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Revlimid(Lenalidomide)
Celgene公司用于治疗由骨髓异常综合症（MDS）导致的贫血药物Lenalidomide通过了FDA的批准。Celgene公司计划将该药商品名定为Revlimid。
MDS患者体内的骨髓未产生足够的正常血细胞时，会导致身体多方面出现异常。MDS患者可以通过输血或输注血小板进行治疗，同时使用抗生素以防感染。在临床试验中，患者使用Revlimid进行平均44周的治疗之后，不再需要输血或输注血小板。
该药与会导致胎儿畸形的Thalidomide相似。FDA称，这种药在销售时应在标签中应加入警示信息，女性患者在使用这种药之前应进行怀孕检测并征得医生同意，开这种药的医生应进行相应登记。目前，相关人员正在通过动物试验确定怀孕期间服用Revlimid是否会导致胎儿畸形。
Celgene公司近日宣布，revlimid（曾用名：revimid）已被欧洲药品评审局(EMEA)定义为罕用药。Revlimid是新型的免疫调节剂，适应证范围广泛，包括多发性骨髓瘤、恶性血液疾病（譬如：骨髓增生异常综合征和转移性黑色素瘤）。
Revlimid作为罕用药享有EMEA授予的优惠措施。一旦revlimid获批上市，将在多发性骨髓瘤治疗领域享有10年市场独占期。EMEA将为revlimid在欧洲的集中申请程序提供便利，减少申请费用。
多发性骨髓瘤在常见的血癌中排名第二位，全球影响到15万人，每年新增患者大约7.4万。2002年5.7万人死于该病。2003年，revlimid被FDA认定为罕用药，进入快速审批通道，用于治疗骨髓瘤和骨髓增生异常综合征。骨髓增生异常综合征是一种血细胞生成障碍性疾病，最终将导致急性白血病，全球大约30万人患有该病。
Revlimid的Ⅱ期临床纳入70例患者。患者平均年龄为62岁，有23例已经接受骨髓干细胞移植，23例接受了沙利度胺治疗。研究中有57例患者参加了药物毒性评估，46例患者参加了对疗效的评估。
REVLIMID® (lenalidomide) in combination with dexamethasone is indicated for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) patients who have received at least one prior therapy.
REVLIMID® (lenalidomide) is indicated for patients with transfusion-dependent anemia due to Low- or Intermediate-1–risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) associated with a deletion 5q cytogenetic abnormality with or without additional cytogenetic abnormalities.
Important Safety Information
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WARNING: FETAL RISK, HEMATOLOGIC TOXICITY, and DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS AND PULMONARY EMBOLISM
Do not use REVLIMID during pregnancy. Lenalidomide, a thalidomide analogue, caused limb abnormalities in a developmental monkey study. Thalidomide is a known human teratogen that causes severe life-threatening human birth defects. If lenalidomide is used during pregnancy, it may cause birth defects or death to a developing baby. In women of childbearing potential, obtain 2 negative pregnancy tests before starting REVLIMID treatment. Women of childbearing potential must use 2 forms of contraception or continuously abstain from heterosexual sex during and for 4 weeks after REVLIMID treatment. To avoid fetal exposure to lenalidomide, REVLIMID is only available under a restricted distribution program called "RevAssist®."
Information about the RevAssist program is available at www.REVLIMID.com or by calling the manufacturer’s toll-free number 1-888-423-5436.
HEMATOLOGIC TOXICITY (NEUTROPENIA AND THROMBOCYTOPENIA)
REVLIMID can cause significant neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. Eighty percent of patients with del 5q MDS had to have a dose delay/reduction during the major study. Thirty-four percent of patients had to have a second dose delay/reduction. Grade 3 or 4 hematologic toxicity was seen in 80% of patients enrolled in the study. Patients on therapy for del 5q MDS should have their complete blood counts monitored weekly for the first 8 weeks of therapy and at least monthly thereafter. Patients may require dose interruption and/or reduction. Patients may require use of blood product support and/or growth factors. (see DOSAGE and ADMINISTRATION)
DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS AND PULMONARY EMBOLISM
REVLIMID has demonstrated a significantly increased risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients with MM who were treated with REVLIMID and dexamethasone therapy. Patients and physicians are advised to be observant for the signs and symptoms of thromboembolism. Patients should be instructed to seek medical care if they develop symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, or arm or leg swelling. It is not known whether prophylactic anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapy prescribed in conjunction with REVLIMID may lessen the potential for venous thromboembolic events. The decision to take prophylactic measures should be done carefully after an assessment of an individual patient’s underlying risk factors. |
CONTRAINDICATIONS:
Pregnancy Category X:
Lenalidomide is contraindicated in pregnant women and women capable of becoming pregnant. Females of childbearing potential may be treated with lenalidomide provided adequate precautions are taken to avoid pregnancy
Allergic Reactions:
REVLIMID is contraindicated in patients who have demonstrated hypersensitivity (e.g., angioedema, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis) to lenalidomide
WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS:
Fetal Risk:
REVLIMID is an analogue of thalidomide, a known human teratogen that causes life-threatening human birth defects. An embryofetal development study in non-human primates indicates that lenalidomide produced malformations in the offspring of female monkeys who received the drug during pregnancy, similar to birth defects observed in humans following exposure to thalidomide during pregnancy. If REVLIMID is used during pregnancy, it may cause birth defects or death to a developing baby
Females of childbearing potential must be advised to avoid pregnancy while on REVLIMID. Two effective contraceptive methods should be used during therapy, during therapy interruptions, and for at least 4 weeks after completing therapy
Male Patients: It is not known whether lenalidomide is present in the semen of patients receiving the drug. Therefore, males receiving REVLIMID must always use a latex condom during any sexual contact with females of childbearing potential, even if they have undergone a successful vasectomy
Reproductive Risk and Special Prescribing Requirements (RevAssist® Program):
Because of this potential toxicity and to avoid fetal exposure, REVLIMID is only available under a special restricted distribution program called "RevAssist." Prescribers and pharmacists registered with the program can prescribe and dispense the product to patients who are registered and meet all the conditions of the RevAssist® program
Hematologic Toxicity—Multiple Myeloma:
REVLIMID can cause significant neutropenia and thrombocytopenia
Patients taking REVLIMID for MM should have their complete blood counts monitored every 2 weeks for the first 12 weeks and then monthly thereafter
In the pooled MM studies Grade 3 and 4 hematologic toxicities were more frequent in patients treated with the combination of REVLIMID and dexamethasone than in patients treated with dexamethasone alone
Patients may require dose interruption and/or dose reduction
Deep Vein Thrombosis:
Venous thromboembolic events (predominantly deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) have occurred in patients with MM treated with lenalidomide combination therapy and patients with MDS treated with lenalidomide monotherapy
Allergic Reactions:
Angioedema and serious dermatologic reactions including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) have been reported. These events can be fatal. Patients with a prior history of Grade 4 rash associated with thalidomide treatment should not receive REVLIMID. REVLIMID interruption or discontinuation should be considered for Grade 2-3 skin rash. REVLIMID must be discontinued for angioedema, Grade 4 rash, exfoliative or bullous rash, or if SJS or TEN is suspected, and should not be resumed following discontinuation for these reactions
Tumor Lysis Syndrome:
Fatal instances of tumor lysis syndrome have been reported during treatment with lenalidomide. The patients at risk of tumor lysis syndrome are those with high tumor burden prior to treatment. These patients should be monitored closely and appropriate precautions taken
Tumor Flare Reaction:
Tumor flare reaction has occurred during investigational use of lenalidomide for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and lymphoma, and is characterized by tender lymph node swelling, low grade fever, pain and rash. Treatment of CLL or lymphoma with lenalidomide outside of a well-monitored clinical trial is discouraged
DRUG INTERACTIONS:
Erythropoietic agents, or other agents, that may increase the risk of thrombosis, such as estrogen containing therapies, should be used with caution in MM patients receiving lenalidomide with dexamethasone
USE IN SPECIAL POPULATIONS:
Nursing Mothers:
It is not known whether REVLIMID is excreted in human milk
Because of the potential for adverse reactions in nursing infants, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother
Geriatric Use:
Since elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection. Monitor renal function
Renal Impairment:
Since REVLIMID is primarily excreted unchanged by the kidney, adjustments to the starting dose of REVLIMID are recommended to provide appropriate drug exposure in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment (CLcr < 60 mL/min) and in patients on dialysis
ADVERSE REACTIONS:
Multiple Myeloma
In the REVLIMID/dexamethasone treatment group, 269 patients (76%) underwent at least one dose interruption with or without a dose reduction of REVLIMID compared to 199 patients (57%) in the placebo/dexamethasone treatment group
Of these patients who had one dose interruption with or without a dose reduction, 50% in the REVLIMID/dexamethasone treatment group underwent at least one additional dose interruption with or without a dose reduction compared to 21% in the placebo/dexamethasone treatment group
Most adverse events and Grade 3/4 adverse events were more frequent in MM patients who received the combination of REVLIMID/dexamethasone compared to placebo/dexamethasone
Adverse reactions reported in ≥15% of MM patients (REVLIMID/dexamethasone vs dexamethasone/placebo): fatigue (44% vs 42%), neutropenia (42% vs 6%), constipation (41% vs 21%), diarrhea (39% vs 27%), muscle cramp (33% vs 21%), anemia (31% vs 24%), pyrexia (28% vs 23%), peripheral edema (26% vs 21%), nausea (26% vs 21%), back pain (26% vs 19%), upper respiratory tract infection (25% vs 16%), dyspnea (24% vs 17%), dizziness (23% vs 17%), thrombocytopenia (22% vs 11%), rash (21% vs 9%), tremor (21% vs 7%), weight decreased (20% vs 15%), nasopharyngitis (18% vs 9%), blurred vision (17% vs 11%), anorexia (16% vs 10%), and dysgeusia (15% vs 10%)
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Thrombocytopenia (61.5%; 91/148) and neutropenia (58.8%; 87/148) were the most frequently reported adverse events observed in the del 5q MDS population
Other adverse events reported in ≥15% of del 5q MDS patients (REVLIMID): diarrhea (49%), pruritus (42%), rash (36%), fatigue (31%), constipation (24%), nausea (24%), nasopharyngitis (23%), arthralgia (22%), pyrexia (21%), back pain (21%), peripheral edema (20%), cough (20%), dizziness (20%), headache (20%), muscle cramp (18%), dyspnea (17%), pharyngitis (16%), epistaxis (15%), asthenia (15%), upper respiratory tract infection (15%)
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION:
Treatment is continued or modified based upon clinical and laboratory findings. Dosing modifications are recommended to manage Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia or thrombocytopenia or other Grade 3 or 4 toxicity judged to be related to REVLIMID
For other Grade 3 or 4 toxicities judged to be related to REVLIMID, hold treatment and restart at next lower dose level when toxicity has resolved to ≤Grade 2
来那度胺（Lenalidomide/Revlimid） fda批准revlimid用于治疗骨髓增生异常综合征
美国食品药品管理局（fda）批准了美国细胞基因公司的来那度胺（lenalidomide/revlimid）。 revlimid为口服制剂
evlimid（lenalidomide）是由celgene公司研发的用于治疗致死性血液疾病以及癌症的药物。该品是用于治疗孕吐曾引起数以千计的婴儿出生缺陷沙利度胺（thalidomide）的加强版，具有抗癌潜力。与沙利度胺相比，其不良反应更少，研究证明其不会引起婴儿出生缺陷。
2005年9月，fda肿瘤药物顾问委员会建议以revlimid用于治疗输液依赖型贫血症。输液依赖型贫血症是由于5q染色体异常相关的骨髓增生异常综合征所引起的。10月，欧洲药品管理局接受了revlimid的上市申请。同时，该品在欧洲获得了治疗骨髓增生异常综合征的罕用药物和治疗多发性骨髓瘤的罕用药物的地位。
celgene公司计划在2006年第一季度分别向美国fda和欧洲药品管理局提交本品用于治疗复发型难治性多发性骨髓瘤的补充新药申请。
revlimid对细胞内多种生物途径都有影响。目前celgene公司仍在进行本品的血液学和肿瘤学治疗作用评估，包括多发性骨髓瘤、骨髓增生异常综合征、慢性淋巴细胞白血病以及实体瘤。骨髓增生异常综合征是一种恶性血液疾病，全球大约有30万患者。当骨髓中的血细胞始终处于不成熟阶段从而不能履行其必要功能时，骨髓增生异常综合征就会发生。骨髓中充满了这些不成熟细胞，抑制了正常细胞的发展。骨髓增生异常综合征患者必须经常依靠输血来抵抗贫血、疲劳等症状，直到发展成为威胁生命的铁超负荷或者铁中毒。该疾病的治疗迫切需要一种治本的方法而不仅仅是控制症状。超过一半的骨髓增生异常综合征患者诊断出细胞染色体变异，包括一个以上染色体的部分或完全缺失。骨髓增生异常综合征中最常见的细胞染色体异常出现在5、7和20号染色体的q缺失。另一比较普遍的变异是8号染色体的额外复制。5q染色体的缺失在骨髓增生异常综合征患者中的比例可达20％～30％。
revlimid为口服制剂，且毒性较低，该品获批后将成为骨髓增生异常综合征患者的治疗选择之一
包装规格: 10mg x 30capsules/bottle
revlimid是一种具备抗血管增生和抗肿瘤活性的新一代免疫调节剂。它是目前治疗复发和难治性多发性骨髓瘤效果最佳的药品，临床试验的有效率超过50％（而对照组的有效率低于20％）。revlimid(雷利度胺)也证明可以有效治疗5q染色体缺失的骨髓增生异常综合症（患此疾患的病人有严重的贫血并且需要输注红细胞来治疗）。67％的这种骨髓增生异常综合症病人用revlimid(雷利度胺)治疗后可以不再需要输血来治疗。 瑞法纳是一种具备抗血管增生和抗肿瘤活性的新一代免疫抑制剂。在两个三期临床试验中，雷利度胺被证明可以有效地治疗多发性骨髓瘤，治疗组的有效率超过50%，而对照组的有效率低于20%，用雷利度胺治疗的骨髓瘤病人的开始出现疾病进展的时间比对照组可以推迟一倍。
适应症
多发性骨髓瘤
瑞法纳与地塞米松合用，可以用于治疗至少接受过一种疗法的慢性骨髓瘤。
骨髓增生异常综合症
瑞法纳用于治疗骨髓增生异常综合症引起的严重贫血。
警告
1、雷利度胺是沙利度胺的化学结构类似物，因此它可能会引起致命性的胎儿毒性作用。
2、中心粒细胞减少和血小板减少是用雷利度胺治疗的常见毒副作用。
3、多发性骨髓瘤病人用雷利度胺治疗伴随着深静脉血栓和肺动脉栓塞发病率增加的危险。
主要毒副作用
除上述三类毒副作用以外，其它常见的副作用包括胃肠道的反应和淋巴系统的障碍。 |
