部分中文喜克馈处方资料（仅供参考） 【名称】喜克馈 【英文名】Cytotec 【药理作用】本药为白色或乳白色六角型片剂，两边有刻度，药片的一面印有SEARLE 1461。 本药是一种天然前列腺素E的类似物，可促使消化性溃疡愈合，或使症状减轻。本药保护胃、十二指肠粘膜是通过抑制基础胃酸分泌，受刺激后胃酸分泌和夜间胃酸分泌，并且通过减少胃液分泌，抑制胃液中蛋白水解酶的活性，以及通过增加碳酸氢盐和粘液分泌来实现的。本药可使胃粘膜增生，与前列腺素E有关的这个特征可在停用此化合物后恢复正常，在治疗前后一年内，胃组织活检没有发现与米索前列醇相关的组织学不良反应。本药抑制胃液分泌是通过局部和全身作用相互结合而达到的。  【动力学】口服后可快速吸收，其活性产物（米索前列酸）的血浆高峰水平出现在用药大约30分钟后。米索前列醇的血浆清除半衰期为20-40分钟。每日2次重复使用米索前列醇400 μg，在血浆中不产生蓄积。  【适应症】十二指肠溃疡及胃溃疡，包括关节炎病人由于使用非甾类抗炎药所引起的十二指肠及胃溃疡。此外，还可用于预防使用非甾类抗炎药所引起的溃疡。 【用法用量】成人 胃和十二指肠溃疡 400 μg 2次/日，或200 mg 4次/日，至少要持续4周。如有需要治疗可延续至8周。如溃疡复发，可开始新的疗程。 预防非甾类抗炎药所致的消化性溃疡 200 μg，每日2-4次，剂量应根据个体差异，临床情况不同而定。  【不良反应】胃肠系统 ：腹泻、腹痛，一般发生于治疗的早期，且是有限性的，极少数报告由重度腹泻导致脱水的病例。在与食物同时服用，单次剂量不超过200 μg时，可减少此副作用。其它副作用包括 ：消化不良，肠胀气，腹痛、恶心及呕吐。 女性生殖系统 ：月经过多，阴道出血。 其它反应 ：皮肤瘙痒，偶有眩晕。 【禁忌】妊娠和计划怀孕的妇女，哺乳期妇女。对米索前列醇和其它前列腺素过敏者。 警告：绝经前的妇女。除非需用非甾类抗炎药治疗，并属于非甾类抗炎药产生并发症有高度风险者，才可使用喜克溃，这种病人必须采用有效的避孕措施后，才可使用。 低血压病人慎用。 对妊娠和哺乳的影响 尚不清楚本药的活性代谢物是否从乳汁中分泌，因此不应用于哺乳期妇女。 对儿童的影响 儿童使用本药的安全性和效果尚不确定。 对老年人的影响 可使用一般剂量。   【注意事项】过量处理 症状 临床上提示药物过量的症状有 ：镇静、震颤、惊厥、呼吸困难、腹痛、腹泻、发热、心悸、低血压等。在人体中米索前列醇的毒性剂量尚未确定。 处理 对用药过量者应予对症、支持治疗，透析并不适合对该药过量的。 【储藏】贮存在低于30℃的干燥环境下。 CYTOTEC (misoprostol) DESCRIPTION Misoprostol oral tablets contain either 100 mcg or 200 mcg of misoprostol, a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analog. Misoprostol contains approximately equal amounts of the two diastereomers presented below with their enantiomers indicated by (±): Misoprostol is a water-soluble, viscous liquid chemically described as (±) methyl 11α, 16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13E-en-1-oate. Each misoprostol tablet for oral administration contains either 100 mcg or 200 mcg of misoprostol and has the following inactive ingredients: Hydrogenated caster oil, hypromellose, microcrystalline cellose, and sodium starch glycolate. CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Pharmacokinetics Misoprostol is extensively absorbed, and undergoes rapid de-esterification to its free acid, which is responsible for its clinical activity and, unlike the parent compound, is detectable in plasma. The alpha side chain undergoes beta oxidation and the beta side chain undergoes omega oxidation followed by reduction of the ketone to give prostaglandin F analogs. In normal volunteers, misoprostol is rapidly absorbed after oral administration with a Tmax of misoprostol acid of 12 ± 3 minutes and a terminal half-life of 20–40 minutes. There is high variability of plasma levels of misoprostol acid between and within studies but mean values after single doses show a linear relationship with dose over the range of 200-400 mcg. No accumulation of misoprostol acid was noted in multiple dose studies; plasma steady state was achieved within two days. Maximum plasma concentrations of misoprostol acid are diminished when the dose is taken with food and total availability of misoprostol acid is reduced by use of concomitant antacid. Clinical trials were conducted with concomitant antacid, however, so this effect does not appear to be clinically important. After oral administration of radiolabeled misoprostol, about 80% of detected radioactivity appears in urine. Pharmacokinetic studies in patients with varying degrees of renal impairment showed an approximate doubling of T1/2, Cmax, and AUC compared to normals, but no clear correlation between the degree of impairment and AUC. In subjects over 64 years of age, the AUC for misoprostol acid is increased. No routine dosage adjustment is recommended in older patients or patients with renal impairment, but dosage may need to be reduced if the usual dose is not tolerated. Misoprostol does not affect the hepatic mixed function oxidase (cytochrome P-450) enzyme systems in animals. Drug interaction studies between misoprostol and several nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs showed no effect on the kinetics of ibuprofen or diclofenac, and a 20% decrease in aspirin AUC, not thought to be clinically significant. Pharmacokinetic studies also showed a lack of drug interaction with antipyrine and propranolol when these drugs were given with misoprostol. Misoprostol given for 1 week had no effect on the steady state pharmacokinetics of diazepam when the two drugs were administered 2 hours apart. The serum protein binding of misoprostol acid is less than 90% and is concentration-independent in the therapeutic range. Pharmacodynamics Misoprostol has both antisecretory (inhibiting gastric acid secretion) and (in animals) mucosal protective properties. NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, and a deficiency of prostaglandins within the gastric mucosa may lead to diminishing bicarbonate and mucus secretion and may contribute to the mucosal damage caused by these agents. Misoprostol can increase bicarbonate and mucus production, but in man this has been shown at doses 200 mcg and above that are also antisecretory. It is therefore not possible to tell whether the ability of misoprostol to reduce the risk of gastric ulcer is the result of its antisecretory effect, its mucosal protective effect, or both. In vitro studies on canine parietal cells using tritiated misoprostol acid as the ligand have led to the identification and characterization of specific prostaglandin receptors. Receptor binding is saturable, reversible, and stereospecific. The sites have a high affinity for misoprostol, for its acid metabolite, and for other E type prostaglandins, but not for F or I prostaglandins and other unrelated compounds, such as histamine or cimetidine. Receptor-site affinity for misoprostol correlates well with an indirect index of antisecretory activity. It is likely that these specific receptors allow misoprostol taken with food to be effective topically, despite the lower serum concentrations attained. Misoprostol produces a moderate decrease in pepsin concentration during basal conditions, but not during histamine stimulation. It has no significant effect on fasting or postprandial gastrin nor on intrinsic factor output Effects on gastric acid secretion Misoprostol, over the range of 50–200 mcg, inhibits basal and nocturnal gastric acid secretion, and acid secretion in response to a variety of stimuli, including meals, histamine, pentagastrin, and coffee. Activity is apparent 30 minutes after oral administration and persists for at least 3 hours. In general, the effects of 50 mcg were modest and shorter lived, and only the 200-mcg dose had substantial effects on nocturnal secretion or on histamine and meal-stimulated secretion Uterine effects Misoprostol has been shown to produce uterine contractions that may endanger pregnancy. (See boxed WARNINGS.) Other pharmacologic effects Misoprostol does not produce clinically significant effects on serum levels of prolactin, gonadotropins, thyroid-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, thyroxine, cortisol, gastrointestinal hormones (somatostatin, gastrin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and motilin), creatinine, or uric acid. Gastric emptying, immunologic competence, platelet aggregation, pulmonary function, or the cardiovascular system are not modified by recommended doses of misoprostol. Clinical Studies In a series of small short-term (about 1 week) placebo-controlled studies in healthy human volunteers, doses of misoprostol were evaluated for their ability to reduce the risk of NSAID-induced mucosal injury. Studies of 200 mcg q.i.d. of misoprostol with tolmetin and naproxen, and of 100 and 200 mcg q.i.d. with ibuprofen, all showed reduction of the rate of significant endoscopic injury from about 70–75% on placebo to 10–30% on misoprostol. Doses of 25–200 mcg q.i.d. reduced aspirin-induced mucosal injury and bleeding. Reducing the Risk of Gastric Ulcers Caused by Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Two 12-week, randomized, double-blind trials in osteoarthritic patients who had gastrointestinal symptoms but no ulcer on endoscopy while taking an NSAID compared the ability of 200 mcg of misoprostol, 100 mcg of misoprostol, and placebo to reduce the risk of gastric ulcer (GU) formation. Patients were approximately equally divided between ibuprofen, piroxicam, and naproxen, and continued this treatment throughout the 12 weeks. The 200-mcg dose caused a marked, statistically significant reduction in gastric ulcers in both studies. The lower dose was somewhat less effective, with a significant result in only one of the studies. In these trials there were no significant differences between misoprostol and placebo in relief of day or night abdominal pain. No effect of misoprostol in reducing the risk of duodenal ulcers was demonstrated, but relatively few duodenal lesions were seen. In another clinical trial, 239 patients receiving aspirin 650–1300 mg q.i.d. for rheumatoid arthritis who had endoscopic evidence of duodenal and/or gastric inflammation were randomized to misoprostol 200 mcg q.i.d. or placebo for 8 weeks while continuing to receive aspirin. The study evaluated the possible interference of misoprostol on the efficacy of aspirin in these patients with rheumatoid arthritis by analyzing joint tenderness, joint swelling, physician’s clinical assessment, patient’s assessment, change in ARA classification, change in handgrip strength, change in duration of morning stiffness, patient’s assessment of pain at rest, movement, interference with daily activity, and ESR. Misoprostol did not interfere with the efficacy of aspirin in these patients with rheumatoid arthritis. INDICATIONS AND USAGE Misoprostol tablets are indicated for reducing the risk of NSAID (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including aspirin)–induced gastric ulcers in patients at high risk of complications from gastric ulcer, e.g., the elderly and patients with concomitant debilitating disease, as well as patients at high risk of developing gastric ulceration, such as patients with a history of ulcer. Misoprostol has not been shown to reduce the risk of duodenal ulcers in patients taking NSAIDs. Misoprostol should be taken for the duration of NSAID therapy. Misoprostol has been shown to reduce the risk of gastric ulcers in controlled studies of 3 months’ duration. It had no effect, compared to placebo, on gastrointestinal pain or discomfort associated with NSAID use. CONTRAINDICATIONS See boxed WARNINGS. Misoprostol should not be taken by pregnant women to reduce the risk of ulcers induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Misoprostol should not be taken by anyone with a history of allergy to prostaglandins. WARNINGS See boxed WARNINGS. PRECAUTIONS Caution should be employed when administering Cytotec (misoprostol) to patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease. Information for patients Women of childbearing potential using Cytotec to decrease the risk of NSAID-induced ulcers should be told that they must not be pregnant when Cytotec therapy is initiated, and that they must use an effective contraception method while taking Cytotec. See boxed  WARNINGS. Cytotec is intended for administration along with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including aspirin, to decrease the chance of developing an NSAID-induced gastric ulcer. Cytotec should be taken only according to the directions given by a physician. If the patient has questions about or problems with Cytotec, the physician should be contacted promptly. THE PATIENT SHOULD NOT GIVE CYTOTEC TO ANYONE ELSE. Cytotec has been prescribed for the patient's specific condition, may not be the correct treatment for another person, and may be dangerous to the other person if she were to become pregnant. The Cytotec package the patient receives from the pharmacist will include a leaflet containing patient information. The patient should read the leaflet before taking Cytotec and each time the prescription is renewed because the leaflet may have been revised. Keep Cytotec out of the reach of children. SPECIAL NOTE FOR WOMEN: Cytotec may cause abortion (sometimes incomplete), premature labor, or birth defects if given to pregnant women. Cytotec is available only as a unit-of-use package that includes a leaflet containing patient information. See  Patient Information at the end of this labeling. Drug interactions See Clinical Pharmacology. Cytotec has not been shown to interfere with the beneficial effects of aspirin on signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. Cytotec does not exert clinically significant effects on the absorption, blood levels, and antiplatelet effects of therapeutic doses of aspirin. Cytotec has no clinically significant effect on the kinetics of diclofenac or ibuprofen. Animal toxicology A reversible increase in the number of normal surface gastric epithelial cells occurred in the dog, rat, and mouse. No such increase has been observed in humans administered Cytotec for up to 1 year. An apparent response of the female mouse to Cytotec in long-term studies at 100 to 1000 times the human dose was hyperostosis, mainly of the medulla of sternebrae. Hyperostosis did not occur in long-term studies in the dog and rat and has not been seen in humans treated with Cytotec. Carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, impairment of fertility There was no evidence of an effect of Cytotec on tumor occurrence or incidence in rats receiving daily doses up to 150 times the human dose for 24 months. Similarly, there was no effect of Cytotec on tumor occurrence or incidence in mice receiving daily doses up to 1000 times the human dose for 21 months. The mutagenic potential of Cytotec was tested in several in vitro assays, all of which were negative. Misoprostol, when administered to breeding male and female rats at doses 6.25 times to 625 times the maximum recommended human therapeutic dose, produced dose-related pre- and post-implantation losses and a significant decrease in the number of live pups born at the highest dose. These findings suggest the possibility of a general adverse effect on fertility in males and females Pregnancy: Pregnancy Category X Teratogenic effects See boxed WARNINGS. Congenital anomalies sometimes associated with fetal death have been reported subsequent to the unsuccessful use of misoprostol as an abortifacient, but the drug's teratogenic mechanism has not been demonstrated. Several reports in the literature associate the use of misoprostol during the first trimester of pregnancy with skull defects, cranial nerve palsies, facial malformations, and limb defects. Cytotec is not fetotoxic or teratogenic in rats and rabbits at doses 625 and 63 times the human dose, respectively. Nonteratogenic effects See boxed WARNINGS. Cytotec may endanger pregnancy (may cause abortion) and thereby cause harm to the fetus when administered to a pregnant woman. Cytotec may produce uterine contractions, uterine bleeding, and expulsion of the products of conception. Abortions caused by Cytotec may be incomplete. If a woman is or becomes pregnant while taking this drug to reduce the risk of NSAID-induced ulcers, the drug should be discontinued and the patient apprised of the potential hazard to the fetus. Labor and delivery Cytotec can induce or augment uterine contractions. Vaginal administration of Cytotec, outside of its approved indication, has been used as a cervical ripening agent, for the induction of labor and for treatment of serious postpartum hemorrhage in the presence of uterine atony. A major adverse effect of the obstetrical use of Cytotec is the hyperstimulation of the uterus which may progress to uterine tetany with marked impairment of uteroplacental blood flow, uterine rupture (requiring surgical repair, hysterectomy, and/or salpingo-oophorectomy), or amniotic fluid embolism. Pelvic pain, retained placenta, severe genital bleeding, shock, fetal bradycardia, and fetal and maternal death have been reported. There may be an increased risk of uterine tachysystole, uterine rupture, meconium passage, meconium staining of amniotic fluid, and Cesarean delivery due to uterine hyperstimulation with the use of higher doses of Cytotec, including the manufactured 100 mcg tablet. The risk of uterine rupture increases with advancing gestational ages and with prior uterine surgery, including Cesarean delivery. Grand multiparity also appears to be a risk factor for uterine rupture. The effect of Cytotec on later growth, development, and functional maturation of the child when Cytotec is used for cervical ripening or induction of labor has not been established. Information on Cytotec's effect on the need for forceps delivery or other intervention is unknown. Nursing mothers Misoprostol is rapidly metabolized in the mother to misoprostol acid, which is biologically active and is excreted in breast milk. There are no published reports of adverse effects of misoprostol in breast-feeding infants of mothers taking misoprostol. Caution should be exercised when misoprostol is administered to a nursing woman. Pediatric use Safety and effectiveness of Cytotec in pediatric patients have not been established. ADVERSE REACTIONS The following have been reported as adverse events in subjects receiving Cytotec: Gastrointestinal In subjects receiving Cytotec 400 or 800 mcg daily in clinical trials, the most frequent gastrointestinal adverse events were diarrhea and abdominal pain. The incidence of diarrhea at 800 mcg in controlled trials in patients on NSAIDs ranged from 14–40% and in all studies (over 5,000 patients) averaged 13%. Abdominal pain occurred in 13–20% of patients in NSAID trials and about 7% in all studies, but there was no consistent difference from placebo. Diarrhea was dose related and usually developed early in the course of therapy (after 13 days), usually was self-limiting (often resolving after 8 days), but sometimes required discontinuation of Cytotec (2% of the patients). Rare instances of profound diarrhea leading to severe dehydration have been reported. Patients with an underlying condition such as inflammatory bowel disease, or those in whom dehydration, were it to occur, would be dangerous, should be monitored carefully if Cytotec is prescribed. The incidence of diarrhea can be minimized by administering after meals and at bedtime, and by avoiding coadministration of Cytotec with magnesium-containing antacids. Gynecological Women who received Cytotec during clinical trials reported the following gynecological disorders: spotting (0.7%), cramps (0.6%), hypermenorrhea (0.5%), menstrual disorder (0.3%) and dysmenorrhea (0.1%). Postmenopausal vaginal bleeding may be related to Cytotec administration. If it occurs, diagnostic workup should be undertaken to rule out gynecological pathology. (See boxed WARNINGS.) Elderly There were no significant differences in the safety profile of Cytotec in approximately 500 ulcer patients who were 65 years of age or older compared with younger patients. Additional adverse events which were reported are categorized as follows: Incidence greater than 1% In clinical trials, the following adverse reactions were reported by more than 1% of the subjects receiving Cytotec and may be causally related to the drug: nausea (3.2%), flatulence (2.9%), headache (2.4%), dyspepsia (2.0%), vomiting (1.3%), and constipation (1.1%). However, there were no significant differences between the incidences of these events for Cytotec and placebo. Causal relationship unknown The following adverse events were infrequently reported. Causal relationships between misoprostol and these events have not been established but cannot be excluded: Body as a whole Aches/pains, asthenia, fatigue, fever, chills, rigors, weight changes Skin Rash, dermatitis, alopecia, pallor, breast pain Special senses Abnormal taste, abnormal vision, conjunctivitis, deafness, tinnitus, earache Respiratory Upper respiratory tract infection, bronchitis, bronchospasm, dyspnea, pneumonia, epistaxis Cardiovascular Chest pain, edema, diaphoresis, hypotension, hypertension, arrhythmia, phlebitis, increased cardiac enzymes, syncope, myocardial infarction (some fatal), thromboembolic events (e.g., pulmonary embolism, arterial thrombosis, and CVA). Gastrointestinal GI bleeding, GI inflammation/infection, rectal disorder, abnormal hepatobiliary function, gingivitis, reflux, dysphagia, amylase increase Hypersensitivity Anaphylaxis Metabolic Glycosuria, gout, increased nitrogen, increased alkaline phosphatase Genitourinary Polyuria, dysuria, hematuria, urinary tract infection Nervous System/Psychiatric Anxiety, change in appetite, depression, drowsiness, dizziness, thirst, impotence, loss of libido, sweating increase, neuropathy, neurosis, confusion Musculoskeletal Arthralgia, myalgia, muscle cramps, stiffness, back pain Blood/Coagulation Anemia, abnormal differential, thrombocytopenia, purpura, ESR increased OVERDOSAGE The toxic dose of misoprostol in humans has not been determined. Cumulative total daily doses of 1600 mcg have been tolerated, with only symptoms of gastrointestinal discomfort being reported. In animals, the acute toxic effects are diarrhea, gastrointestinal lesions, focal cardiac necrosis, hepatic necrosis, renal tubular necrosis, testicular atrophy, respiratory difficulties, and depression of the central nervous system. Clinical signs that may indicate an overdose are sedation, tremor, convulsions, dyspnea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, palpitations, hypotension, or bradycardia.Symptoms should be treated with supportive therapy. It is not known if misoprostol acid is dialyzable. However, because misoprostol is metabolized like a fatty acid, it is unlikely that dialysis would be appropriate treatment for overdosage. DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION The recommended adult oral dose of misoprostol for reducing the risk of NSAID-induced gastric ulcers is 200 mcg four times daily with food. If this dose cannot be tolerated, a dose of 100 mcg can be used. (See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Clinical Studies). Misoprostol should be taken for the duration of NSAID therapy as prescribed by the physician. Misoprostol should be taken with a meal, and the last dose of the day should be at bedtime. Renal Impairment Adjustment of the dosing schedule in renally impaired patients is not routinely needed, but dosage can be reduced if the 200-mcg dose is not tolerated. (See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY). HOW SUPPLIED Cytotec 200-mcg tablets are white, hexagonal, with SEARLE debossed above and 1461 debossed below the line on one side and a double stomach debossed on the other side; supplied as: NDC 12634-993-91 Blister Pack UD NDC 12634-993-92 Bottle of 2 NDC 12634-993-94 Bottle of 4 NDC 12634-993-98 Bottle of 8 Store at or below 25°C (77°F), in a dry area. --------------------------------------------------------------- 产地国家: 美国 原产地英文商品名: CYTOTEC 100mcg/Tablet 120Tablets/bottle 原产地英文药品名: MISOPROSTOL 中文参考商品译名: 喜克馈 100微克/片 120片/瓶 中文参考药品译名: 米索前列醇 生产厂家中文参考译名: GD SEARLE LLC 生产厂家英文名: GD SEARLE LLC --------------------------------------------------------------- 产地国家: 美国 原产地英文商品名: CYTOTEC 100mcg/Tablet 120Tablets/bottle 原产地英文药品名: MISOPROSTOL 中文参考商品译名: 喜克馈 100微克/片 120片/瓶 中文参考药品译名: 米索前列醇 生产厂家中文参考译名: GD SEARLE LLC 生产厂家英文名: GD SEARLE LLC