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达菲(奥司他韦口服悬浮液)| Tamiflu(oseltamivir suspension)

2011-10-28 16:21:08  作者:新特药房  来源:中国新特药网天津分站  浏览次数:556  文字大小:【】【】【
简介: 英文药名: Tamiflu (oseltamivir suspension) 中文药名: 达菲(奥司他韦口服悬浮液) 生产品牌药厂家: Hoffman-La-Roche 【药品名称和成分 达菲(奥司他韦胶囊) 磷酸奥司他韦胶囊.达菲. 【英文 ...

英文药名: Tamiflu (oseltamivir suspension)

中文药名: 达菲(奥司他韦口服悬浮液)

生产品牌药厂家: Hoffman-La-Roche

【药品名称和成分

达菲(奥司他韦胶囊)

磷酸奥司他韦胶囊.达菲.

【英文名】Oseltamivir Phosphate Capsules

【适应症】
1.用于成人和1岁及1岁以上儿童的甲型和乙型流感治疗(磷酸奥司他韦能够有效治疗甲型和乙型流感,但是乙型流感的临床应用数据尚不多)
2.用于成人和13岁及13岁以上青少年的甲型和乙型流感的预防
【用法用量】磷酸奥司他韦可以与食物同服或分开服用。但对一些病人,进食同时服药可提高药物的耐受性。
流感的治疗。
在流感症状开始的第一天或第二天(理想状态为36小时内)就应开始治疗。
剂量指导

成人和青少年

磷酸奥司他韦在成人和13岁以上青少年的推荐口服剂量是每次75毫克,每日2次,共5天。

儿童

对1岁以上的儿童推荐按照下列体重-剂量表服用
体重 推荐剂量(服用5天)
≤15千克, 30毫克,每日2次
>15-23千克 ,45毫克,每日2次
>23-40千克, 60毫克,每日2次
>40千克,75毫克,每日2次

流感的预防

磷酸奥司他韦用于与流感患者密切接触后的流感预防时的推荐口服剂量为75毫克,每日1次,至少7天。同样应在密切接触后2天内开始用药。磷酸奥司他韦用于流感季节时预防流感的推荐剂量为75毫克,每日1次。有数据表明连用药物6周安全有效。服药期间一直具有预防作用。
特殊人群用药指导】

肾功能不全患者

流感治疗:对肌酐清除率大于30毫升/分钟的患者不必调整剂量。对肌酐清除率在10-30毫升/分钟的患者,推荐使用剂量减少为每次75毫克,每日1次,共5天。不推荐将磷酸奥司他韦用于肌酐清除率小于10毫升/分钟的患者和严重肾功能衰竭、需定期进行血液透析或持续腹膜透析的患者。无肾功能衰竭儿童的用药剂量资料(见【药代动力学】和【注意事项】)。
流感预防:对肌酐清除率大于30毫升/分钟的患者不必调整剂量。对肌酐清除率在10-30毫升/分钟的患者推荐剂量降低为磷酸奥司他韦75毫克隔日1次或每日30毫克。不推荐用于终末期肾功能衰竭的患者,包括慢性定期血液透析、持续腹膜透析或肌酐清除率小于10毫升/分钟的患者(见【药【代动力学】)。

肝功能不全患者

用于肝功能不全患者治疗和预防流感时剂量不需要调整(见【药代动力学】)。

如果您有任何疑问,请遵医嘱
 
【不良反应】临床研究经验成人治疗试验在成人流感治疗的III期临床试验中,共有1887名患者参加试验,分别接受安慰剂、75毫克磷酸奥司他韦和150毫克磷酸奥司他韦治疗,报告的不良事件中发生率最高的是恶心和呕吐。症状是一过性的,常在第一次服药时发生。绝大多数的情况下没有导致患者停用研究药物。在推荐剂量下,即75毫克,每日2次,有3例患者由于恶心中途退出试验,另有3名患者因为呕吐中途退出试验。

在成人III期临床试验中,一些不良事件的发生率在磷酸奥司他韦组比安慰剂组高。发生率≥1%的不良事件如表1所示。这些数据总结了健康的年轻人和高危患者(指流感并发症的发生风险高的人群,例如年老患者、患有慢性心脏病或者呼吸道疾病的患者)。无论是否与药物有关,磷酸奥司他韦组比安慰剂组发生率高的不良反应包括恶心、呕吐、支气管炎、失眠和头晕。表1.奥司他韦75毫克、每日2次治疗自然获得性流感时发生率≥1%不良事件总结不良事件 治疗流感 预防流感 安慰剂 N=716 奥司他韦75毫克,每日两次 N=724 安慰剂 N=1434 奥司他韦75毫克,每日两次 N=1480 恶心(不伴呕吐) 48(6.7%) 97(13.4%) 56(3.9%) 104(7.0%)呕吐 21(2.9%) 68(9.4%) 15(1.0%) 31(2.1%)腹泻 70(9.8%) 48(6.6%) 38(2.6%) 48(3.2%)支气管炎 15(2.1%) 17(2.3%) 17(1.2%) 11(0.7%)腹痛 16(2.2%) 16(2.2%) 23(1.6%) 30(2.0%)头晕 25(3.5%) 15(2.1%) 21(1.5%) 24(1.6%)头痛 14(2.0%) 13(1.8%) 251(17.5%) 298(20.1%)咳嗽 12(1.7%) 9(1.2%) 86(6.0%) 83(5.6%)失眠 6(0.8%) 8(1.1%) 14(1.0%) 18(1.2%)眩晕 3(0.4%) 7(1.0%) 3(0.2%) 4(0.3%)乏力 7(1.0%) 7(1.0%) 107(7.5%) 117(7.9%) * 包括了流感治疗试验中服用奥司他韦75毫克、每日2次的患者中所有发生率≥1%的不良事件。
总的来看,高危患者中不良反应的发生率与健康成年人的发生率相似。流感预防的试验总共3434人参加了III期流感预防的试验,包括青年、成人和老年人,其中1480人服用了推荐剂量的奥司他韦75毫克、每日1次、共6周。虽然服药的时间很长,但与流感治疗的试验相比不良事件的发生率相似。在流感预防的试验中下列不良事件的发生率在服用磷酸奥司他韦组高于安慰剂组,也高于流感治疗试验中相应的不良事件发生率:疼痛、流涕、消化不良和上呼吸道感染。但是这些不良事件在磷酸奥司他韦组和安慰剂组的相差不到1%。

老年人在服用磷酸奥司他韦和安慰剂的安全性方面与年龄较小的人群相比差别无临床意义。

儿童中的治疗试验在奥司他韦治疗流感的III期临床试验中,共有1032名1-12岁患儿参加试验,包括698名无基础疾病的1-12岁患儿和334名有哮喘病史的6-12岁患儿。共有515名儿童接受了奥司他韦口服混悬液治疗。患儿中发生率≥1%的不良事件如表2所示。报告发生率最高的不良事件是呕吐,其他比较常见的不良事件是腹痛、鼻衄、耳痛和结膜炎。这些不良事件一般只出现一次,继续服药也可缓解,大多数情况下不会导致停止治疗。表2.奥司他韦治疗儿童自然获得流感的III期临床试验中发生率≥1%的不良事件不良事件 安慰剂 N=517 奥司他韦,2毫克/千克 N=515 呕吐 9.3% 15.0% 腹泻 10.6% 9.5% 腹痛 3.9% 4.7% 恶心 4.3% 3.3% 中耳炎 11.2% 8.7% 肺炎 3.3% 1.9% 鼻窦炎 2.5% 1.7% 支气管炎 2.1% 1.6% 哮喘(包括哮喘加重) 3.7% 3.5% 鼻衄 2.5% 3.1% 耳部症状 1.2% 1.7% 鼓膜异常 1.2% 1.0% 皮炎 1.9% 1.0% 淋巴结肿大 1.5% 1.0% 结膜炎 0.4% 1.0% 上市后经验皮肤和皮下组织改变:有极少病例报告出现发红(皮疹),皮炎和大疱疹。肝脏和胆道:有极少病例报告有流感样疾病的患者出现了肝炎和肝酶升高。有个案报道出现了胰腺炎、血管性水肿、喉部水肿、支气管痉挛、面部水肿、嗜酸粒细胞升高、白细胞下降和血尿。
 
【禁忌】对本品的任何成分过敏者禁用

【孕妇及哺乳期妇女用药】妊娠对大鼠和家兔进行的动物生殖研究中,没有观察到药物具有致畸性。在3项大鼠分娩前后的研究中给予母鼠中毒剂量的磷酸奥司他韦,有2项研究出现未断奶幼鼠的生长迟滞,产程也延长。在对大鼠进行的生育和生殖毒性研究中,所采用奥司他韦的剂量没有对大鼠生育能力产生影响。大鼠和家兔的胚胎所接受的药物暴露量约为母鼠、母兔的15%-20%。对于妊娠妇女服用磷酸奥司他韦治疗目前尚无足够的数据,因此不可能评价磷酸奥司他韦导致胎儿畸形或胎儿毒副反应的潜在可能性。因此只有在预期利益大于潜在危险时妊娠妇女才可服用磷酸奥司他韦。
哺乳对哺乳期大鼠,奥司他韦和其活性代谢产物(奥司他韦羧酸盐)可从乳汁中分泌。目前尚不知奥司他韦和其活性代谢产物会不会从人乳中分泌。由动物试验数据初步推断,估算人乳中每日约有0.01毫克奥司他韦,0.3毫克活性代谢产物。因此只有在对哺乳母亲的预期利益大于对婴儿的潜在危险时才可服用磷酸奥司他韦。
【儿童用药】用药剂量参见【用法用量】。磷酸奥司他韦对1岁以下儿童的安全性和有效性尚未确定。
【老年患者用药】 用于老年患者治疗和预防时剂量不需要调整。
【注意事项】
1.自磷酸奥司他韦上市后,陆续收到流感患者使用磷酸奥司他韦治疗发生自我伤害和谵妄事件的报告,大部分报告来自日本,主要是儿科患者,但磷酸奥司他韦与这些事件的相关性还不清楚。在使用该药物治疗期间,应该对患者的自我伤害和谵妄事件等异常行为进行密切监测。
2.尚无证据显示磷酸奥司他韦对甲型流感和乙型流感以外的其他疾病有效。
3.奥司他韦对1岁以下儿童治疗流感的安全性和有效性尚未确定。
4.奥司他韦对13岁以下儿童预防流感的安全性和有效性尚未确定。
5.在健康状况差或不稳定必须入院的患者中奥司他韦的安全性和有效性尚无资料。
6.在免疫抑制的患者中奥司他韦治疗和预防流感的安全性和有效性尚不确定。
7.在合并有慢性心脏或/和呼吸道疾病的患者中奥司他韦治疗流感的有效性尚不确定。这些人群中治疗组和安慰剂组观察到的并发症发生率无差别。
8.磷酸奥司他韦不能取代流感疫苗。磷酸奥司他韦的使用不应影响每年接种流感疫苗。磷酸奥司他韦对流感的预防作用仅在用药时才具有。只有在可靠的流行病学资料显示社区出现了流感病毒感染后才考虑使用磷酸奥司他韦治疗和预防流感。
9.对肌酐清除率在10-30毫升/分钟的患者,用于治疗和预防的推荐剂量应做调整。磷酸奥司他韦不推荐用于肌酐清除率小于10毫升/分钟的患者,和严重肾功能衰竭需定期进行血液透析和持续腹膜透析的患者(【用法用量】)。
10.无肾功能衰竭儿童的药物剂量的资料。
11.没有观察到药物对患者驾驶车辆或者操纵机械的能力产生影响。但是必须考虑流感本身可能造成的影响。
 
【药物相互作用】与流感疫苗的相互作用:尚无磷酸奥司他韦和减毒活流感疫苗相互作用的评估。但由于两者之间可能存在相互作用,除非临床需要,在使用减毒活流感疫苗两周内不应服用磷酸奥司他韦,在服用磷酸奥司他韦后48小时内不应使用减毒活流感疫苗。因为磷酸奥司他韦作为抗病毒药物可能会抑制活疫苗病毒的复制。三价灭活流感疫苗可以在服用磷酸奥司他韦前后的任何时间使用。
药理学和药代动力学研究数据表明,磷酸奥司他韦和其它药物之间基本上没有显著的具有临床意义的相互作用。磷酸奥司他韦被主要分布在肝脏的酯酶迅速转化为活性代谢产物(奥司他韦羧酸盐)。文献中很少报道有与竞争酯酶有关的药物相互作用。奥司他韦和其活性代谢物的低蛋白结合率提示不可能发生与蛋白结合相关的药物相互作用。体外研究表明,磷酸奥司他韦或者其活性代谢物都不是P450混合功能氧化酶或葡萄糖醛酸转移酶的良好底物。
与口服避孕药之间无药物相互作用的机制。
西咪替丁是细胞色素P450同工酶的非特异性抑制剂,且能够与碱性或者阳离子物质竞争肾小管分泌,但对奥司他韦或其活性代谢产物的血浆浓度无影响。因此,临床上与胃内pH(抗酸剂)改变相关的和与肾小管分泌途径竞争清除相关的药物相互作用均不可能发生。但是尚无磷酸奥司他韦与抗酸剂相互作用的体内研究。与肾小管竞争分泌相关的药物相互作用不可能有重要的临床意义,因为大部分药物的安全范围较宽,磷酸奥司他韦活性代谢产物的排泄有肾小球滤过和肾小管分泌两个途径,而且这两个途径的清除能力是很大的。
但与同样由肾脏分泌且安全范围窄的药物(如氯磺丙尿、甲氨喋呤、保泰松)合用要慎重。与丙磺舒合用,由于肾脏肾小管分泌的能力下降,导致活性代谢产物的机体利用度提高2倍。但由于活性代谢产物的安全范围很宽,与丙磺舒合用时不需要调整药物剂量。
与阿莫西林合用时不会改变两药的血浆浓度,表明阴离子途径消除的竞争作用不显著。上市后的监测中有个案报道与更昔洛韦有相互作用,后者也通过肾小管分泌。与扑热息痛(对乙酰氨基酚)合用,奥司他韦和其活性代谢产物或扑热息痛的血浆浓度均没有改变。同时服用奥司他韦(75毫克,每日2次,共4天)和阿司匹林(单剂900毫克)未发现奥司他韦、其活性代谢产物(奥司他韦羧酸盐)或阿司匹林的药代动力学参数发生改变。同时服用奥司他韦(单剂150毫克)和单剂含有氢氧化铝和氢氧化镁的抗酸药物或单剂含有碳酸钙的抗酸药物未发现奥司他韦和其活性代谢产物(奥司他韦羧酸盐)的药代动力学参数发生改变。
在流感治疗和流感预防的III期临床研究中,磷酸奥司他韦曾和一些常用药合用,如ACE抑制剂(依那普利,卡托普利),噻嗪类利尿剂(苄氟噻嗪),抗生素(青霉素,头孢菌素,阿奇霉素 ,红霉素,强力霉素),H2受体阻滞剂(雷尼替丁,西咪替丁),β受体阻滞剂(心得安),黄嘌呤类(茶碱),拟交感神经药(伪麻黄碱),阿片类(可待因),类固醇激素,吸入性支气管扩张剂和止痛剂(阿司匹林,布洛芬和扑热息痛)。磷酸奥司他韦与这些药物合用时没有观察到不良事件或使其发生率改变。
【药物过量】目前尚无药物过量的报道。估计急性药物过量最可能表现为恶心,伴随或不伴随呕吐。研究表明,给6位健康志愿者单剂服用高达1000毫克的磷酸奥司他韦后,1位志愿者发生恶心,另一位志愿者连续2天发生呕吐。一盒含有10粒磷酸奥司他韦胶囊,奥司他韦总量为750毫克。
【贮藏】贮藏温度不宜超过30℃。

Important note
HOW TO USE THIS INFORMATION: This is a summary and does NOT have all possible information about this product. This information does not assure that this product is safe, effective, or appropriate for you. This information is not individual medical advice and does not substitute for the advice of your health care professional. Always ask your health care professional for complete information about this product and your specific health needs.
Common brand name(s)
Tamiflu

Uses
Oseltamivir is used to treat symptoms caused by the flu virus (influenza). It helps make the symptoms (such as stuffy nose, cough, sore throat, fever/chills, aches, tiredness) less severe and shortens the recovery time by 1-2 days. This medication is also used to prevent the flu if you have been exposed to someone who already has the flu (such as a sick household member) or if there is a flu outbreak in the community.This medication works by stopping the flu virus from growing. It is not a substitute for the flu vaccine. (See also Notes section.)

How to use
Read the Patient Information Leaflet if available from your pharmacist before you start taking this medicine. If you have any questions, consult your doctor or pharmacist.Take this medication by mouth with or without food. You may take it with food or milk to minimize stomach upset. Take this medication as soon as flu symptoms appear or as soon as possible after you have been exposed to the flu. Oseltamivir works best if you start taking it within 2 days of either of these events.Shake the bottle well before each dose. Your pharmacist will provide you with an oral dosing dispenser. Measure each dose carefully using the device as instructed. Be careful not to confuse the dose of oseltamivir in milligrams (mg) with the dose in milliliters (ml). Your pharmacist should show you exactly how much medication to use for each dose. Give the dose directly in the mouth. Do not mix with other liquids. After each use, rinse the dispenser with tap water and let it air dry. If you lose or damage the dosing dispenser, consult your pharmacist on what oral syringe you should use instead, and how to correctly measure the dose.If you have the flu, take oseltamivir as directed by your doctor, usually twice a day for 5 days.To prevent the flu, take oseltamivir as directed by your doctor, usually once a day for at least 10 days. Follow your doctor's instructions for how long to take this medicine.The dosage is based on your medical condition, kidney function, and response to treatment. In children the dosage is also based on weight.This medication works best when the amount of medicine in your body is kept at a constant level. Therefore, take this drug at evenly spaced intervals at the same time(s) every day. Continue to take it for the full time prescribed. Stopping the medication too early may allow the virus to continue to grow, which may result in a relapse of the infection or failure to protect you from the flu.Tell your doctor if your condition persists or worsens or if new symptoms appear.

Missed dose
If you miss a dose, use it as soon as you remember. If it is within 2 hours of your next dose, skip the missed dose and resume your usual dosing schedule. Do not double the dose to catch up.

Precautions
Before taking oseltamivir, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: kidney disease.Before having surgery, tell your doctor or dentist about all the products you use (including prescription drugs, nonprescription drugs, and herbal products).During pregnancy, this medication should be used only when clearly needed. Discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor.This medication passes into breast milk. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding.

Side effects
Nausea and vomiting may occur. If either of these effects persist or worsen, notify your doctor or pharmacist promptly.The liquid form of this medication may contain sorbitol. Sorbitol may cause upset stomach and diarrhea in people who have problems with certain sugars (fructose intolerance). Your doctor may need to order the capsule form of this medication if you cannot tolerate sorbitol.Remember that your doctor has prescribed this medication because he or she has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects.The flu itself or oseltamivir may rarely cause serious mental/mood changes. This may be more likely in children. Tell your doctor right away of any signs of unusual behavior, including: confusion, agitation, self-injury.A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, get medical help right away if you notice any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.In the US -Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.In Canada - Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to Health Canada at 1-866-234-2345.

Drug interactions
Drug interactions may change how your medications work or increase your risk for serious side effects. This document does not contain all possible drug interactions. Keep a list of all the products you use (including prescription/nonprescription drugs and herbal products) and share it with your doctor and pharmacist. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicines without your doctor's approval.Tell your doctor if you have received flu vaccine in the nose within 2 weeks before treatment with this medication. This medication may lower your protection from flu vaccine given in the nose. Wait at least 2 days after ending treatment with this medication before receiving flu vaccine given in the nose.

Overdose
If overdose is suspected, contact a poison control center or emergency room immediately. US residents can call the US National Poison Hotline at 1-800-222-1222. Canada residents can call a provincial poison control center.

Notes
Do not share this medication with others.This medication is not a substitute for the flu vaccine. Consult your doctor about the risks and important benefits of receiving a yearly flu shot to lower your chances of getting the flu.

Storage
Refrigerate the suspension and throw away any unused portion 17 days after mixed by the pharmacy. Do not freeze. This medicine may be stored at room temperature but will expire sooner than when refrigerated. If stored at room temperature, throw away any unused portion 10 days after mixed. Check the bottle or ask your pharmacist to see how long you can store this medicine at room temperature or in the refrigerator. Keep all medications away from children and pets.Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do so. Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed. Consult your pharmacist or local waste disposal company for more details about how to safely discard your product.

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Selected from NATIONAL DRUG DATA FILE (NDDF) data included with permission and copyrighted by First DataBank, Inc., 2011. This copyrighted material has been downloaded from a licensed data provider.

The above information is intended to supplement, not substitute for, the expertise and judgment of your health care professional. You should consult your health care professional before taking any drug, changing your diet, or commencing or discontinuing any course of treatment.

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