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英文名：Morphine Sulfate
药理作用：阿片受体的激动剂，诱导内源性内啡肽和脑啡肽起作用，为中枢性镇痛药。对所有疼痛均有良好的效果，对持续性钝痛效果最好。对重度癌症疼痛也有良好的疗效。
药代动力学：口服易吸收，分布于血流丰富的组织器官，口服后显效时间为15～30分钟，可持续4～6小时，本品主要经肝脏代谢，并由肾脏排泄。
适应症：镇痛药，主要用于晚期癌症患者的第三阶梯止痛。
用法与用量：口服一次5～10mg，一日3～4次。但病人所需有效剂量及耐受性很不一致，故需逐渐调整使病人不痛为止。一般病人一日用量应不超过0.1g，如长期使用剂量可增高。
对身体虚弱或体重轻于标准的患者，初始剂量应适当减少。老人适当减量。患者如由服用本品改为其他吗啡制剂时，必须重新调整剂量。
不良反应：
1 应用本品，可能会出现恶心、呕吐，继续用药过程中可逐渐减轻适当减量或应用止吐药可缓解。
2 有可能发生便秘，可适当服缓泻剂。
3 剂量过高可抑制呼吸中枢对二氧化碳的敏感性，甚至呼吸衰竭。
4 本药能使周围血管扩张导致血压下降、颅内压增高。
禁忌症：
1 呼吸抑制、瘫痪病人肠胃绞痛、胃排空迟缓、呼吸道阻塞性疾病、肺原性心脏病患者禁用。
2 对吗啡过敏、急性肝炎或肝功能严重障碍，单胺氧化酶使用期间或停用不到二周的患者禁用。
3 孕妇、产妇及哺乳期妇女禁用。
4 麻痹性肠胃绞痛、原因不明的“急腹症”。
注意事项：
1 颅内压增高者慎用。
2 老年患者、甲状腺机能减退者、肾病及慢性肝病者可适当减量。
3 应用过量吗啡，可致急性中毒。其主要表现为昏迷、呼吸深度抑制、针状瞳孔、血压下降、紫绀、尿少、体温下降、皮湿冷、肌无力等，可应用吗啡拮抗剂纳洛酮0.4～0.8mg肌肉或
规格：（1）10mg；（2）20mg；（3）30mg
贮藏：遮光，密封，在25℃下保存。
Kapanol
Generic Name: Morphine sulfate
Product Name: Kapanol
Indication of Kapanol:
Morphine is indicated in for the following:
Relief of moderate to severe acute and chronic pain
Cough suppression
Relief of severe shortness of breathing in patients with lung cancer
Treatment of pulmonary oedema
Treatment of diarrhoea
Action of Kapanol:
Morphine is an opioid medication. Opioids act on opioid receptors in the nervous system to reduce the sensation of pain. As well as relieving pain, Morphine also decreases breathing and causes constipation.
Dose advice of Kapanol:
Kapanol is a slow release formulation of morphine, which means it only needs to be given once or twice a day.The usual initial dose of Kapanol in patients who have never had opioid medications is 40 mg every 24 hours or 20 mg every 12 hours. In patients who have previously been on opioid medication the dose will vary.
Schedule of Kapanol:
S8
Common side effects of Kapanol:
Nausea and Vomiting
Drowsiness
Dry mouth
Dizziness and light-headedness when moving form a lying to standing position.
Difficulty urinating
Constipation with prolonged use
Constriction of pupils
Uncommon side effects of Kapanol:
Confusion
Hallucinations
Hives
Itching
Hypothermia
Slowing or speeding up of the heart rate
Abdominal pain
Rigid muscles
Flushing
Diseases treated by Kapanol:
Cancer Pain
Treatments associated with Kapanol:
Opioids for Analgesia
(Opioids for Analgesia) | 
