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当前位置:药品说明书与价格首页 >> 神经内科 >> 癫痫 >> 药品推荐 >> 乙琥胺糖浆|Zarontin(Ethosuximide Syrup)

乙琥胺糖浆|Zarontin(Ethosuximide Syrup)

2012-04-04 01:44:02  作者:新特药房  来源:中国新特药网天津分站  浏览次数:274  文字大小:【】【】【
简介: 英文药名: Zarontin(Ethosuximide Syrup) 中文药名: 乙琥胺糖浆 生产厂家: Pfizer 药品名称 中文别名:乙琥胺、柴浪丁、紫朗丁 英文别名:Atysmal、Emeside、Ethymal、Etomal、Mesentol、Pemal、 ...

 英文药名: Zarontin(Ethosuximide Syrup)

中文药名: 乙琥胺糖浆

生产厂家: Pfizer

药品名称

中文别名:乙琥胺、柴浪丁、紫朗丁
英文别名:Atysmal、Emeside、Ethymal、Etomal、Mesentol、Pemal、Petinimid、Pyknolepsinum、Simatin、Succimal、Suximal、Suxin、Suxinutin、Thetamid、Zarondan、Zarontin
外文名: Ethosuximide ,Zarontin
生产厂家

Pfizer 辉瑞
药理作用

癫痫:俗称"羊角疯",是一组临床综合征,其特征为反复发作的大脑神经元异常放电,导致暂时性大脑功能失调,临床表现为运动、感觉、意识、植物神经、精神等不同障碍。
(1)乙琥胺属于抗癫痫药。
(2)本品口服吸收后,能抑制大脑运动皮质神经传递,减少癫痫发作。
适应症   

为癫痫小发作首选药。疗效好不良反应小。对肌阵挛发作和失张力发作亦有效,对强直性阵挛发作无效。
用法用量   

剂量:3~6岁每日为250mg。6岁以上的儿童及成人,每日为500mg,1次口服。以后可酌情渐增剂量。一般是每4~7日增加250mg,直至满意控制症状而不良反应最小为止。
如6岁以上儿童日剂量超过0.75~1g时,成人日剂量达2g时,则需分次服药。
任何疑问,请遵医嘱!
注意事项

(1)有贫血者应慎用。
(2)孕妇慎用。本品对于孕妇的安全性尚不清楚。乙琥胺可以透过胎盘,可用于乙琥胺能够控制癫痫发作的妊娠妇女,在怀孕期间应当继续使用。不能突然停药,否则可诱发癫痫发作。孕妇。
(3)哺乳期妇女应慎用。
(4)严重肝、肾功能不全者慎用,用药时应减量,并应定期检查肝肾功能。
(5)对大、小发作混合性癫痫的治疗应合用苯巴比妥或苯妥英钠。
(6)可与食物或牛奶同服,以减少对胃部刺激。
(7)停药时须逐步减量,以免失神状态出现。
(8)当用于代替其它抗癫痫药时应逐步增量。
(9)合并用药时也应逐步增加剂量,以便达到所需的血药浓度。
(10)当与静脉注射地西泮合用时,初次剂量可以较大,以求迅速达到有效血药浓度40~100微克/毫升。
(11)成人剂量超过一日1.5克,6岁以下儿童超过1.0克时,应密切注意毒性反应。
(12)与琥珀酰亚胺类,如甲琥胺、苯琥胺等有叉过敏反应。
(13)服药期间应定期监测白细胞和肝、肾功能。
不良反应

◆ 在服用本品期间,如果感到不适要尽快告诉医师或药师。情况紧急可先停止服药。
◆ 如果用药合理,该药品可给您带来满意的疗效,也可能产生一些不良反应,但不是每人都发生,您可能不会遇到任何一个,不必紧张。
以下是乙琥胺可能产生的不良反应:
(1)常见恶心、呕吐、上腹部不适、食欲减退;其次眩晕、头痛、嗜睡、幻觉及呃逆。
(2)偶见粒细胞减少、白细减少、再生障碍性贫血;有时可引起肝、肾损害。故用药时需注意检查血象肝肾功能。
(3)个别患者可出现荨麻疹、红斑狼疮等过敏反应,应立即停药。与甲琥胺、苯琥胺可发生交叉过敏反应。
药物相互作用  

(1)与氟哌啶醇合用可改变癫痫发作的形式和频率,需调整本品的药用量,氟哌啶醇的血药浓度也可因而显著下降。
(2)与三环抗抑郁药以及吩噻嗪类和噻吨类抗精神病药合用,可降低抗惊厥效应,需调整用量。
(3)本品能使诺米芬新(nomifensine)的吸收减少,消除增快。
(4)与其他抗惊厥药的相互作用不显著,偶有认为可能使苯妥英的血药浓度有所增加。
(5)与卡马西平合用时,两者的代谢可能都加快,而血药浓度降低。
①本药与碱性药物合用时,可使排泄减慢,使血药浓度增高;反之,与酸性药物合用时则可加速排泄降低疗效。
②与卡马西平合用,使两药在体内的代谢加速,血药浓度降低。
③本药常与丙戊酸类药合用,但无相互干涉的依据。但有报道,本药患者加用丙戊酸类药后乙琥胺药血浓度增高,半减期延长。与异烟肼合用后,血清药浓度也增高。
药物过量

立即停药。
如果认为自己或他人可能服用本品过量时,即使没有明显的不适或中毒迹象,也应立即打电话给医师或药师联系,或去最近医院看就诊检查。
急性过量的症状为恶心、呕吐和中枢神经抑制(包括伴有吸吸抑制的昏迷)。治疗:对于意识清醒的患者可采用催吐,对于意识不清的患者可采用气管保护下的洗胃(用活性炭)。同时采用综合的支持疗法,必要时可采用血液透析疗法。乙琥胺的t1/2长,因此,血浆药物浓度缓慢减退。
规格

胶囊剂:每胶囊250mg。
糖浆: 250mg/5ml。

Zarontin®
(Ethosuximide Capsules, USP)

Zarontin Capsules Description
Zarontin (ethosuximide) is an anticonvulsant succinimide, chemically designated as alpha-ethyl-alpha-methyl-succinimide, with the following structural formula:

Each Zarontin capsule contains 250 mg ethosuximide, USP. Also contains: polyethylene glycol 400, NF. The capsule contains D&C yellow No. 10; FD&C red No. 3; gelatin, NF; glycerin, USP; and sorbitol.

Zarontin Capsules - Clinical Pharmacology
Ethosuximide suppresses the paroxysmal three cycle per second spike and wave activity associated with lapses of consciousness which is common in absence (petit mal) seizures. The frequency of epileptiform attacks is reduced, apparently by depression of the motor cortex and elevation of the threshold of the central nervous system to convulsive stimuli.

Indications and Usage for Zarontin Capsules
Zarontin is indicated for the control of absence (petit mal) epilepsy.

CONTRAINDICATION

Ethosuximide should not be used in patients with a history of hypersensitivity to succinimides.

Warnings

Blood dyscrasias

Blood dyscrasias, including some with fatal outcome, have been reported to be associated with the use of ethosuximide; therefore, periodic blood counts should be performed. Should signs and/or symptoms of infection (e.g., sore throat, fever) develop, blood counts should be considered at that point.

Effects on Liver and Kidneys

Ethosuximide is capable of producing morphological and functional changes in the animal liver. In humans, abnormal liver and renal function studies have been reported. Ethosuximide should be administered with extreme caution to patients with known liver or renal disease. Periodic urinalysis and liver function studies are advised for all patients receiving the drug.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Cases of systemic lupus erythematosus have been reported with the use of ethosuximide. The physician should be alert to this possibility.

Suicidal Behavior and Ideation

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), including Zarontin, increase the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior in patients taking these drugs for any indication. Patients treated with any AED for any indication should be monitored for the emergence or worsening of depression, suicidal thoughts or behavior, and/or any unusual changes in mood or behavior.

Pooled analyses of 199 placebo-controlled clinical trials (mono- and adjunctive therapy) of 11 different AEDs showed that patients randomized to one of the AEDs had approximately twice the risk (adjusted Relative Risk 1.8, 95% CI: 1.2, 2.7) of suicidal thinking or behavior compared to patients randomized to placebo. In these trials, which had a median treatment duration of 12 weeks, the estimated incidence rate of suicidal behavior or ideation among 27,863 AED-treated patients was 0.43%, compared to 0.24% among 16,029 placebo-treated patients, representing an increase of approximately one case of suicidal thinking or behavior for every 530 patients treated. There were four suicides in drug-treated patients in the trials and none in placebo-treated patients, but the number is too small to allow any conclusion about drug effect on suicide.

The increased risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior with AEDs was observed as early as one week after starting drug treatment with AEDs and persisted for the duration of treatment assessed. Because most trials included in the analysis did not extend beyond 24 weeks, the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior beyond 24 weeks could not be assessed.

The risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior was generally consistent among drugs in the data analyzed. The finding of increased risk with AEDs of varying mechanisms of action and across a range of indications suggests that the risk applies to all AEDs used for any indication. The risk did not vary substantially by age (5–100 years) in the clinical trials analyzed.

Table 1 shows absolute and relative risk by indication for all evaluated AEDs.

Table 1 Risk by indication for antiepileptic drugs in the pooled analysis
Indication Placebo Patients with Events Per 1000 Patients Drug Patients with Events Per 1000 Patients Relative Risk: Incidence of Events in Drug Patients/Incidence in Placebo Patients Risk Difference: Additional Drug Patients with Events Per 1000 Patients
Epilepsy 1.0 3.4 3.5 2.4
Psychiatric 5.7 8.5 1.5 2.9
Other 1.0 1.8 1.9 0.9
Total 2.4 4.3 1.8 1.9

The relative risk for suicidal thoughts or behavior was higher in clinical trials for epilepsy than in clinical trials for psychiatric or other conditions, but the absolute risk differences were similar for the epilepsy and psychiatric indications.

Anyone considering prescribing Zarontin or any other AED must balance the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior with the risk of untreated illness. Epilepsy and many other illnesses for which AEDs are prescribed are themselves associated with morbidity and mortality and an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior. Should suicidal thoughts and behavior emerge during treatment, the prescriber needs to consider whether the emergence of these symptoms in any given patient may be related to the illness being treated.

Patients, their caregivers, and families should be informed that AEDs increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior and should be advised of the need to be alert for the emergence or worsening of the signs and symptoms of depression, any unusual changes in mood or behavior, or the emergence of suicidal thoughts, behavior, or thoughts about self-harm. Behaviors of concern should be reported immediately to healthcare providers.

Usage in Pregnancy

Ethosuximide crosses the placenta.

Reports suggest an association between the use of anticonvulsant drugs by women with epilepsy and an elevated incidence of birth defects in children born to these women. Data are more extensive with respect to phenytoin and phenobarbital, but these are also the most commonly prescribed anticonvulsants; less systematic or anecdotal reports suggest a possible similar association with the use of all known anticonvulsant drugs.

Cases of birth defects have been reported with ethosuximide. The reports suggesting an elevated incidence of birth defects in children of drug-treated epileptic women cannot be regarded as adequate to prove a definite cause and effect relationship. There are intrinsic methodological problems in obtaining adequate data on drug teratogenicity in humans; the possibility also exists that other factors, eg, genetic factors or the epileptic condition itself, may be more important than drug therapy in leading to birth defects. The great majority of mothers on anticonvulsant medication deliver normal infants. It is important to note that anticonvulsant drugs should not be discontinued in patients in whom the drug is administered to prevent major seizures because of the strong possibility of precipitating status epilepticus with attendant hypoxia and threat to life. In individual cases where the severity and frequency of the seizure disorder are such that the removal of medication does not pose a serious threat to the patient, discontinuation of the drug may be considered prior to and during pregnancy, although it cannot be said with any confidence that even minor seizures do not pose some hazard to the developing embryo or fetus.

The prescribing physician will wish to weigh these considerations in treating or counseling epileptic women of childbearing potential.

Ethosuximide is excreted in human breast milk. Because the effects of ethosuximide on the nursing infant are unknown, caution should be exercised when ethosuximide is administered to a nursing mother. Ethosuximide should be used in nursing mothers only if the benefits clearly outweigh the risks.

Precautions

General

Ethosuximide, when used alone in mixed types of epilepsy, may increase the frequency of grand mal seizures in some patients.

As with other anticonvulsants, it is important to proceed slowly when increasing or decreasing dosage, as well as when adding or eliminating other medication. Abrupt withdrawal of anticonvulsant medication may precipitate absence (petit mal) status.

Information for Patients

Inform patients of the availability of a Medication Guide, and instruct them to read the Medication Guide prior to taking Zarontin. Instruct patients to take Zarontin only as prescribed.

Ethosuximide may impair the mental and/or physical abilities required for the performance of potentially hazardous tasks, such as driving a motor vehicle or other such activity requiring alertness; therefore, the patient should be cautioned accordingly.

Patients taking ethosuximide should be advised of the importance of adhering strictly to the prescribed dosage regimen.

Patients should be instructed to promptly contact their physician if they develop signs and/or symptoms (e.g., sore throat, fever), suggesting an infection.

Patients, their caregivers, and families should be counseled that AEDs, including Zarontin, may increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior and should be advised of the need to be alert for the emergence or worsening of symptoms of depression, any unusual changes in mood or behavior, or the emergence of suicidal thoughts, behavior, or thoughts about self-harm. Behaviors of concern should be reported immediately to healthcare providers.

Patients should be encouraged to enroll in the North American Antiepileptic Drug (NAAED) Pregnancy Registry if they become pregnant. This registry is collecting information about the safety of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. To enroll, patients can call the toll free number 1-888-233-2334 (see PRECAUTIONS: Pregnancy section).

Drug Interactions

Since Zarontin (ethosuximide) may interact with concurrently administered antiepileptic drugs, periodic serum level determinations of these drugs may be necessary (e.g., ethosuximide may elevate phenytoin serum levels and valproic acid has been reported to both increase and decrease ethosuximide levels).

Pregnancy

To provide information regarding the effects of in utero exposure to Zarontin, physicians are advised to recommend that pregnant patients taking Zarontin enroll in the NAAED Pregnancy Registry. This can be done by calling the toll free number 1-888-233-2334, and must be done by patients themselves. Information on the registry can also be found at the website: http://www.aedpregnancyregistry.org/

See WARNINGS.

Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 3 years have not been established. (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION section.)

Adverse Reactions

Body As A Whole: Allergic reaction.

Gastrointestinal System: Gastrointestinal symptoms occur frequently and include anorexia, vague gastric upset, nausea and vomiting, cramps, epigastric and abdominal pain, weight loss, and diarrhea. There have been reports of gum hypertrophy and swelling of the tongue.

Hemopoietic System: Hemopoietic complications associated with the administration of ethosuximide have included leukopenia, agranulocytosis, pancytopenia, with or without bone marrow suppression, and eosinophilia.

Nervous System: Neurologic and sensory reactions reported during therapy with ethosuximide have included drowsiness, headache, dizziness, euphoria, hiccups, irritability, hyperactivity, lethargy, fatigue, and ataxia. Psychiatric or psychological aberrations associated with ethosuximide administration have included disturbances of sleep, night terrors, inability to concentrate, and aggressiveness. These effects may be noted particularly in patients who have previously exhibited psychological abnormalities. There have been rare reports of paranoid psychosis, increased libido, and increased state of depression with overt suicidal intentions.

Integumentary System: Dermatologic manifestations which have occurred with the administration of ethosuximide have included urticaria, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, pruritic erythematous rashes, and hirsutism. DRESS syndrome (drug rash, eosinophilia and systemic symptoms) has been reported in the post-marketing database.

Special Senses: Myopia.

Genitourinary System: Vaginal bleeding, microscopic hematuria.

Overdosage

Acute overdoses may produce nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression including coma with respiratory depression. A relationship between ethosuximide toxicity and its plasma levels has not been established. The therapeutic range of serum levels is 40 mcg/mL to 100 mcg/mL, although levels as high as 150 mcg/mL have been reported without signs of toxicity.

Treatment

Treatment should include emesis (unless the patient is or could rapidly become obtunded, comatose, or convulsing) or gastric lavage, activated charcoal, cathartics, and general supportive measures. Hemodialysis may be useful to treat ethosuximide overdose. Forced diuresis and exchange transfusions are ineffective.

Zarontin Capsules Dosage and Administration

Zarontin is administered by the oral route. The initial dose for patients 3 to 6 years of age is one capsule (250 mg) per day; for patients 6 years of age and older, 2 capsules (500 mg) per day. The dose thereafter must be individualized according to the patient's response. Dosage should be increased by small increments. One useful method is to increase the daily dose by 250 mg every four to seven days until control is achieved with minimal side effects. Dosages exceeding 1.5 g daily, in divided doses, should be administered only under the strictest supervision of the physician. The optimal dose for most pediatric patients is 20 mg/kg/day. This dose has given average plasma levels within the accepted therapeutic range of 40 to 100 mcg/mL. Subsequent dose schedules can be based on effectiveness and plasma level determinations.

Zarontin may be administered in combination with other anticonvulsants when other forms of epilepsy coexist with absence (petit mal). The optimal dose for most pediatric patients is 20 mg/kg/day.

How is Zarontin Capsules Supplied

Zarontin is supplied as:

NDC 0071-0237-24:Bottles of 100. Each capsule contains 250 mg ethosuximide.

Store at 25° C (77° F); excursions permitted to 15–30° C (59–86° F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].

责任编辑:admin


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