(0.81, 0.94)
NA
Elvitegravir/cobicistat/ emtricitabine/tenofovir DF elvitegravir 150 once daily 400 once daily 100 once daily 24 0.93
(0.86, 1.00)
0.93
(0.87, 0.99)
0.97
(0.91, 1.04)
cobicistat 150 once daily 1.11
(1.06, 1.17)
1.23
(1.17, 1.29)
1.71
(1.54, 1.90)
emtricitabine 200 once daily 1.02
(0.97, 1.08)
1.01
(0.98, 1.04)
1.06
(1.01, 1.11)
tenofovir DF 300 once daily 1.36
(1.25, 1.47)
1.35
(1.29, 1.42)
1.45
(1.39, 1.51)
Emtricitabine/rilpivirine/ tenofovir DFÞ emtricitabine 200 once daily 400 once daily 100 once daily 24 0.95
(0.90, 1.00)
0.99
(0.97, 1.02)
1.05
(0.99, 1.11)
rilpivirine 25 once daily 0.93
(0.88, 0.98)
0.95
(0.90, 1.00)
0.96
(0.90, 1.03)
tenofovir DF 300 once daily 1.44
(1.33, 1.55)
1.40
(1.34, 1.46)
1.84
(1.76, 1.92)
Norelgestromin norgestimate 0.180/0.215/0.25/ethinyl estradiol 0.025 once daily ND 100 once daily 13 0.97
(0.88, 1.07)
0.90
(0.82, 0.98)
0.92
(0.83, 1.03)
400 once daily ND 15 1.07
(0.94, 1.22)
1.06
(0.92, 1.21)
1.07
(0.89, 1.28)
Norgestrel ND 100 once daily 13 0.96
(0.78, 1.19)
0.91
(0.73, 1.15)
0.92
(0.73, 1.18)
400 once daily ND 15 1.18
(0.99, 1.41)
1.19
(0.98, 1.45)
1.23
(1.00, 1.51)
Ethinyl estradiol ND 100 once daily 12 1.39
(1.17, 1.66)
1.04
(0.87, 1.24)
0.83
(0.65, 1.06)
400 once daily ND 15 1.15
(0.97, 1.36)
1.09
(0.94, 1.26)
0.99
(0.80, 1.23)
Pravastatin pravastatin 40 single dose ND 100 once daily 18 1.28
(1.08, 1.52)
1.35
(1.18, 1.54)
NA
Rosuvastatin rosuvastatin 10 single dose ND 100 once daily 18 2.61
(2.32, 2.92)
2.69
(2.46, 2.94)
NA
Raltegravir + emtricitabine/tenofovir DF emtricitabine 200 once daily 400 once daily 100 once daily 30 1.08
(1.04, 1.12)
1.05
(1.03, 1.07)
1.02
(0.97, 1.08)
tenofovir DF 300 once daily 1.46
(1.39, 1.54)
1.40
(1.34, 1.45)
1.70
(1.61, 1.79)
raltegravir 400 twice daily 1.03
(0.74, 1.43)
0.97
(0.73, 1.28)
0.79
(0.42, 1.48)
Tacrolimus 5 single dose 400 single dose ND 16 0.73
(0.59, 0.90)
All interaction studies conducted in healthy volunteers.
Comparison based on exposures when administered as atazanavir/ritonavir + emtricitabine/tenofovir DF.
Comparison based on exposures when administered as darunavir/ritonavir + emtricitabine/tenofovir DF.
Administered as ATRIPLA (efavirenz, emtricitabine, and tenofovir DF fixed-dose combination).
Administered as GENVOYA (elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide fixed-dose combination).
Administered as STRIBILD (elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir DF fixed-dose combination).
Administered as COMPLERA (emtricitabine, rilpivirine, and tenofovir DF fixed-dose combination
No effect on the pharmacokinetic parameters of the following coadministered drugs was observed with EPCLUSA (dolutegravir or lopinavir/ritonavir) or its components sofosbuvir (cyclosporine or methadone) or velpatasvir (cyclosporine).
12.4 Microbiology
Mechanism of Action
Sofosbuvir is an inhibitor of the HCV NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which is required for viral replication. Sofosbuvir is a nucleotide prodrug that undergoes intracellular metabolism to form the pharmacologically active uridine analog triphosphate (GS-461203), which can be incorporated into HCV RNA by the NS5B polymerase and acts as a chain terminator. In a biochemical assay, GS-461203 inhibited the polymerase activity of the recombinant NS5B from HCV genotype 1b, 2a, 3a, and 4a with an IC50 value ranging from 0.36 to 3.3 micromolar. GS-461203 is neither an inhibitor of human DNA and RNA polymerases nor an inhibitor of mitochondrial RNA polymerase.
Velpatasvir is an inhibitor of the HCV NS5A protein, which is required for viral replication. Resistance selection in cell culture and cross-resistance studies indicate velpatasvir targets NS5A as its mode of action.
Antiviral Activity
The EC50 values of sofosbuvir and velpatasvir against full-length or chimeric replicons encoding NS5B and NS5A sequences from the laboratory strains are presented in Table 7. The EC50 values of sofosbuvir and velpatasvir against clinical isolates are presented in Table 8.
Table 7 Activity of Sofosbuvir and Velpatasvir Against Full Length or Chimeric Laboratory Replicons

Replicon Genotype Sofosbuvir EC50, nM Velpatasvir EC50, nM
NA = not available.
1a 40 0.014
1b 110 0.016
2a 50 0.005–0.016
2b 15 0.002–0.006
3a 50 0.004
4a 40 0.009
4d 33.4 0.004
5a 15 0.021–0.054§
6a 14–25 0.006–0.009
6e NA 0.130§
Mean value from multiple experiments of same laboratory replicon. Data from various strains of full-length NS5A replicons or chimeric NS5A replicons carrying full-length NS5A genes that contain L31 or M31 polymorphisms.
Stable chimeric 1b replicons carrying NS5B genes from genotype 2b, 5a, or 6a were used for testing.
Data from a chimeric NS5A replicon carrying NS5A amino acids 9–184.
Table 8 Activity of Sofosbuvir and Velpatasvir Against Transient Replicons Containing NS5A or NS5B from Clinical Isolates

Replicons Containing NS5B from Clinical Isolates Replicons Containing NS5A from Clinical Isolates
Replicon Genotype Number of clinical isolates Median sofosbuvir EC50, nM (range) Number of clinical isolates Median velpatasvir EC50, nM (range)
NA = not available.
1a 67 62 (29–128) 23 0.019 (0.011–0.078)
1b 29 102 (45–170) 34 0.012 (0.005–0.500)
2a 1 28 8 0.011 (0.006–0.364)
2b 14 30 (14–81) 16 0.002 (0.0003–0.007)
3a 106 81 (24–181) 38 0.005 (0.002–1.871)
4a NA NA 5 0.002 (0.001–0.004)
4d NA NA 10 0.007 (0.004–0.011)
4r NA NA 7 0.003 (0.002–0.006)
5a NA NA 42 0.005 (0.001–0.019)
6a NA NA 26 0.007 (0.0005–0.113)
6e NA NA 15 0.024 (0.005–0.433)
Velpatasvir was not antagonistic in reducing HCV RNA levels in replicon cells when combined with sofosbuvir or interferon-α, ribavirin, an HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitor, or HCV NS5B non-nucleoside inhibitors.
Resistance
In Cell Culture
HCV replicons with reduced susceptibility to sofosbuvir have been selected in cell culture for multiple genotypes including 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 4a, 5a, and 6a. Reduced susceptibility to sofosbuvir was associated with the NS5B substitution S282T in all replicon genotypes examined. An M289L substitution developed along with the S282T substitution in genotype 2a, 5, and 6 replicons. Site-directed mutagenesis of the S282T substitution in replicons of genotypes 1 to 6 conferred 2- to 18-fold reduced susceptibility to sofosbuvir.
HCV genotype 1a, 1b, 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a, and 6a replicon variants with reduced susceptibility to velpatasvir were selected in cell culture. Variants developed amino acid substitutions at NS5A resistance-associated positions 24, 28, 30, 31, 32, 58, 92, and 93. Phenotypic analysis of site-directed mutant replicons of the selected NS5A substitutions showed that single and double combinations of L31V and Y93H/N in genotype 1a, the combination of L31V + Y93H in genotype 1b, Y93H/S in genotype 3a, and L31V and P32A/L/Q/R in genotype 6 conferred greater than 100-fold reduction in velpatasvir susceptibility. In the genotype 2a replicon, the single mutants F28S and Y93H showed 91-fold and 46-fold reduced susceptibility to velpatasvir, respectively. The single mutant Y93H conferred 3-fold reduced susceptibility to velpatasvir in genotype 4a replicons. Combinations of these NS5A substitutions often showed greater reductions in susceptibility to velpatasvir than single substitutions alone.
In Clinical Trials
Studies in Subjects without Cirrhosis and Subjects with Compensated Cirrhosis
In a pooled analysis of subjects without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis who received EPCLUSA for 12 weeks in Phase 3 trials (ASTRAL-1, ASTRAL-2, and ASTRAL-3), 12 subjects (2 with genotype 1 [1a, 1c/h] and 10 with genotype 3a) qualified for resistance analysis due to virologic failure. No subjects with genotype 2, 4, 5, or 6 HCV infection experienced virologic failure.
Of the 2 genotype 1 virologic failure subjects, 1 subject had virus with emergent NS5A resistance substitution Y93N and the other had virus with emergent NS5A resistance substitutions Y93H and low-level K24M/T and L31I/V at virologic failure. The latter subject had genotype 1c/h virus at baseline harboring NS5A resistance polymorphisms (Q30R, L31M, H58P) relative to genotype 1a. No sofosbuvir NS5B nucleoside analog resistance-associated substitutions were observed at failure in the 2 subjects.
Of the 10 genotype 3a virologic failure subjects, NS5A resistance substitution Y93H was observed in all 10 subjects at failure (7 subjects had Y93H emerge post-treatment and 3 subjects had Y93H at baseline and post-treatment). Treatment-emergent sofosbuvir NS5B substitutions L314F (n=2) and L314I (n=1) were observed at high frequency (greater than or equal to 15%) in the NS5B polymerase in 3 genotype 3a subjects who relapsed: one in the EPCLUSA group and two in the sofosbuvir plus ribavirin 24-week group. In addition, low frequency (less than 4%) treatment-emergent L314P was detected in 2 genotype 3a subjects who relapsed, including one subject in the sofosbuvir plus ribavirin 24-week group in ASTRAL-3 and one in the EPCLUSA group in ASTRAL-4. The clinical significance of this substitution is unknown.
Studies in Subjects with Decompensated Cirrhosis
In the ASTRAL-4 trial in subjects with decompensated cirrhosis who received EPCLUSA with ribavirin for 12 weeks, 3 subjects (1 with genotype 1a and 2 with genotype 3a) qualified for resistance analysis due to virologic failure. No subjects with genotype 2 or 4 HCV infection who received EPCLUSA with ribavirin for 12 weeks experienced virologic failure.
The genotype 1 virologic failure subject had no NS5A or NS5B resistance substitutions at failure.
The 2 genotype 3a virologic failure subjects had the NS5A resistance substitutions Y93H and either low-level M28V or S38P emerge at failure. One of these subjects also developed low levels (less than 5%) of NS5B nucleoside analog inhibitor resistance substitutions N142T and E237G at failure.
In the ASTRAL-4 trial, 2 subjects treated with EPCLUSA for 12 or 24 weeks without ribavirin had emergent sofosbuvir NS5B resistance-associated substitutions S282T at low levels (less than 5%) along with L159F. EPCLUSA for 12 or 24 weeks without ribavirin is not recommended in patients with decompensated cirrhosis.
Persistence of Resistance-Associated Substitutions
No data are available on the persistence of sofosbuvir or velpatasvir resistance-associated substitutions. NS5A resistance-associated substitutions observed with administration of other NS5A inhibitors have been found to persist for longer than 1 year in most patients. The long-term clinical impact of the emergence or persistence of virus containing sofosbuvir or velpatasvir resistance-associated substitutions is unknown.
Effect of Baseline HCV Polymorphisms on Treatment Response
Analyses were conducted to explore the association between relapse rates and pre-existing baseline NS5A resistance-associated polymorphisms (RAPs) (any change from reference at NS5A amino acid positions 24, 28, 30, 31, 58, 92, or 93) identified by population or deep sequencing analysis at a sensitivity threshold of 15% or higher for subjects without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis in ASTRAL-1, ASTRAL-2, and ASTRAL-3 and subjects with decompensated cirrhosis in ASTRAL-4.
Studies in Subjects without Cirrhosis and Subjects with Compensated Cirrhosis
Among the subjects who received treatment with EPCLUSA for 12 weeks, 18% (37/209), 32% (38/117), 64% (149/232), 20% (56/274), 63% (73/115), 9% (3/34), and 83% (35/42) of subjects with genotype 1a, 1b, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 HCV, respectively, had baseline virus with NS5A RAPs.
Genotype 1: Among the 75 genotype 1 subjects who had baseline NS5A RAPs, one subject (1%) with Q30R, L31M and H58P polymorphisms at baseline and compensated cirrhosis relapsed.
Genotype 3: Among the 56 genotype 3 subjects who had baseline NS5A RAPs, 4 subjects (7%) relapsed (3 with baseline Y93H and 1 with baseline A30K). Overall, 20% (3/15) of genotype 3 subjects with the Y93H polymorphism at baseline relapsed.
For genotype 3 subjects with compensated cirrhosis, relapse rates were 33% (3/9) for subjects with baseline NS5A RAPs compared to 6% (4/71) for subjects without baseline NS5A RAPs.
Genotypes 2, 4, 5, and 6: The presence of baseline NS5A RAPs did not affect relapse rates for subjects with genotypes 2, 4, 5, and 6, because all achieved SVR12.
SVR12 was achieved in all 77 subjects who had baseline NS5B nucleoside analog inhibitor resistance polymorphisms including N142T, L159F, E/N237G, C/M289L/I, L320F/I/V, V321A/I, and S282G + V321I. The sofosbuvir NS5B nucleoside analog inhibitor resistance substitution S282T was not detected in the baseline NS5B sequence of any subject using 1% deep sequencing cutoff in Phase 3 trials.
Studies in Subjects with Decompensated Cirrhosis
In ASTRAL-4, the prevalence of NS5A RAPs at baseline was 24% (48/198), 60% (6/10), 11% (4/37), and 63% (5/8) in GT1, GT2, GT3, and GT4 HCV subjects, respectively. No subjects with genotypes 2, 4 and 6 relapsed. There were no subjects with genotype 5 in this trial.
For genotype 1 subjects, the overall relapse rates were numerically lower for the 12-week EPCLUSA with ribavirin group (2%; 1/66) compared to EPCLUSA 12-week and 24-week treatment groups. For subjects with NS5A RAPs, relapse rates were 0% (0/17) compared to 2% (1/49) for subjects without NS5A RAPs in the 12-week EPCLUSA with ribavirin containing group.
For genotype 3 subjects, overall virologic failure rates were numerically lower for the 12-week EPCLUSA with ribavirin group (15%; 2/13) compared to EPCLUSA 12-week and 24-week treatment groups. There are insufficient data to determine the impact of HCV NS5A RAPs in genotype 3 subjects with decompensated cirrhosis.
Three subjects in the EPCLUSA with ribavirin 12-week group had baseline NS5B nucleoside analog inhibitor polymorphisms (N142T and L159F) using 1% deep sequencing cutoff and all 3 subjects achieved SVR12.
Cross Resistance
Both sofosbuvir and velpatasvir were fully active against substitutions associated with resistance to other classes of direct-acting antivirals with different mechanisms of action, such as NS5B non-nucleoside inhibitors and NS3 protease inhibitors. The efficacy of EPCLUSA has not been established in patients who have previously failed treatment with other regimens that include an NS5A inhibitor.
13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis
Sofosbuvir: Sofosbuvir was not genotoxic in a battery of in vitro or in vivo assays, including bacterial mutagenicity, chromosome aberration using human peripheral blood lymphocytes and in vivo mouse micronucleus assays.
Sofosbuvir was not carcinogenic in a 2-year mouse study (up to 200 mg/kg/day in males and 600 mg/kg/day in females) and in a 2-year rat study (up to 750 mg/kg/day), resulting in exposures of the predominant circulating metabolite GS-331007 of approximately 3 and 15 times (in mice) and 7 and 9 times (in rats), in males and females, respectively, the exposure in humans at the recommended human dose (RHD).
Velpatasvir: Velpatasvir was not genotoxic in a battery of in vitro or in vivo assays, including bacterial mutagenicity, chromosome aberration using human peripheral blood lymphocytes, and in vivo rat micronucleus assays.
Carcinogenicity studies of velpatasvir in mice and rats are ongoing.
Impairment of Fertility
Sofosbuvir: Sofosbuvir had no effects on embryo-fetal viability or on fertility when evaluated in rats. At the highest dose tested, AUC exposure to the predominant circulating metabolite GS-331007 was approximately 4 times the exposure in humans at the RHD.
Velpatasvir: Velpatasvir had no effects on embryo-fetal viability or on fertility when evaluated in rats. At the highest dose tested, velpatasvir exposure was approximately 6 times the exposure in humans at the RHD.
14 CLINICAL STUDIES
14.1 Description of Clinical Trials
Table 9 presents the clinical trial design including different treatment groups that were conducted with EPCLUSA with and without ribavirin in subjects with chronic hepatitis C (HCV) genotype 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 infection. For detailed description of trial design and recommended regimen and duration [see Dosage and Administration (2) and Clinical Studies (14.2, 14.3)].
Table 9 Trials Conducted with EPCLUSA in Subjects with Genotype 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 HCV Infection 

Trial Population EPCLUSA and Comparator Groups
(Number of Subjects Treated)
ASTRAL-1 Genotype 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6
TN and TE, without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis
EPCLUSA 12 weeks (624)
Placebo 12 weeks (116)
ASTRAL-2 Genotype 2
TN and TE, without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis
EPCLUSA 12 weeks (134)
SOF + RBV 12 weeks (132)
ASTRAL-3 Genotype 3
TN and TE, without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis
EPCLUSA 12 weeks (277)
SOF + RBV 24 weeks (275)
ASTRAL-4 Genotype 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6
TN and TE, with CP class B decompensated cirrhosis
EPCLUSA 12 weeks (90)
EPCLUSA + RBV 12 weeks (87)
EPCLUSA 24 weeks (90)
TN = treatment-naïve subjects; TE = treatment-experienced subjects (including those who have failed a peginterferon alfa + ribavirin based regimen with or without an HCV protease inhibitor); SOF = sofosbuvir, RBV = ribavirin; CP = Child-Pugh.
The ribavirin dosage was weight-based (1000 mg daily administered in two divided doses for subjects less than 75 kg and 1200 mg for those greater than or equal to 75 kg) and administered in two divided doses when used in combination with sofosbuvir in the ASTRAL-2 and ASTRAL-3 trials or in combination with EPCLUSA in the ASTRAL-4 trial. Ribavirin dosage adjustments were performed according to the ribavirin prescribing information. Serum HCV RNA values were measured during the clinical trials using the COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS Taqman HCV test (version 2.0) with a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 15 IU/mL. Sustained virologic response (SVR12), defined as HCV RNA less than LLOQ at 12 weeks after the cessation of treatment, was the primary endpoint in all the trials. Relapse is defined as HCV RNA greater than or equal to LLOQ during the post-treatment period after having achieved HCV RNA less than LLOQ at the end of treatment. On-treatment virologic failure is defined as breakthrough, rebound, or non-response.
14.2 Clinical Trials in Subjects without Cirrhosis and Subjects with Compensated Cirrhosis
Genotype 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 HCV Infected Adults (ASTRAL-1)
ASTRAL-1 was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that evaluated 12 weeks of treatment with EPCLUSA compared with 12 weeks of placebo in subjects with genotype 1, 2, 4, 5, or 6 HCV infection without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis. Subjects with genotype 1, 2, 4, or 6 HCV infection were randomized in a 5:1 ratio to treatment with EPCLUSA or placebo for 12 weeks. Subjects with genotype 5 HCV infection were enrolled to the EPCLUSA group. Randomization was stratified by HCV genotype (1, 2, 4, 6, and indeterminate) and the presence or absence of compensated cirrhosis.
Demographics and baseline characteristics were balanced between the EPCLUSA and placebo group. Of the 740 treated subjects, the median age was 56 years (range: 18 to 82); 60% of the subjects were male; 79% were White, 9% were Black; 21% had a baseline body mass index at least 30 kg/m2; the proportions of subjects with genotype 1, 2, 4, 5, or 6 HCV infection were 53%, 17%, 19%, 5%, and 7%, respectively; 69% had non-CC IL28B alleles (CT or TT); 74% had baseline HCV RNA levels at least 800,000 IU/mL; 19% had compensated cirrhosis; and 32% were treatment-experienced.
Table 10 presents SVR12 and other virologic outcomes in EPCLUSA-treated subjects in the ASTRAL-1 trial by HCV genotype. No subjects in the placebo group achieved SVR12.
Table 10 Study ASTRAL-1: Virologic Outcomes by HCV Genotype in EPCLUSA-Treated Subjects without Cirrhosis or with Compensated Cirrhosis (12 Weeks After Treatment)

EPCLUSA 12 Weeks
(N=624)
Total
(all GTs)
(N=624)
GT-1 GT-2
(N=104)
GT-4
(N=116)
GT-5
(N=35)
GT-6
(N=41)
GT-1a
(N=210)
GT-1b
(N=118)
Total
(N=328)

 

SVR12 99% (618/624) 98% (206/210) 99% (117/118) 98% (323/328) 100% (104/104) 100% (116/116) 97% (34/35) 100% (41/41)
Outcome for Subjects without SVR
  On-Treatment Virologic Failure 0/624 0/210 0/118 0/328 0/104 0/116 0/35 0/41
  Relapse <1%
(2/623)
<1%
(1/209)
1%
(1/118)
1%
(2/327)
0/104 0/116 0/35 0/41
  Other 1%
(4/624)
1%
(3/210)
0/118 1%
(3/328)
0/104 0/116 3%
(1/35)
GT = genotype; no subjects in the placebo group achieved SVR12.
The denominator for relapse is the number of subjects with HCV RNA <LLOQ at their last on-treatment assessment.
Other includes subjects who did not achieve SVR and did not meet virologic failure criteria. 
Genotype 2 HCV Infected Adults (ASTRAL-2)
ASTRAL-2 was a randomized, open-label trial that evaluated 12 weeks of treatment with EPCLUSA compared with 12 weeks of treatment with SOF with ribavirin in subjects with genotype 2 HCV infection. Subjects were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to the treatment groups. Randomization was stratified by the presence or absence of compensated cirrhosis and prior treatment experience (treatment-naïve vs treatment-experienced).
Demographics and baseline characteristics were balanced across the two treatment groups. Of the 266 treated subjects, the median age was 58 years (range: 23 to 81); 59% of the subjects were male; 88% were White; 7% were Black; 33% had a baseline body mass index at least 30 kg/m2; 62% had non-CC IL28B alleles (CT or TT); 80% had baseline HCV RNA levels at least 800,000 IU/mL; 14% had compensated cirrhosis; and 15% were treatment-experienced.
Table 11 presents SVR12 and other virologic outcomes from the ASTRAL-2 trial.
Table 11 Study ASTRAL-2: Virologic Outcomes in Subjects with Genotype 2 HCV without Cirrhosis or with Compensated Cirrhosis (12 Weeks After Treatment)

EPCLUSA 12 Weeks
(N=134)
SOF + RBV 12 Weeks
(N=132)
SOF = sofosbuvir; RBV = ribavirin.
SVR12 99% (133/134) 94% (124/132)
Treatment difference +5.2%;
95% confidence interval (+0.2% to +10.3%)
Outcome for subjects without SVR
  On-Treatment Virologic Failure 0/134 0/132
  Relapse 0/133 5% (6/132)
  Other 1% (1/134) 2% (2/132)
The denominator for relapse is the number of subjects with HCV RNA <LLOQ at the last on-treatment assessment.
Other includes subjects who did not achieve SVR12 and did not meet virologic failure criteria. 
Genotype 3 HCV Infected Adults (ASTRAL-3)
ASTRAL-3 was a randomized, open-label trial that evaluated 12 weeks of treatment with EPCLUSA compared with 24 weeks of treatment with SOF with ribavirin in subjects with genotype 3 HCV infection. Subjects were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to the treatment groups. Randomization was stratified by the presence or absence of compensated cirrhosis and prior treatment experience (treatment-naïve vs treatment-experienced).
Demographics and baseline characteristics were balanced across the treatment groups. Of the 552 treated subjects, the median age was 52 years (range: 19 to 76); 62% of the subjects were male; 89% were White; 9% were Asian; 20% had a baseline body mass index at least 30 kg/m2; 61% had non-CC IL28B alleles (CT or TT); 70% had baseline HCV RNA levels at least 800,000 IU/mL; 30% had compensated cirrhosis; and 26% were treatment-experienced.
Table 12 presents SVR12 and other virologic outcomes from the ASTRAL-3 trial.
Table 12 Study ASTRAL-3: Virologic Outcomes in Subjects with Genotype 3 HCV without Cirrhosis or with Compensated Cirrhosis (12 Weeks After Treatment)

EPCLUSA 12 Weeks
(N=277)
SOF + RBV 24 Weeks
(N=275)
SOF = sofosbuvir; RBV = ribavirin.
SVR12 95% (264/277) 80% (221/275)
Treatment difference +14.8%;
95% confidence interval (+9.6% to +20.0%)
Outcome for subjects without SVR
  On-Treatment Virologic Failure 0/277 <1% (1/275)
  Relapse 4% (11/276) 14% (38/272)
  Other 1% (2/277) 5% (15/275)
The denominator for relapse is the number of subjects with HCV RNA <LLOQ at the last on-treatment assessment.
Other includes subjects who did not achieve SVR and did not meet virologic failure criteria. 
SVR12 for selected subgroups are presented in Table 13.
Table 13 Study ASTRAL-3: SVR12 by Prior Treatment and Presence/Absence of Compensated Cirrhosis in Subjects with Genotype 3 HCV 

EPCLUSA 12 Weeks SOF + RBV 24 Weeks*
Treatment-Naïve
(N=206)
Treatment-Experienced
(N=71)
Treatment-Naïve
(N=201)
Treatment-Experienced
(N=69
)
SOF = sofosbuvir; RBV = ribavirin.
Without cirrhosis 98% (160/163) 94% (31/33)† 90% (141/156) 71% (22/31)
With compensated cirrhosis 93% (40/43) 89% (33/37) 73% (33/45) 58% (22/38)
Five subjects with missing cirrhosis status in the SOF + RBV 24-week group were excluded from this subgroup analysis.
One treatment-experienced subject without cirrhosis treated with EPCLUSA had genotype 1a HCV infection at failure, indicating HCV re-infection, and is therefore excluded from this analysis. 
14.3 Clinical Trials in Subjects with Decompensated Cirrhosis
ASTRAL-4 was a randomized, open-label trial in subjects with genotype 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 HCV infection and Child-Pugh B cirrhosis at screening. Subjects were randomized in a 1:1:1 ratio to treatment with EPCLUSA for 12 weeks (N=90), EPCLUSA with ribavirin for 12 weeks (N=87), or EPCLUSA for 24 weeks (N=90). Randomization was stratified by HCV genotype (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and indeterminate).
Demographics and baseline characteristics were balanced across the treatment groups. Of the 267 treated subjects, the median age was 59 years (range: 40 to 73); 70% of the subjects were male; 90% were White, 6% were Black; 42% had a baseline body mass index at least 30 kg/m2. The proportions of subjects with genotype 1, 2, 3, 4, or 6 HCV were 78%, 4%, 15%, 3%, and less than 1% (1 subject), respectively. No subjects with genotype 5 HCV infection were enrolled. 76% had non-CC IL28B alleles (CT or TT); 56% had baseline HCV RNA levels at least 800,000 IU/mL; 55% were treatment-experienced; and 95% of subjects had Model for End Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score less than or equal to 15 at baseline. Although all subjects had Child-Pugh B cirrhosis at screening, 6% and 4% of subjects were assessed to have Child-Pugh A and Child-Pugh C cirrhosis, respectively, on the first day of treatment.
Treatment with EPCLUSA with ribavirin for 12 weeks resulted in numerically higher SVR12 rates than treatment with EPCLUSA for 12 weeks or 24 weeks. Because EPCLUSA with ribavirin for 12 weeks is the recommended dosage regimen, the results of the 12- and 24-week EPCLUSA treatment groups are not presented.
Table 14 presents the SVR12 for subjects treated with EPCLUSA with ribavirin for 12 weeks in the ASTRAL-4 trial by HCV genotype. No subjects with genotype 5 or 6 HCV were treated with EPCLUSA with ribavirin for 12 weeks.
Table 14 Study ASTRAL-4: Virologic Outcomes in Subjects with Decompensated Cirrhosis After 12 Weeks of Treatment by HCV Genotype

EPCLUSA + RBV 12 Weeks
(N=87)
SVR12 Virologic Failure
(relapse and on-treatment failure)
RBV = ribavirin.
Overall SVR12* 94% (82/87) 3% (3/87)
Genotype 1 96% (65/68) 1% (1/68)
  Genotype 1a 94% (51/54) 2% (1/54)
  Genotype 1b 100% (14/14) 0% (0/14)
Genotype 3 85% (11/13) 15% (2/13)
Includes subjects with baseline CPT C cirrhosis: all 4 subjects achieved SVR12.
This subject with genotype 1a experienced relapse.
One subject had on-treatment virologic failure; pharmacokinetic data from this subject was consistent with non-adherence. 
All subjects with genotype 2 (N=4) and genotype 4 (N=2) HCV infection treated with EPCLUSA and ribavirin achieved SVR12.
16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING
Each EPCLUSA tablet contains 400 mg of sofosbuvir and 100 mg of velpatasvir, is pink, diamond-shaped, film-coated, debossed with "GSI" on one side and "7916" on the other. Each bottle contains 28 tablets (NDC 61958-2201-1), polyester coil, and is closed with a child-resistant closure.
Store below 30 °C (86 °F). Dispense only in original container.
17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION
Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Patient Information).
Serious Symptomatic Bradycardia When Sofosbuvir Is Coadministered with Amiodarone and Another HCV Direct-Acting Antiviral
Advise patients to seek medical evaluation immediately for symptoms of bradycardia such as near-fainting or fainting, dizziness or lightheadedness, malaise, weakness, excessive tiredness, shortness of breath, chest pain, confusion or memory problems [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1), Adverse Reactions (6.2), and Drug Interactions (7.3)].
Drug Interactions
Inform patients that EPCLUSA may interact with other drugs. Advise patients to report to their healthcare provider the use of any other prescription or nonprescription medication or herbal products including St. John's wort [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1, 5.2) and Drug Interactions (7)].
Administration
Advise patients to take EPCLUSA once daily on a regular dosing schedule with or without food. Inform patients that it is important not to miss or skip doses and to take EPCLUSA for the duration that is recommended by the physician.
Pregnancy
Advise patients to avoid pregnancy during combination treatment with EPCLUSA and ribavirin and for 6 months after completion of treatment. Inform patients to notify their healthcare provider immediately in the event of a pregnancy [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].
https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=7f30631a-ee3b-4cfe-866b-964df3f0a44f

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