英文药名：Ryanodex(dantrolene sodium for injectable suspension)

中文药名：纳米丹曲林钠注射用混悬液

生产厂家：Eagle制药
药品介绍
新类剂型Ryanodex（纳米丹曲林钠注射用混悬液）-30多年来首个获FDA批准改善MH治疗的药物
2014年7月22日，FDA批准Eagle制药的纳米丹曲林钠可注射混悬液（dantrolene sodium 商品名Ryanodex）上市。该药是恶性高热治疗方案的重大改善，采用了创新的纳米混悬技术，每一小瓶的治疗剂量为250毫克/5毫升，可在不到1分钟的时间内注射完毕；而其他配方的丹曲林钠则需要将数个20毫克剂量的小瓶用大量无菌水配制成所需剂量，并需要耗时15~20分钟混合和注射。

HIGHLIGHTS OF PRESCRIBING INFORMATION
These highlights do not include all the information needed to use RYANODEX safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for RYANODEX.
RYANODEX ® (dantrolene sodium) for injectable suspension, for intravenous use.
Initial U.S. Approval: 1974
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
RYANODEX is a skeletal muscle relaxant drug indicated for:
Treatment of malignant hyperthermia in conjunction with appropriate supportive measures. (1)
Prevention of malignant hyperthermia in patients at high risk. (1)
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
Treatment of Malignant Hyperthermia (MH) (2.1)
Administer by intravenous push at a minimum of 1 mg/kg. If signs continue, administer additional intravenous boluses up to maximum cumulative dosage of 10 mg/kg.
Institute supportive measures (e.g., discontinue MH-triggering agents, manage metabolic acidosis, cooling if necessary, administer diuretics)
Prevention of MH in Patients at High Risk (2.2)
Administer 2.5 mg/kg intravenously over a period of at least 1 minute, starting approximately 75 minutes prior to surgery.
Avoid agents that trigger MH.
Administer additional individualized doses during anesthesia and surgery if surgery is prolonged.
Pediatric Patients: recommended weight-based dose is the same as for adults (2.3)
Reconstitution: With 5 mL of sterile water for injection (without a bacteriostatic agent) prior to administration (2.4)
DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
For injectable suspension: 250 mg of lyophilized powder in a single-use vial for reconstitution (3)
CONTRAINDICATIONS
None (4)
WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
Skeletal muscle weakness: Ambulate patients with assistance until they have normal strength and balance (5.1)
Dyspnea, respiratory muscle weakness, and decreased inspiratory capacity: Monitor patients for the adequacy of ventilation (5.1)
Dysphasia: Assess patients for difficulty swallowing and choking (5.1)
Somnolence and dizziness: Can occur following RYANODEX administration; may persist up to 48-hours post-dose. Ambulate patients with assistance until they have normal strength and balance.(5.2)
Tissue Necrosis with extravasation: Due to high pH of reconstituted RYANODEX for injectable suspension, care must be taken to prevent extravasation into surrounding tissues (5.3)
ADVERSE REACTIONS
Administration to conscious subjects is associated with loss of grip strength and weakness in the legs, drowsiness and dizziness.
Other common adverse reactions are: nausea, thrombophlebitis, tissue necrosis secondary to extravasation, urticaria and erythema, and injection site reactions (pain, erythema, swelling) (6.1)
To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Eagle at
1-855-318-2170 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch.
DRUG INTERACTIONS
Calcium channel blockers: Concomitant use can cause cardiovascular collapse in association with marked hyperkalemia (7.1)
Muscle relaxants: Concomitant use with muscle relaxants may potentiate their effects (7.2)
Sedatives: Concomitant use with sedative agents may potentiate their effects (7.3)
USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
Pregnancy: Based on animal data, may cause fetal harm (8.1)
Nursing Mothers: Discontinue drug or nursing (8.3)
See 17 for PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION.
Revised: 7/2014
FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION: CONTENTS*
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
RYANODEX® is indicated for the:
Treatment of malignant hyperthermia in conjunction with appropriate supportive measures [see Dosage and Administration (2.1)]
Prevention of malignant hyperthermia in patients at high risk.
2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
2.1 Dosage for Treatment of Malignant Hyperthermia
Discontinue use of malignant hyperthermia (MH)-triggering anesthetic agents (i.e., volatile anesthetic gases and succinylcholine).
Manage the metabolic acidosis
Institute cooling when necessary
Administer diuretics to prevent late kidney injury due to myoglobinuria (the amount of mannitol in RYANODEX is insufficient to maintain diuresis) [see Description (11)]
Administer RYANODEX by intravenous push at a minimum dose of 1 mg/kg. If the physiologic and metabolic abnormalities of MH continue, administer additional intravenous boluses up to the maximum cumulative dosage of 10 mg/kg.
If the physiologic and metabolic abnormalities reappear, repeat RYANODEX dosing by intravenous push starting with 1 mg/kg.
2.2 Dosage for Prevention of Malignant Hyperthermia
The recommended prophylactic dose of RYANODEX is 2.5 mg/kg administered intravenously over a period of at least 1 minute, starting approximately 75 minutes prior to surgery. Avoid agents that trigger MH.
If surgery is prolonged, administer additional individualized RYANODEX doses during anesthesia and surgery [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
2.3 Dosage for Pediatric Patients
The recommended weight-based dose of RYANODEX for pediatric patients in the treatment and prevention of MH is the same as for adults for these indications [see Dosage and Administration (2.1, 2.2)].
2.4 Reconstitution and Administration Instructions
The supplied lyophilized powder must be reconstituted prior to administration:
a.Reconstitute each vial of RYANODEX lyophilized powder by adding 5 mL of sterile water for injection (without a bacteriostatic agent). Do not reconstitute with any other solution (e.g., 5% dextrose injection, 0.9% sodium chloride injection).
b.Shake the vial to ensure an orange-colored uniform suspension. Visually inspect the vial for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration.
c.Must use the contents of the vial within 6 hours after reconstitution. Store reconstituted suspensions at controlled room temperature (68°F to 77°F or 20°C to 25°C).
Do not dilute or transfer the reconstituted RYANODEX suspension to another container to infuse the product.
Administer the reconstituted RYANODEX suspension either:
Into the intravenous catheter while an intravenous infusion of 0.9% sodium chloride injection, or 5% dextrose injection is freely running; or
Into the indwelling catheter - after assuring its patency - without a freely running infusion. Flush the line to assure that there is no residual RYANODEX remaining in the catheter [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].
3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
For injectable suspension: RYANODEX is a sterile, lyophilized powder containing 250 mg of dantrolene sodium for reconstitution, in single use vials
4 CONTRAINDICATIONS
None
5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
5.1 Muscle Weakness
RYANODEX is associated with skeletal muscle weakness. The administration of RYANODEX in human volunteers has been associated with loss of grip strength and weakness in the legs. Patients should not be permitted to ambulate without assistance until they have normal strength and balance.
RYANODEX has been associated with dyspnea, respiratory muscle weakness, and decreased inspiratory capacity. Monitor patients for the adequacy of ventilation.
RYANODEX has been associated with dysphasia. Assess patients for difficulty swallowing and choking.
5.2 Somnolence and Dizziness
Somnolence and dizziness can occur following administration of RYANODEX and may persist up to 48-hours post-dose. Patients should not be permitted to ambulate without assistance until they have normal strength and balance. Patients must not operate an automobile or engage in other hazardous activities for 48-hours post-dose.
The concomitant use of sedative agents with RYANODEX may increase the risk of somnolence and dizziness.
5.3 Potential for Tissue Necrosis with Extravasation
Care must be taken to prevent extravasation of RYANODEX into the surrounding tissues due to the high pH of the reconstituted RYANODEX suspension and potential for tissue necrosis.
6 ADVERSE REACTIONS
6.1 Clinical Trials Experience
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
In a study designed to evaluate the safety and tolerability of RYANODEX, healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to receive treatment with RYANODEX or an active comparator at doses ranging from 1 mg/kg to 2.5 mg/kg.
The RYANODEX dose was infused over the course of 1 minute for each of the doses evaluated.
The active comparator was an injectable formulation of dantrolene sodium that differed from RYANODEX in that it contained dantrolene sodium and mannitol at concentrations of 0.33 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL, respectively, when reconstituted according to the product's prescribing information. The active comparator was infused at a rate that administered 20 mg of dantrolene per minute for each of the doses evaluated.
Table 1 displays the most common adverse events in this study. These data are not an adequate basis for comparison of the types or frequencies of adverse event types between RYANODEX and the dantrolene sodium comparator.
Adverse events increased in frequency with increasing doses in the trial, but did not differ in frequency between the two treatment groups. RYANODEX-treated subjects were more likely to report immediate adverse events of flushing, dystonia, and dysphagia than those receiving the active comparator.
In all dose groups, hand grip strength declined after dosing. In general, the decline in hand grip strength was more pronounced and occurred more rapidly in the RYANODEX-treated subjects in the 1.0, 1.75, 2.0 and 2.25 mg/kg treatment groups. In the 2.5 mg/kg treatment group, the decline in hand grip strength both in amount and duration was similar between the two treatment groups.
Table 1: Adverse Events in Healthy Volunteers

Number(%) of subjects
RYANODEX [N=30]	Dantrolene Sodium Comparator [N=31]
Flushing	8 (27)	1 (3)
Somnolence	5 (17)	4 (13)
Dysphonia	4 (13)	1 (3)
Dysphagia	3 (10)	4 (13)
Nausea	3 (10)	3 (10)
Feeling abnormal	3 (10)	3 (10)
Headache	1 (3)	4 (13)
Vomiting	1 (3)	2 (6)
Vision blurred	1 (3)	1 (3)
Pain in extremity	1 (3)	1 (3)
Muscular Weakness/Asthenia	1 (3)	1 (3)
Atrioventricular block	1 (3)	0
Tachycardia	1 (3)	0
Infusion site pain	1 (3)	0
Dizziness	1 (3)	0

6.2 Postmarketing Experience
The following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of another formulation of dantrolene sodium for injection. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Pulmonary Edema
There have been reports of pulmonary edema developing during the treatment of malignant hyperthermia crises with another dantrolene sodium dosage form. The contributory effect of the diluent volume and mannitol in these cases is not known.
Thrombophlebitis and Tissue Necrosis
There have been reports of thrombophlebitis following administration of intravenous dantrolene. Tissue necrosis secondary to extravasation has been reported [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].
Hypersensitivity/Anaphylactic Reactions
There have been reports of urticaria and erythema possibly associated with the administration of dantrolene sodium for injection. Anaphylaxis has been reported.
Injection Site Reactions
Injection site reactions including pain, erythema, and swelling, commonly due to extravasation, have been reported.
7 DRUG INTERACTIONS
7.1 Calcium Channel Blockers
Cardiovascular collapse in association with marked hyperkalemia has been reported in patients receiving dantrolene in combination with calcium channel blockers. The concomitant use of RYANODEX and calcium channel blockers is not recommended during the treatment of malignant hyperthermia.
7.2 Muscle Relaxants
The concomitant administration of RYANODEX with muscle relaxants may potentiate the neuromuscular block.
7.3 Antipsychotics and Antianxiety Agents
The concomitant administration of RYANODEX with antipsychotic and antianxiety agents may potentiate their effects on the central nervous system [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS
8.1 Pregnancy
Pregnancy Category C
Adequate and well controlled studies have not been conducted with RYANODEX in pregnant women. However, animal reproduction studies have been conducted with dantrolene sodium. In these studies, dantrolene sodium administered to rats and rabbits produced embryolethality (rabbits) and decreased pup survival (rats) at doses seven times the human oral dose. RYANODEX should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
8.2 Labor and Delivery
In one uncontrolled study, 100 mg per day of prophylactic oral dantrolene sodium was administered to term pregnant patients awaiting labor and delivery. Dantrolene readily crossed the placenta, with maternal and fetal whole blood levels approximately equal at delivery; neonatal levels then fell approximately 50% per day for 2 days before declining sharply. No neonatal respiratory and neuromuscular side effects were observed in this study.
8.3 Nursing Mothers
Dantrolene is present in human milk. In one case report, low dantrolene concentrations (less than 2 micrograms per milliliter) were measured in the breast milk of a lactating woman during repeat intravenous dantrolene administration over 3 days. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions of respiratory depression and muscle weakness in nursing infants from dantrolene, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother.
8.4 Pediatric Use
The safety and efficacy of RYANODEX in the treatment and prevention of malignant hyperthermia in pediatric patients is based on clinical experience with other intravenous dantrolene sodium products, which suggests adult weight-based doses are appropriate for pediatric patients.
8.5 Geriatric Use
Clinical studies of RYANODEX did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
10 OVERDOSAGE
10.1 Overdosage Symptoms
Overdosage symptoms include, but are not limited to, muscular weakness and alterations in the state of consciousness (e.g., lethargy, coma), vomiting, diarrhea, and crystalluria.
10.2 Management of Overdosage
Employ general supportive measures for acute overdosage of RYANODEX.
Administer intravenous fluids in fairly large quantities to avert the possibility of crystalluria. Maintain an adequate airway and keep artificial resuscitation equipment available. Institute electrocardiographic monitoring and carefully observe the patient. The value of dialysis in RYANODEX overdosage is not known. 
11 DESCRIPTION
RYANODEX® (dantrolene sodium) for injectable suspension is a sterile lyophilized powder. RYANODEX is supplied in 20 mL vials containing 250 mg dantrolene sodium and the following inactive ingredients: 125 mg mannitol, 25 mg polysorbate 80, 4 mg povidone K12 and sufficient sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid for pH adjustment. When reconstituted with 5 mL sterile water for injection USP (without a bacteriostatic agent), this yields a suspension with a pH of approximately 10.3.
RYANODEX is a skeletal muscle relaxant. Chemically, RYANODEX is a hydrate of 1-[[[5-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-furanyl]methylene]amino]-2,4-imidazolidinedione sodium salt. The structural formula for the hydrated salt is:

The hydrated salt contains approximately 15% water (3-1/2 moles) and has a molecular weight of 399. The anhydrous salt (dantrolene) has a molecular weight of 336.
12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
12.1 Mechanism of Action
In isolated nerve-muscle preparation, dantrolene has been shown to produce relaxation by affecting the contractile response of the muscle at a site beyond the myoneural junction. In skeletal muscle, dantrolene dissociates the excitation-contraction coupling, probably by interfering with the release of Ca++ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
In the anesthetic-induced malignant hyperthermia syndrome, evidence points to an intrinsic abnormality of skeletal muscle tissue. In affected humans, it has been postulated that “triggering agents” (e.g., general anesthetics and depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents) produce a change within the cell which results in an elevated myoplasmic calcium. This elevated myoplasmic calcium activates acute cellular catabolic processes that cascade to the malignant hyperthermia crisis.
The addition of dantrolene to the “triggered” malignant hyperthermic muscle cell may reestablish a normal level of ionized calcium in the myoplasm. Inhibition of calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum by dantrolene reestablishes the myoplasmic calcium equilibrium, increasing the percentage of bound calcium. In this way, physiologic, metabolic, and biochemical changes associated with the malignant hyperthermia crisis may be reversed or attenuated.
12.2 Pharmacodynamics
The administration of intravenous dantrolene to human volunteers was associated with loss of grip strength and weakness in the legs, as well as subjective CNS complaints [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].
12.3 Pharmacokinetics
The pharmacokinetics of RYANODEX was investigated in healthy volunteers following single-dose administration as an intravenous push over 60 seconds (dose range of 1 to 2.5 mg/kg), via a peripheral catheter. There was a dose-proportional increase in plasma exposure of dantrolene and its metabolite, 5-hydroxydantrolene. Table 2 presents pharmacokinetic parameters of dantrolene after administration of single RYANODEX dose of 2.5 mg/kg. Time to peak dantrolene concentration was observed at the first time point collected (i.e. median Tmax is 1 minute post-dose). The mean half-life (t1/2) for dantrolene was independent of the RYANODEX dose administered and ranged from 8.5 hours to 11.4 hours over the 1 to 2.5 mg/kg dose range.
Table 2: Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Dantrolene in Healthy Volunteers (Mean ± Standard Deviation) 

RYANODEX dose1	Cmax (μg/mL)	AUC0-inf (μg*h/mL)	Half-life (hrs)	Clearance (L/hr)	Volume of distribution (L)
2.5 mg/kg	9.0 ± 4.6	77.7 ± 23.2	10.8 ± 2.2	2.5 ± 1.0	36.4 ± 11.7

1 n=15; single dose
When prophylactic intravenous dantrolene infusion was administered, whole blood dantrolene concentrations remained at a near steady state level for 3 or more hours after the infusion was completed.
Distribution
Based on assays of whole blood and plasma, slightly greater amounts of dantrolene are associated with red blood cells than with the plasma fraction of blood. Significant amounts of dantrolene are bound to plasma proteins, mostly albumin, and this binding is readily reversible. Binding to plasma protein is not significantly altered by diazepam, diphenylhydantoin, or phenylbutazone. Binding to plasma proteins is reduced by warfarin and clofibrate and increased by tolbutamide.
Information concerning the passage of dantrolene across the blood-brain barrier is not available.
Metabolism
Dantrolene is found in measurable amounts in blood and urine. Its major metabolites in body fluids are 5-hydroxy dantrolene and an acetylamino metabolite of dantrolene. Another metabolite with an unknown structure appears related to the latter. Dantrolene may also undergo hydrolysis and subsequent oxidation forming nitrophenylfuroic acid. Following RYANODEX 2.5 mg/kg dose administration in healthy volunteers, mean peak plasma concentration for the primary metabolite, 5-hydroxydantrolene, was 640 ng/mL, and was achieved by approximately 24 hours post-dose, with an average metabolite-to-parent exposure ratio of 0.27 (AUC0-inf = 21.2 μg*h/mL). Median t1/2 for 5-hydroxydantrolene was 10 hours, the clearance was estimated to be 8.9 L/hr and the terminal phase volume of distribution was 144 L.
Dantrolene is metabolized by the liver, and it is possible that its metabolism may be enhanced by drugs known to induce hepatic microsomal enzymes. However, neither phenobarbital nor diazepam appears to affect dantrolene metabolism. 
13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
Carcinogenesis
Sprague-Dawley female rats fed dantrolene sodium for 18 months at dosage levels of 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg/day showed an increased incidence of benign and malignant mammary tumors compared with concurrent controls. At the highest dose level (approximately the same as the maximum recommended daily human dose on a mg/m2 basis), there was an increase in the incidence of benign hepatic lymphatic neoplasms. In a 30-month study in Sprague- Dawley rats fed dantrolene sodium, the highest dose level (approximately the same as the maximum recommended daily human dose on a mg/m2 basis) produced a decrease in the time of onset of mammary neoplasms. Female rats at the highest dose level showed an increased incidence of hepatic lymphangiomas and hepatic angiosarcomas.
The only drug-related effect seen in a 30-month study in Fischer-344 rats was a dose-related reduction in the time of onset of mammary and testicular tumors. A 24-month study in HaM/ICR mice revealed no evidence of carcinogenic activity.
The significance of carcinogenicity data relative to use of RYANODEX in humans is unknown.
Mutagenesis
Dantrolene sodium has produced positive results in the Ames S. Typhimurium bacterial mutagenesis assay in the presence and absence of a liver activating system.
Impairment of Fertility
Dantrolene sodium administered to male and female rats at dose levels up to 45 mg/kg/day (approximately 1.4 times the maximum recommended daily human dose on a mg/m2 basis) showed no adverse effects on fertility or general reproductive performance.
16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING
RYANODEX® (NDC 42367-540-32) is available in 20 mL vials containing a sterile lyophilized mixture of 250 mg dantrolene sodium for reconstitution with 5 mL sterile water for injection USP (without a bacteriostatic agent) to yield an orange colored injectable suspension.
Store unreconstituted product at 20 °C to 25 °C (68 ºF to 77 ºF) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature], with excursions permitted to 15 ºC to 30 ºC (59 ºF to 86 ºF) and avoid prolonged exposure to light.
17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION
Inform patients, their families, or their caregivers of the following:
Muscle Weakness
Muscle weakness (i.e. decrease in grip strength and weakness of leg muscles, especially walking down stairs) is likely to occur with the use of RYANODEX. Patients should be provided assistance with standing and walking until their strength has returned to normal [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].
Difficulty Swallowing
Caution is indicated at meals on the day of administration because difficulty swallowing and choking have occurred with the use of dantrolene sodium products in general; dysphagia has been reported with the use of RYANODEX [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].
Dizziness and Somnolence
The use of RYANODEX has been associated with dizziness and somnolence. [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
Driving or Operating Machinery
Symptoms such as “lightheadedness” may occur. Since some of these symptoms may persist for up to 48 hours, patients must not operate an automobile or engage in other hazardous activity during this time [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

FDA批准纳米丹曲林钠注射用混悬液治疗恶性高热
2014年7月23日，FDA已批准Ryanodex（dantrolene sodium，丹曲林钠）可注射悬液用于恶性高热（malignant hyperthermia，MH）的治疗。此前，FDA已于2013年8月授予Ryanodex孤儿药地位。
恶性高热（MH）是一种遗传性肌病，以高代谢为特征，患者接触到某些麻醉药物后触发。该病是目前所知的唯一一种可由常规麻醉用药引起围手术期死亡的遗传性疾病，是一种亚临床肌肉病，即患者平时无异常表现，在全麻过程中接触挥发性吸入麻醉药（如氟烷、安氟醚、异氟醚等）和去极化肌松药（琥珀酰胆碱）后出现骨骼肌强直性收缩，产生大量能量，导致体温持续快速增高，在没有特异性治疗药物的情况下，一般的临床降温措施难以控制体温的增高，最终可导致患者死亡。
Ryanodex（丹曲林钠）是过去30年中恶性高热（MH）治疗方案的重大改善，该药采用了创新的纳米混悬技术，每一小瓶的治疗剂量为250mg/5mL，可在不到1分钟的时间内注射完毕，而其他配方的丹曲林钠则需要将数个20mg剂量小瓶用大量无菌水配制成称所需剂量，并需要耗时15-20分钟混合和注射。
Ryanodex有望成为恶性高热（MH）治疗的临床新标准，可由一位保健医生在1分钟内准备并实施注射，从而有望及时挽救患者生命并减少MH相关的病态。