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苯妥酸口服悬浮液|Dilantin 125(Phenytoin acid form Suspension)

2012-04-21 23:28:14  作者:新特药房  来源:中国新特药网天津分站  浏览次数:351  文字大小:【】【】【
简介: 英文药名: Dilantin 125(Phenytoin acid form Suspension) 中文药名: 苯妥英钠125mg(苯妥酸口服悬浮液) 品牌药生产厂家: Pfizer 规格 苯妥英钠胶囊/片 30mg, 100mg; 苯妥英钠125(苯妥酸悬浮液) ...

 英文药名: Dilantin 125(Phenytoin acid form Suspension)

中文药名: 苯妥英钠125mg(苯妥酸口服悬浮液)

品牌药生产厂家: Pfizer

规格

苯妥英钠胶囊/片 30mg, 100mg;
苯妥英钠125(苯妥酸悬浮液) 125mg/5ml;
苯妥英钠30(苯妥酸儿科悬浮液) 30mg/5ml;
苯妥英钠I(苯妥酸式咀嚼片)50mg。

药品名称

别名: 大仑丁, 苯妥英钠,奇非宁, 大伦丁, 二苯乙内酰脲, 二苯乙内酰胺钠
外文名: Sodium Phenytoin, Antisacer, Diphenylhydantoin, Dilantin
【苯妥英钠】(dilantin) 亦称“大仑丁”。学名“5,5-二苯乙内酰脲钠”。分子量274.25。白色粉末,无臭、味苦,微有吸湿性,在空气中逐渐吸收二氧化碳而析出苯妥英。熔点290-299℃。易溶于水,水溶液呈碱性。抗癫癇及抗心律失常药。
药理毒理

本品为抗癫癎药、抗心律失常药。治疗剂量不引起镇静催眠作用,
1. 动物实验证明,本品对超强电休克、惊厥的强直相有选择性对抗作用,而对阵挛相无效或反而加剧,故其对癫癎大发作有良效,而对失神性发作无效。其抗癫癎作用机制尚未阐明,一般认为,增加细胞钠离子外流,减少钠离子内流,而使神经细胞膜稳定,提高兴奋阈,减少病灶高频放电的扩散。
2. 另外本品缩短动作电位间期及有效不应期,还可抑制钙离子内流,降低心肌自律性,抑制交感中枢,对心房、心室的异位节律点有抑制作用,提高房颤与室颤阈值。
3. 其稳定细胞膜作用及降低突触传递作用,而具抗神经痛及骨骼肌松弛作用。
4. 本品可抑制皮肤成纤维细胞合成(或)分泌胶原酶。还可加速维生素D代谢,可引起淋巴结肿大,有抗叶酸作用,对造血系统有抑制作用,可引起过敏反应,有酶诱导作用,静脉用药可扩张周围血管。
药代动力学

口服吸收较慢,85~90%由小肠吸收,吸收率个体差异大,受食物影响。新生儿吸收甚差。口服生物利用度约为79%,分布于细胞内外液,细胞内可能多于细胞外,表观分布容积为0.6L/kg。血浆蛋白结合率为88~92%,主要与白蛋白结合, 在脑组织内蛋白结合可能还高。口服后4~12小时血药浓度达峰值。主要在肝脏代谢,代谢物无药理活性,其中主要为羟基苯妥英(约占50~70%),此代谢存在遗传多态性和人种差异。存在肠肝循环,主要经肾排泄,碱性尿排泄较快。T1/2为7~42小时,长期服用苯妥英钠的患者,T1/2 可为15~95小时,甚至更长。应用一定剂量药物后肝代谢(羟化)能力达饱和,此时即使增加很小剂量,血药浓度非线性急剧增加,有中毒危险,要监测血药浓度。有效血药浓度为10~20mg/L,每日口服300 mg,7~10日可达稳态浓度。血药浓度超过20mg/L时易产生毒性反应,出现眼球震颤;超过30mg/L时,出现共济失调;超过40mg/L时往往出现严重毒性作用。能通过胎盘,能分泌入乳汁。
适应症

适用于治疗全身强直-阵孪性发作、复杂部分性发作(精神运动性发作、颞叶癫癎)、单纯部分性发作(局限性发作)和癫癎持续状态。
也可用于治疗三叉神经痛,隐性营养不良性大疱性表皮松解(recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa),发作性舞蹈手足徐动症,发作性控制障碍(包括发怒、焦虑和失眠的兴奋过度等的行为障碍疾患),肌强直症及三环类抗抑郁药过量时心脏传导障碍等。
本品也适用于洋地黄中毒所致的室性及室上性心律失常,对其他各种原因引起的心律失常疗效较差。
用法用量

抗癫癎
成人常用量:每日250~300mg,开始时100 mg,每日二次, 1~3周内增加至250~300 mg,分三次口服,极量一次300mg,一日500mg。由于个体差异及饱合药动学特点,用药需个体化。应用达到控制发作和血药浓度达稳态后,可改用长效(控释)制剂,一次顿服。如发作频繁,可按体重12~15 mg/kg,分2~3次服用,每6小时一次,第二天开始给予100mg(或按体重1.5~2mg/kg ),每日3次直到调整至恰当剂量为止。
小儿常用量:开始每日5mg/kg,分2~3次服用,按需调整,以每日不超过250 mg为度。维持量为4~8 mg/kg或按体表面积250 mg/m2,分2~3次服用,如有条件可进行血药浓度监测。
抗心律失常
成人常用:100~300 mg,一次服或分2~3次服用,或第一日10~15mg/kg,第2~4日7.5~10mg/kg,维持量2~6mg/kg。
小儿常用量:开始按体重5 mg/kg,分2~3 次口服,根据病情调整每日量不超过300mg,维持量4~8 mg/ kg,或按体表面积250mg/m2,分2~3次口服。
胶原酶合成抑制剂
成人常用量
开始每日2~3 mg/kg分2次服用,在2~3周内,增加到患者能够耐受的用量,血药浓度至少达8μg/ml。一般每日100~300 mg。
任何疑问,请遵医嘱!
不良反应

本品副作用小,常见齿龈增生,儿童发生率高,应加强口腔卫生和按摩齿龈。长期服用后或血药浓度达30μg/ml可能引起恶心,呕吐甚至胃炎,饭后服用可减轻。神经系统不良反应与剂量相关,常见眩晕、头痛,严重时可引起眼球震颤、共济失调、语言不清和意识模糊,调整剂量或停药可消失; 较少见的神经系统不良反应有头晕、失眠、一过性神经质、颤搐、舞蹈症、肌张力不全、震颤、扑翼样震颤等。可影响造血系统,致粒细胞和血小板减少,罕见再障;常见巨幼红细胞性贫血,可用叶酸加维生素B12防治。可引起过敏反应,常见皮疹伴高烧,罕见严重皮肤反应,如剥脱性皮炎,多形糜烂性红斑,系统性红斑狼疮和致死性肝坏死、淋巴系统何杰金病等。
一旦出现症状立即停药并采取相应措施。小儿长期服用可加速维生素D代谢造成软骨病或骨质异常;孕妇服用偶致畸胎;可抑制抗利尿激素和胰岛素分泌使血糖升高,有致癌的报道。
禁忌症

禁用:对乙内酰脲类药有过敏史或阿斯综合征、Ⅱ~Ⅲ度房室阻滞,窦房结阻滞、窦性心动过缓等心功能损害者。
注意事项

1.对乙内酰脲类中一种药过敏者,对本品也过敏。
2.有酶诱导作用,可对某些诊断产生干扰,如地塞米松试验,甲状腺功能试验,使血清碱性磷酸酶、谷丙转氨酶、血糖浓度升高;
3.用药期间需检查血象,肝功能、血钙、口腔、脑电图、甲状腺功能并经常随访血药浓度,防止毒性反应;其妊娠期每月测定一次、产后每周测定一次血药浓度以确定是否需要调整剂量。
4.下列情况应慎用:嗜酒,使本品的血药浓度降低;贫血,增加严重感染的危险性;心血管病(尤其老人);糖尿病,可能升高血糖;肝肾功能损害,改变本药的代谢和排泄;甲状腺功能异常者。
孕妇及哺乳期妇女用药

本品能通过胎盘,可能致畸,但有认为癫癎发作控制不佳致畸的危险性大于用药的危险性,应权衡利弊。凡用本品能控制发作的患者,孕期应继续服用,并保持有效血浓,分娩后再重新调整。产前一个月应补充维生素K,产后立即给新生儿注射维生素K减少出血危险。本品可分泌入乳汁,一般主张服用苯妥英的母亲避免母乳喂养。
儿童用药

小儿由于分布容积与消除半衰期随年龄而变化,因此应经常作血药浓度测定。 新生儿或婴儿期对本品的药动学较特殊,临床对中毒症状评定有困难,一般不首先采用。学龄前儿童肝脏代谢强,需多次监测血药浓度以决定用药次数和用量。
老年患者用药

老年人慢性低蛋白血症的发生率高,治疗上合并用药又较多,药物彼此相互作用复杂,应用本品时须慎重,用量应偏低,并经常监测血药浓度。
药物相互作用

1. 长期应用对乙酰氨基酚患者应用本品可增加肝脏中毒的危险,并且疗效降低。
2. 为肝酶诱导剂,与皮质激素、洋地黄类(包括地高辛)、口服避孕药、环孢素、雌激素、左旋多巴、奎尼丁、土霉素或三环抗抑郁药合用时,可降低这些药物的效应。
3. 长期饮酒可降低本品的浓度和疗效,但服药同时大量饮酒可增加血药浓度;与氯霉素、异烟肼、保泰松、磺胺类合用可能降低本品代谢使血药浓度增加,增加本品的毒性;与抗凝剂合用,开始增加抗凝效应,持续应用则降低。
4. 与含镁、铝或碳酸钙等合用时可能降低本品的生物利用度,两者应相隔2~3小时服用。
5. 与降糖药或胰岛素合用时,因本品可使血糖升高,需调整后两者用量。
6. 原则上用多巴胺的患者,不宜用本品。
7. 本品与利多卡因或心得安合用时可能加强心脏的抑制作用。
8. 虽然本品消耗体内叶酸,但增加叶酸反可降低本品浓度和作用。
9. 苯巴比妥或扑米酮对本品的影响,变化很大,应经常监测血药浓度;与丙戊酸类合用有蛋白结合竞争作用,应经常监测血药浓度,调整本品用量。
10. 与卡马西平合用,后者血浓降低。如合并用大量抗精神病药或三环类抗抑郁药可能癫痫发作,需调整本品用量。
药物过量

可出现视力模糊或复视,笨拙或行走不稳和步态蹒跚、精神紊乱,严重的眩晕或嗜睡,幻觉、恶心、语言不清。治疗:无解毒药,仅对症治疗和支持疗法,催吐,洗胃,给氧,升压,辅助呼吸,血液透析。
包装规格:
125mg/5ml *250 ml
125mg/5ml *237 ml  

DILANTIN-125 (phenytoin) suspension
[Parke-Davis Div of Pfizer Inc]

DESCRIPTION

Dilantin (phenytoin) is related to the barbiturates in chemical structure, but has a five-membered ring. The chemical name is 5,5-diphenyl-2,4 imidazolidinedione, having the following structural formula:

Each 5 ml of suspension contains 125 mg of phenytoin, USP; alcohol, USP (maximum content not greater than 0.6 percent); banana flavor; carboxymethylcellulose sodium, USP; citric acid, anhydrous, USP; glycerin, USP; magnesium aluminum silicate, NF; orange oil concentrate; polysorbate 40, NF; purified water, USP; sodium benzoate, NF; sucrose, NF; vanillin, NF; and FD&C yellow No. 6.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Mechanism of Action

Phenytoin is an antiepileptic drug which can be useful in the treatment of epilepsy. The primary site of action appears to be the motor cortex where spread of seizure activity is inhibited. Possibly by promoting sodium efflux from neurons, phenytoin tends to stabilize the threshold against hyperexcitability caused by excessive stimulation or environmental changes capable of reducing membrane sodium gradient. This includes the reduction of posttetanic potentiation at synapses. Loss of posttetanic potentiation prevents cortical seizure foci from detonating adjacent cortical areas. Phenytoin reduces the maximal activity of brain stem centers responsible for the tonic phase of tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures.

Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism

The plasma half-life in man after oral administration of phenytoin averages 22 hours, with a range of 7 to 42 hours. Steady-state therapeutic levels are achieved at least 7 to 10 days (5–7 half-lives) after initiation of therapy with recommended doses of 300 mg/day.

When serum level determinations are necessary, they should be obtained at least 5–7 half-lives after treatment initiation, dosage change, or addition or subtraction of another drug to the regimen so that equilibrium or steady-state will have been achieved. Trough levels provide information about clinically effective serum level range and confirm patient compliance and are obtained just prior to the patient's next scheduled dose. Peak levels indicate an individual's threshold for emergence of dose-related side effects and are obtained at the time of expected peak concentration. For Dilantin-125 Suspension, peak levels occur 1½–3 hours after administration.

Optimum control without clinical signs of toxicity occurs more often with serum levels between 10 and 20 mcg/mL, although some mild cases of tonic-clonic (grand mal) epilepsy may be controlled with lower serum levels of phenytoin.

In most patients maintained at a steady dosage, stable phenytoin serum levels are achieved. There may be wide interpatient variability in phenytoin serum levels with equivalent dosages. Patients with unusually low levels may be noncompliant or hypermetabolizers of phenytoin. Unusually high levels result from liver disease, variant CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 alleles, or drug interactions which result in metabolic interference. The patient with large variations in phenytoin plasma levels, despite standard doses, presents a difficult clinical problem. Serum level determinations in such patients may be particularly helpful. As phenytoin is highly protein bound, free phenytoin levels may be altered in patients whose protein binding characteristics differ from normal.

Most of the drug is excreted in the bile as inactive metabolites which are then reabsorbed from the intestinal tract and excreted in the urine. Urinary excretion of phenytoin and its metabolites occurs partly with glomerular filtration but, more importantly, by tubular secretion. Because phenytoin is hydroxylated in the liver by an enzyme system which is saturable at high plasma levels, small incremental doses may increase the half-life and produce very substantial increases in serum levels, when these are in the upper range. The steady-state level may be disproportionately increased, with resultant intoxication, from an increase in dosage of 10% or more.

Special Populations

Patients with Renal or Hepatic Disease

Due to an increased fraction of unbound phenytoin in patients with renal or hepatic disease, or in those with hypoalbuminemia, the interpretation of total phenytoin plasma concentrations should be made with caution (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). Unbound phenytoin concentrations may be more useful in these patient populations.

Age

Phenytoin clearance tends to decrease with increasing age (20% less in patients over 70 years of age relative to that in patients 20–30 years of age). Phenytoin dosing requirements are highly variable and must be individualized (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).

Gender and Race

Gender and race have no significant impact on phenytoin pharmacokinetics.

Pediatrics

Initially, 5 mg/kg/day in two or three equally divided doses, with subsequent dosage individualized to a maximum of 300 mg daily. A recommended daily maintenance dosage is usually 4 to 8 mg/kg. Children over 6 years and adolescents may require the minimum adult dose (300 mg/day).

INDICATIONS AND USAGE

Dilantin (phenytoin) is indicated for the control of tonic-clonic (grand mal) and psychomotor (temporal lobe) seizures.

Phenytoin serum level determinations may be necessary for optimal dosage adjustments (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION and CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY sections).

CONTRAINDICATIONS

Dilantin is contraindicated in those patients with a history of hypersensitivity to phenytoin, its inactive ingredients, or other hydantoins.

Coadministration of Dilantin is contraindicated with delavirdine due to potential for loss of virologic response and possible resistance to delavirdine or to the class of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

WARNINGS

Effects of Abrupt Withdrawal

Abrupt withdrawal of phenytoin in epileptic patients may precipitate status epilepticus. When in the judgment of the clinician the need for dosage reduction, discontinuation, or substitution of alternative anticonvulsant medication arises, this should be done gradually. In the event of an allergic or hypersensitivity reaction, more rapid substitution of alternative therapy may be necessary. In this case, alternative therapy should be an anticonvulsant not belonging to the hydantoin chemical class.

Suicidal Behavior and Ideation

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), including Dilantin, increase the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior in patients taking these drugs for any indication. Patients treated with any AED for any indication should be monitored for the emergence or worsening of depression, suicidal thoughts or behavior, and/or any unusual changes in mood or behavior.

Pooled analyses of 199 placebo-controlled clinical trials (mono- and adjunctive therapy) of 11 different AEDs showed that patients randomized to one of the AEDs had approximately twice the risk (adjusted Relative Risk 1.8, 95% CI:1.2, 2.7) of suicidal thinking or behavior compared to patients randomized to placebo. In these trials, which had a median treatment duration of 12 weeks, the estimated incidence rate of suicidal behavior or ideation among 27,863 AED-treated patients was 0.43%, compared to 0.24% among 16,029 placebo-treated patients, representing an increase of approximately one case of suicidal thinking or behavior for every 530 patients treated. There were four suicides in drug-treated patients in the trials and none in placebo-treated patients, but the number is too small to allow any conclusion about drug effect on suicide.

The increased risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior with AEDs was observed as early as one week after starting drug treatment with AEDs and persisted for the duration of treatment assessed. Because most trials included in the analysis did not extend beyond 24 weeks, the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior beyond 24 weeks could not be assessed.

The risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior was generally consistent among drugs in the data analyzed. The finding of increased risk with AEDs of varying mechanisms of action and across a range of indications suggests that the risk applies to all AEDs used for any indication. The risk did not vary substantially by age (5–100 years) in the clinical trials analyzed.

Table 1 shows absolute and relative risk by indication for all evaluated AEDs.

Table 1 Risk by indication for antiepileptic drugs in the pooled analysis
Indication Placebo Patients with Events Per 1000 Patients Drug Patients with Events Per 1000 Patients Relative Risk: Incidence of Events in Drug Patients/Incidence in Placebo Patients Risk Difference: Additional Drug Patients with Events Per 1000 Patients
Epilepsy 1.0 3.4 3.5 2.4
Psychiatric 5.7 8.5 1.5 2.9
Other 1.0 1.8 1.9 0.9
Total 2.4 4.3 1.8 1.9

The relative risk for suicidal thoughts or behavior was higher in clinical trials for epilepsy than in clinical trials for psychiatric or other conditions, but the absolute risk differences were similar for the epilepsy and psychiatric indications.

Anyone considering prescribing Dilantin or any other AED must balance the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior with the risk of untreated illness. Epilepsy and many other illnesses for which AEDs are prescribed are themselves associated with morbidity and mortality and an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior. Should suicidal thoughts and behavior emerge during treatment, the prescriber needs to consider whether the emergence of these symptoms in any given patient may be related to the illness being treated.

Patients, their caregivers, and families should be informed that AEDs increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior and should be advised of the need to be alert for the emergence or worsening of the signs and symptoms of depression, any unusual changes in mood or behavior, or the emergence of suicidal thoughts, behavior, or thoughts about self-harm. Behaviors of concern should be reported immediately to healthcare providers.

Serious Dermatologic Reactions

Serious and sometimes fatal dermatologic reactions, including toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), have been reported with phenytoin treatment. The onset of symptoms is usually within 28 days, but can occur later. Dilantin should be discontinued at the first sign of a rash, unless the rash is clearly not drug-related. If signs or symptoms suggest SJS/TEN, use of this drug should not be resumed and alternative therapy should be considered. If a rash occurs, the patient should be evaluated for signs and symptoms of Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (see DRESS/Multiorgan hypersensitivity below).

Studies in patients of Chinese ancestry have found a strong association between the risk of developing SJS/TEN and the presence of HLA-B*1502, an inherited allelic variant of the HLA B gene, in patients using carbamazepine. Limited evidence suggests that HLA-B*1502 may be a risk factor for the development of SJS/TEN in patients of Asian ancestry taking other antiepileptic drugs associated with SJS/TEN, including phenytoin. Consideration should be given to avoiding phenytoin as an alternative for carbamazepine in patients positive for HLA-B*1502.

The use of HLA-B*1502 genotyping has important limitations and must never substitute for appropriate clinical vigilance and patient management. The role of other possible factors in the development of, and morbidity from, SJS/TEN, such as antiepileptic drug (AED) dose, compliance, concomitant medications, comorbidities, and the level of dermatologic monitoring have not been studied.

Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS)/Multiorgan hypersensitivity

Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS), also known as Multiorgan hypersensitivity, has been reported in patients taking antiepileptic drugs, including Dilantin. Some of these events have been fatal or life-threatening. DRESS typically, although not exclusively, presents with fever, rash, and/or lymphadenopathy, in association with other organ system involvement, such as hepatitis, nephritis, hematological abnormalities, myocarditis, or myositis sometimes resembling an acute viral infection. Eosinophilia is often present. Because this disorder is variable in its expression, other organ systems not noted here may be involved. It is important to note that early manifestations of hypersensitivity, such as fever or lymphadenopathy, may be present even though rash is not evident. If such signs or symptoms are present, the patient should be evaluated immediately. Dilantin should be discontinued if an alternative etiology for the signs or symptoms cannot be established.

Hypersensitivity

Dilantin and other hydantoins are contraindicated in patients who have experienced phenytoin hypersensitivity (see CONTRAINDICATIONS). Additionally, consider alternatives to structurally similar drugs such as carboxamides (e.g., carbamazepine), barbiturates, succinimides, and oxazolidinediones (e.g., trimethadione) in these same patients. Similarly, if there is a history of hypersensitivity reactions to these structurally similar drugs in the patient or immediate family members, consider alternatives to Dilantin.

Hepatic Injury

Cases of acute hepatotoxicity, including infrequent cases of acute hepatic failure, have been reported with Dilantin. These events may be part of the spectrum of DRESS or may occur in isolation. Other common manifestations include jaundice, hepatomegaly, elevated serum transaminase levels, leukocytosis, and eosinophilia. The clinical course of acute phenytoin hepatotoxicity ranges from prompt recovery to fatal outcomes. In these patients with acute hepatotoxicity, Dilantin should be immediately discontinued and not readministered.

Hematopoietic System

Hematopoietic complications, some fatal, have occasionally been reported in association with administration of Dilantin. These have included thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, granulocytopenia, agranulocytosis, and pancytopenia with or without bone marrow suppression.

There have been a number of reports suggesting a relationship between phenytoin and the development of lymphadenopathy (local or generalized) including benign lymph node hyperplasia, pseudolymphoma, lymphoma, and Hodgkin's disease. Although a cause and effect relationship has not been established, the occurrence of lymphadenopathy indicates the need to differentiate such a condition from other types of lymph node pathology. Lymph node involvement may occur with or without symptoms and signs of DRESS.

In all cases of lymphadenopathy, follow-up observation for an extended period is indicated and every effort should be made to achieve seizure control using alternative antiepileptic drugs.

Effects on Vitamin D and Bone

The chronic use of phenytoin in patients with epilepsy has been associated with decreased bone mineral density (osteopenia, osteoporosis, and osteomalacia) and bone fractures. Phenytoin induces hepatic metabolizing enzymes. This may enhance the metabolism of vitamin D and decrease vitamin D levels, which may lead to vitamin D deficiency, hypocalcemia, and hypophosphatemia. Consideration should be given to screening with bone-related laboratory and radiological tests as appropriate and initiating treatment plans according to established guidelines.

Effects of Alcohol Use on Phenytoin Serum Levels

Acute alcoholic intake may increase phenytoin serum levels, while chronic alcoholic use may decrease serum levels.

Exacerbation of Porphyria

In view of isolated reports associating phenytoin with exacerbation of porphyria, caution should be exercised in using this medication in patients suffering from this disease.

Usage in Pregnancy

Clinical

Risks to Mother

An increase in seizure frequency may occur during pregnancy because of altered phenytoin pharmacokinetics. Periodic measurement of plasma phenytoin concentrations may be valuable in the management of pregnant women as a guide to appropriate adjustment of dosage (see PRECAUTIONS, Laboratory Tests). However, postpartum restoration of the original dosage will probably be indicated.

Risks to the Fetus

If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking the drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential harm to the fetus.

Prenatal exposure to phenytoin may increase the risks for congenital malformations and other adverse developmental outcomes. Increased frequencies of major malformations (such as orofacial clefts and cardiac defects), minor anomalies (dysmorphic facial features, nail and digit hypoplasia), growth abnormalities (including microcephaly), and mental deficiency have been reported among children born to epileptic women who took phenytoin alone or in combination with other antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. There have also been several reported cases of malignancies, including neuroblastoma, in children whose mothers received phenytoin during pregnancy. The overall incidence of malformations for children of epileptic women treated with antiepileptic drugs (phenytoin and/or others) during pregnancy is about 10%, or two- to three-fold that in the general population. However, the relative contributions of antiepileptic drugs and other factors associated with epilepsy to this increased risk are uncertain and in most cases it has not been possible to attribute specific developmental abnormalities to particular antiepileptic drugs.

Patients should consult with their physicians to weigh the risks and benefits of phenytoin during pregnancy.

Postpartum Period

A potentially life-threatening bleeding disorder related to decreased levels of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors may occur in newborns exposed to phenytoin in utero. This drug-induced condition can be prevented with vitamin K administration to the mother before delivery and to the neonate after birth.

Preclinical

Increased resorption and malformation rates have been reported following administration of phenytoin doses of 75 mg/kg or higher (approximately 120% of the maximum human loading dose or higher on a mg/m2 basis) to pregnant rabbits.

PRECAUTIONS

General

The liver is the chief site of biotransformation of phenytoin; patients with impaired liver function, elderly patients, or those who are gravely ill may show early signs of toxicity.

A small percentage of individuals who have been treated with phenytoin have been shown to metabolize the drug slowly. Slow metabolism may be due to limited enzyme availability and lack of induction; it appears to be genetically determined. If early signs of dose-related CNS toxicity develop, plasma levels should be checked immediately.

Hyperglycemia, resulting from the drug's inhibitory effects on insulin release, has been reported. Phenytoin may also raise the serum glucose level in diabetic patients.

Phenytoin is not indicated for seizures due to hypoglycemic or other metabolic causes. Appropriate diagnostic procedures should be performed as indicated.

Phenytoin is not effective for absence (petit mal) seizures. If tonic-clonic (grand mal) and absence (petit mal) seizures are present, combined drug therapy is needed.

Serum levels of phenytoin sustained above the optimal range may produce confusional states referred to as "delirium," "psychosis," or "encephalopathy," or rarely irreversible cerebellar dysfunction. Accordingly, at the first sign of acute toxicity, plasma levels are recommended. Dose reduction of phenytoin therapy is indicated if plasma levels are excessive; if symptoms persist, termination is recommended. (See WARNINGS section.)

Information for Patients

Inform patients of the availability of a Medication Guide, and instruct them to read the Medication Guide prior to taking Dilantin. Instruct patients to take Dilantin only as prescribed.

Patients taking phenytoin should be advised of the importance of adhering strictly to the prescribed dosage regimen, and of informing the physician of any clinical condition in which it is not possible to take the drug orally as prescribed, e.g., surgery, etc.

Patients should be instructed to use an accurately calibrated measuring device when using this medication to ensure accurate dosing.

Patients should be made aware of the early toxic signs and symptoms of potential hematologic, dermatologic, hypersensitivity, or hepatic reactions. These symptoms may include, but are not limited to, fever, sore throat, rash, ulcers in the mouth, easy bruising, lymphadenopathy and petechial or purpuric hemorrhage, and in the case of liver reactions, anorexia, nausea/vomiting, or jaundice. The patient should be advised that, because these signs and symptoms may signal a serious reaction, that they must report any occurrence immediately to a physician. In addition, the patient should be advised that these signs and symptoms should be reported even if mild or when occurring after extended use.

Patients should also be cautioned on the use of other drugs or alcoholic beverages without first seeking the physician's advice.

The importance of good dental hygiene should be stressed in order to minimize the development of gingival hyperplasia and its complications.

Patients, their caregivers, and families should be counseled that AEDs, including Dilantin, may increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior and should be advised of the need to be alert for the emergence or worsening of symptoms of depression, any unusual changes in mood or behavior, or the emergence of suicidal thoughts, behavior, or thoughts about self-harm. Behaviors of concern should be reported immediately to healthcare providers.

Patients should be encouraged to enroll in the North American Antiepileptic Drug (NAAED) Pregnancy Registry if they become pregnant. This registry is collecting information about the safety of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. To enroll, patients can call the toll free number 1-888-233-2334 (see PRECAUTIONS: Pregnancy section).

Laboratory Tests

Phenytoin serum level determinations may be necessary to achieve optimal dosage adjustments. Phenytoin doses are usually selected to attain therapeutic plasma total phenytoin concentrations of 10 to 20 µg/mL (unbound phenytoin concentrations of 1 to 2 µg/mL).

Drug Interactions

Phenytoin is extensively bound to serum plasma proteins and is prone to competitive displacement. Phenytoin is metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, and is particularly susceptible to inhibitory drug interactions because it is subject to saturable metabolism. Inhibition of metabolism may produce significant increases in circulating phenytoin concentrations and enhance the risk of drug toxicity. Phenytoin is a potent inducer of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes. Serum level determinations for phenytoin are especially helpful when possible drug interactions are suspected.

The most commonly occurring drug interactions are listed below:

Note: The list is not intended to be inclusive or comprehensive. Individual drug package inserts should be consulted.

Drugs that affect phenytoin concentrations:

  • Drugs, which may increase phenytoin serum levels, include: acute alcohol intake, amiodarone, anti-epileptic agents (felbamate, topiramate, oxcarbazepine), azoles (fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole), chloramphenicol, chlordiazepoxide, cimetidine, diazepam, disulfiram, estrogens, ethosuximide, fluorouracil, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, H2-antagonists, halothane, isoniazid, methylphenidate, omeprazole, phenothiazines, salicylates, sertraline, succinimides, sulfonamides, ticlopidine, tolbutamide, trazodone, and warfarin.
  • Drugs, which may decrease phenytoin levels, include: carbamazepine, chronic alcohol abuse, nelfinavir, reserpine, ritonavir, and sucralfate.
  • Ingestion times of phenytoin and antacid preparations containing calcium should be staggered in patients with low serum phenytoin levels to prevent absorption problems.
  • Drugs which may either increase or decrease phenytoin serum levels include: phenobarbital, sodium valproate, and valproic acid. Similarly, the effect of phenytoin on phenobarbital, valproic acid, and sodium valproate serum levels is unpredictable.
  • The addition or withdrawal of these agents in patients on phenytoin therapy may require an adjustment of the phenytoin dose to achieve optimal clinical outcome.

Drugs affected by phenytoin:

  • Drugs that should not be coadministered with phenytoin: Delavirdine
  • Drugs whose efficacy is impaired by phenytoin include: azoles (fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole), corticosteroids, doxycycline, estrogens, furosemide, irinotecan, oral contraceptives, paclitaxel, paroxetine, quinidine, rifampin, sertraline, teniposide, theophylline, vitamin D, and warfarin.
  • Increased and decreased PT/INR responses have been reported when phenytoin is coadministered with warfarin.
  • Phenytoin decreases plasma concentrations of certain HIV antivirals (amprenavir, efavirenz, Kaletra (lopinavir/ritonavir), indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir), and anti-epileptic agents (felbamate, topiramate, oxcarbazepine, quetiapine).
  • The addition or withdrawal of phenytoin during concomitant therapy with these agents may require adjustment of the dose of these agents to achieve optimal clinical outcome.

Drug Enteral Feeding/Nutritional Preparations Interaction

Literature reports suggest that patients who have received enteral feeding preparations and/or related nutritional supplements have lower than expected phenytoin plasma levels. It is therefore suggested that phenytoin not be administered concomitantly with an enteral feeding preparation. More frequent serum phenytoin level monitoring may be necessary in these patients.

Drug/Laboratory Test Interactions

Phenytoin may decrease serum concentrations of T4. It may also produce lower than normal values for dexamethasone or metyrapone tests. Phenytoin may cause increased serum levels of glucose, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT).

Care should be taken when using immunoanalytical methods to measure plasma phenytoin concentrations.

Carcinogenesis

See WARNINGS section for information on carcinogenesis.

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category D; See WARNINGS section.

To provide information regarding the effects of in utero exposure to Dilantin, physicians are advised to recommend that pregnant patients taking Dilantin enroll in the NAAED Pregnancy Registry. This can be done by calling the toll free number 1-888-233-2334, and must be done by patients themselves. Information on the registry can also be found at the website http://www.aedpregnancyregistry.org/.

Nursing Mothers

Infant breast feeding is not recommended for women taking this drug because phenytoin appears to be secreted in low concentrations in human milk.

Pediatric Use

See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION section.

Geriatric Use

Phenytoin clearance tends to decrease with increasing age (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY: Special Populations).

ADVERSE REACTIONS

Body As a Whole

Allergic reactions in the form of rash and rarely more serious forms (see Skin and Appendages paragraph below) and DRESS (see WARNINGS) have been observed. Anaphylaxis has also been reported.

There have also been reports of coarsening of facial features, systemic lupus erythematosus, periarteritis nodosa, and immunoglobulin abnormalities.

Nervous System

The most common manifestations encountered with phenytoin therapy are referable to this system and are usually dose-related. These include nystagmus, ataxia, slurred speech, decreased coordination, somnolence, and mental confusion. Dizziness, insomnia, transient nervousness, motor twitchings, paresthesias, and headaches have also been observed. There have also been rare reports of phenytoin-induced dyskinesias, including chorea, dystonia, tremor and asterixis, similar to those induced by phenothiazine and other neuroleptic drugs.

A predominantly sensory peripheral polyneuropathy has been observed in patients receiving long-term phenytoin therapy.

Digestive System

Nausea, vomiting, constipation, enlargement of the lips, gingival hyperplasia, toxic hepatitis and liver damage.

Skin and Appendages

Dermatological manifestations sometimes accompanied by fever have included scarlatiniform or morbilliform rashes. A morbilliform rash (measles-like) is the most common; other types of dermatitis are seen more rarely. Other more serious forms which may be fatal have included bullous, exfoliative or purpuric dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis (see WARNINGS section). There have also been reports of hypertrichosis.

Hematologic and Lymphatic System

Hematopoietic complications, some fatal, have occasionally been reported in association with administration of phenytoin. These have included thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, granulocytopenia, agranulocytosis, and pancytopenia with or without bone marrow suppression. While macrocytosis and megaloblastic anemia have occurred, these conditions usually respond to folic acid therapy. Lymphadenopathy including benign lymph node hyperplasia, pseudolymphoma, lymphoma, and Hodgkin's disease have been reported (see WARNINGS section).

Special Senses

Altered taste sensation including metallic taste.

Urogenital

Peyronie's disease

OVERDOSAGE

The lethal dose in pediatric patients is not known. The lethal dose in adults is estimated to be 2 to 5 grams. The initial symptoms are nystagmus, ataxia, and dysarthria. Other signs are tremor, hyperreflexia, lethargy, slurred speech, nausea, vomiting. The patient may become comatose and hypotensive. Death is due to respiratory and circulatory depression.

There are marked variations among individuals with respect to phenytoin plasma levels where toxicity may occur. Nystagmus, on lateral gaze, usually appears at 20 mcg/mL, ataxia at 30 mcg/mL; dysarthria and lethargy appear when the plasma concentration is over 40 mcg/mL, but as high a concentration as 50 mcg/mL has been reported without evidence of toxicity. As much as 25 times the therapeutic dose has been taken to result in a serum concentration over 100 mcg/mL with complete recovery.

Treatment

Treatment is nonspecific since there is no known antidote.

The adequacy of the respiratory and circulatory systems should be carefully observed and appropriate supportive measures employed. Hemodialysis can be considered since phenytoin is not completely bound to plasma proteins. Total exchange transfusion has been used in the treatment of severe intoxication in pediatric patients.

In acute overdosage the possibility of other CNS depressants, including alcohol, should be borne in mind.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
FOR ORAL ADMINISTRATION ONLY; NOT FOR PARENTERAL USE

Serum concentrations should be monitored and care should be taken when switching a patient from the sodium salt to the free acid form. Dilantin® Kapseals® is formulated with the sodium salt of phenytoin. The free acid form of phenytoin is used in Dilantin-125 Suspension and Dilantin Infatabs. Because there is approximately an 8% increase in drug content with the free acid form over that of the sodium salt, dosage adjustments and serum level monitoring may be necessary when switching from a product formulated with the free acid to a product formulated with the sodium salt and vice versa.

General

Dosage should be individualized to provide maximum benefit. In some cases serum blood level determinations may be necessary for optimal dosage adjustments—the clinically effective serum level is usually 10–20 mcg/mL. With recommended dosage, a period of seven to ten days may be required to achieve steady-state blood levels with phenytoin and changes in dosage (increase or decrease) should not be carried out at intervals shorter than seven to ten days.

Adult Dose

Patients who have received no previous treatment may be started on one teaspoonful (5 mL) of Dilantin-125 Suspension three times daily, and the dose is then adjusted to suit individual requirements. An increase to five teaspoonfuls daily may be made, if necessary.

Dosing in Special Populations

Patients with Renal or Hepatic Disease

Due to an increased fraction of unbound phenytoin in patients with renal or hepatic disease, or in those with hypoalbuminemia, the interpretation of total phenytoin plasma concentrations should be made with caution. Unbound phenytoin concentrations may be more useful in these patient populations.

Elderly Patients

Phenytoin clearance is decreased slightly in elderly patients and lower or less frequent dosing may be required.

Pediatric

Initially, 5 mg/kg/day in two or three equally divided doses, with subsequent dosage individualized to a maximum of 300 mg daily. A recommended daily maintenance dosage is usually 4 to 8 mg/kg. Children over 6 years and adolescents may require the minimum adult dose (300 mg/day).

HOW SUPPLIED

N 0071-2214-20—Dilantin-125® Suspension (phenytoin oral suspension, USP), 125 mg phenytoin/5 mL with a maximum alcohol content not greater than 0.6 percent, an orange suspension with an orange-vanilla flavor; available in 8-oz bottles.

Store at controlled room temperature 20°–25°C (68°–77°F). [See USP.] Protect from freezing and light.

责任编辑:admin


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