2015年4月6日,安进（Amgen）已获欧盟委员会（EC）批准单抗药物Vectibix（帕尼单抗，panitumumab）联合FOLFIRI化疗，用于野生型（WT）RAS转移性结直肠癌（mCRC）成人患者的一线治疗。据估计，大约有一半的mCRC患者其肿瘤状态为WT RAS。FOLFIRI是一种基于伊立替康（irinotecan）的化疗方案，在欧洲常用于结直肠癌的一线治疗。此次Vectibix新适应症的获批，意味着欧洲的WT RAS mCRC患者有了一个重要的治疗选择。 在欧洲，结直肠癌（colorectal cancer）是第二大最常见癌症，每年新增病例数高达47万，该病也是第二大癌症死亡病因，约占所有癌症死亡病例的12%。Vectibix是FDA批准的首个全人源化抗EGFR单克隆抗体，靶向表皮生长因子受体（EGFR），Vectibix能够结合癌细胞表面的EGFR，阻止其与表皮生长因子（EGF）或转化生长因子-α（TGF-α）结合，从而阻断癌细胞生长并缩小肿瘤体积。 此次Vectibix新适应症的获批，是基于在Vectibix联合FOLFIRI在一线治疗中的疗效和安全性数据。 在欧盟，Vectibix的适应症为WT-RAS mCRC成人患者： （1）联合FOLFOX或FOLFIRI化疗用于患者的一线治疗； （2）联合FOLFIRI用于既往已接受一线含氟尿嘧啶化疗方案（伊立替康除外）治疗失败的患者的二线治疗； （3）作为一种单药疗法，用于含氟尿嘧啶、奥沙利铂和伊立替康化疗方案治疗失败的患者。 在美国，Vectibix的适应症为WT-KRAS（外显子2）mCRC成人患者： （1）联合FOLFOX（一种基于奥沙利铂的化疗方案）用于一线治疗； （2）作为一种单药疗法，用于含氟尿嘧啶、奥沙利铂和伊立替康化疗方案治疗失败的患者。Vectibix不适用于RAS突变mCRC或RAS突变状态不明的患者。 VECTIBIX(PANITUMUMAB)INJECTABLE;IV(INFUSION) 1. Name of the medicinal product Vectibix® 20 mg/ml concentrate for solution for infusion. 2. Qualitative and quantitative composition Each ml of concentrate contains 20 mg panitumumab. Each vial contains either 100 mg of panitumumab in 5 ml, 200 mg of panitumumab in 10 ml, or 400 mg of panitumumab in 20 ml. When prepared according to the instructions given in section 6.6, the final panitumumab concentration should not exceed 10 mg/ml. Panitumumab is a fully human monoclonal IgG2 antibody produced in a mammalian cell line (CHO) by recombinant DNA technology. Excipient with known effect Each ml of concentrate contains 0.150 mmol sodium, which is 3.45 mg sodium. For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1. 3. Pharmaceutical form Concentrate for solution for infusion (sterile concentrate). Colourless solution that may contain, translucent to white, visible amorphous, proteinaceous panitumumab particles. 4. Clinical particulars 4.1 Therapeutic indications Vectibix is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with wild-type RAS metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): • in first-line in combination with FOLFOX or FOLFIRI. • in second-line in combination with FOLFIRI for patients who have received first-line fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy (excluding irinotecan). • as monotherapy after failure of fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin-, and irinotecan-containing chemotherapy regimens. 4.2 Posology and method of administration Vectibix treatment should be supervised by a physician experienced in the use of anti-cancer therapy. Evidence of wild-type RAS (KRAS and NRAS) status is required before initiating treatment with Vectibix. Mutational status should be determined by an experienced laboratory using validated test methods for detection of KRAS (exons 2, 3, and 4) and NRAS (exons 2, 3, and 4) mutations. Posology The recommended dose of Vectibix is 6 mg/kg of bodyweight given once every two weeks. Prior to infusion, Vectibix should be diluted in sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution for injection to a final concentration not to exceed 10 mg/ml (for preparation instructions see section 6.6). Modification of the dose of Vectibix may be necessary in cases of severe (≥ grade 3) dermatological reactions (see section 4.4). Special populations The safety and efficacy of Vectibix have not been studied in patients with renal or hepatic impairment. There is no clinical data to support dose adjustments in the elderly. Paediatric population There is no relevant use of Vectibix in the paediatric population in the indication treatment of colorectal cancer. Method of administration Vectibix must be administered as an intravenous infusion via an infusion pump, using a low protein binding 0.2 or 0.22 micrometre in-line filter, through a peripheral line or indwelling catheter. The recommended infusion time is approximately 60 minutes. If the first infusion is tolerated, then subsequent infusions may be administered over 30 to 60 minutes. Doses higher than 1000 mg should be infused over approximately 90 minutes (for handling instructions, see section 6.6). The infusion line should be flushed with sodium chloride solution before and after Vectibix administration to avoid mixing with other medicinal products or intravenous solutions. A reduction in the rate of infusion of Vectibix may be necessary in cases of infusion-related reactions (see section 4.4). Vectibix must not be administered as an intravenous push or bolus. For instructions on dilution of the medicinal product before administration, see section 6.6. 4.3 Contraindications Patients with a history of severe or life-threatening hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1 (see section 4.4). Patients with interstitial pneumonitis or pulmonary fibrosis (see section 4.4). The combination of Vectibix with oxaliplatin-containing chemotherapy is contraindicated for patients with mutant RAS mCRC or for whom RAS mCRC status is unknown (see section 4.4). 4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use Dermatologic reactions and soft tissue toxicity Dermatologic related reactions, a pharmacologic effect observed with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors, are experienced with nearly all patients (approximately 90%) treated with Vectibix. Severe (NCI-CTC grade 3) skin reactions were reported in 34% and life-threatening (NCI-CTC grade 4) skin reactions in < 1% of patients who received Vectibix in combination with chemotherapy (n = 1536) (see section 4.8). If a patient develops dermatologic reactions that are grade 3 (CTCAE v 4.0) or higher, or that are considered intolerable, the following dose modification is recommended: 1 Greater than or equal to grade 3 is defined as severe or life-threatening In clinical studies, subsequent to the development of severe dermatologic reactions (including stomatitis), infectious complications including sepsis and necrotising fasciitis, in rare cases leading to death, and local abscesses requiring incisions and drainage were reported. Patients who have severe dermatologic reactions or soft tissue toxicity or who develop worsening reactions whilst receiving Vectibix should be monitored for the development of inflammatory or infectious sequelae (including cellulitis and necrotising fasciitis), and appropriate treatment promptly initiated. Life threatening and fatal infectious complications including necrotising fasciitis and sepsis have been observed in patients treated with Vectibix. Rare cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis have been reported in patients treated with Vectibix in the post-marketing setting. Withhold or discontinue Vectibix in the event of dermatologic or soft tissue toxicity associated with severe or life threatening inflammatory or infectious complications. Treatment of dermatologic reactions should be based on severity and may include a moisturiser, sun screen (SPF > 15 UVA and UVB), and topical steroid cream (not stronger than 1% hydrocortisone) applied to affected areas, and/or oral antibiotics. It is also recommended that patients experiencing rash/dermatological toxicities wear sunscreen and hats and limit sun exposure as sunlight can exacerbate any skin reactions that may occur. Proactive skin treatment including skin moisturiser, sun screen (SPF > 15 UVA and UVB), topical steroid cream (not stronger than 1% hydrocortisone) and an oral antibiotic (e.g. doxycycline) may be useful in the management of dermatologic reactions. Patients may be advised to apply moisturiser and sunscreen to face, hands, feet, neck, back and chest every morning during treatment, and to apply the topical steroid to face, hands, feet, neck, back and chest every night during treatment. Pulmonary complications Patients with a history of, or evidence of, interstitial pneumonitis or pulmonary fibrosis were excluded from clinical studies. Cases of interstitial lung disease (ILD), both fatal and non-fatal, have been reported, mainly from the Japanese population. In the event of acute onset or worsening pulmonary symptoms, Vectibix treatment should be interrupted and a prompt investigation of these symptoms should occur. If ILD is diagnosed, Vectibix should be permanently discontinued and the patient should be treated appropriately. In patients with a history of interstitial pneumonitis or pulmonary fibrosis, the benefits of therapy with panitumumab versus the risk of pulmonary complications must be carefully considered. Electrolyte disturbances Progressively decreasing serum magnesium levels leading to severe (grade 4) hypomagnesaemia have been observed in some patients. Patients should be periodically monitored for hypomagnesaemia and accompanying hypocalcaemia prior to initiating Vectibix treatment, and periodically thereafter for up to 8 weeks after the completion of treatment (see section 4.8). Magnesium repletion is recommended, as appropriate. Other electrolyte disturbances, including hypokalaemia, have also been observed. Monitoring as above and repletion as appropriate of these electrolytes is also recommended. Infusion related reactions Across monotherapy and combination mCRC clinical studies (n = 2588), infusion-related reactions (occurring within 24 hours of an infusion) were reported in approximately 4% of Vectibix-treated patients, of which < 1% were severe (NCI-CTC grade 3 and grade 4). In the post-marketing setting, serious infusion-related reactions have been reported, including rare post-marketing reports with a fatal outcome. If a severe or life-threatening reaction occurs during an infusion or at any time post-infusion [e.g. presence of bronchospasm, angioedema, hypotension, need for parenteral treatment, or anaphylaxis], Vectibix should be permanently discontinued (see sections 4.3 and 4.8). In patients experiencing a mild or moderate (CTCAE v 4.0 grades 1 and 2) infusion-related reaction the infusion rate should be reduced for the duration of that infusion. It is recommended to maintain this lower infusion rate in all subsequent infusions. Hypersensitivity reactions occurring more than 24 hours after infusion have been reported including a fatal case of angioedema that occurred more than 24 hours after the infusion. Patients should be informed of the possibility of a late onset reaction and instructed to contact their physician if symptoms of a hypersensitivity reaction occur. Acute renal failure Acute renal failure has been observed in patients who develop severe diarrhoea and dehydration. Patients who experience severe diarrhoea should be instructed to consult a healthcare professional urgently. Vectibix in combination with irinotecan, bolus 5-fluorouracil, and leucovorin (IFL) chemotherapy Patients receiving Vectibix in combination with the IFL regimen [bolus 5-fluorouracil (500 mg/m2), leucovorin (20 mg/m2) and irinotecan (125 mg/m2)] experienced a high incidence of severe diarrhoea (see section 4.8). Therefore administration of Vectibix in combination with IFL should be avoided (see section 4.5). Vectibix in combination with bevacizumab and chemotherapy regimens A randomised, open-label, multicentre study of 1,053 patients evaluated the efficacy of bevacizumab and oxaliplatin- or irinotecan-containing chemotherapeutic regimens with and without Vectibix in the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Shortened progression free survival time and increased deaths were observed in the patients receiving Vectibix in combination with bevacizumab and chemotherapy. A greater frequency of pulmonary embolism, infections (predominantly of dermatologic origin), diarrhoea, electrolyte imbalances, nausea, vomiting and dehydration was also observed in the treatment arms using Vectibix in combination with bevacizumab and chemotherapy. An additional analysis of efficacy data by KRAS status did not identify a subset of patients who benefited from Vectibix in combination with oxaliplatin- or irinotecan-based chemotherapy and bevacizumab. A trend towards worse survival was observed with Vectibix in the wild-type KRAS subset of the bevacizumab and oxaliplatin cohort, and a trend towards worse survival was observed with Vectibix in the bevacizumab and irinotecan cohort regardless of KRAS mutational status. Therefore, Vectibix should not be administered in combination with bevacizumab containing chemotherapy (see sections 4.5 and 5.1). Vectibix in combination with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy in patients with mutant RAS mCRC or for whom RAS tumour status is unknown The combination of Vectibix with oxaliplatin-containing chemotherapy is contraindicated for patients with mutant RAS mCRC or for whom RAS mCRC status is unknown (see sections 4.3 and 5.1). In the primary analysis of a study (n = 1183, 656 patients with wild-type KRAS (exon 2) and 440 patients with mutant KRAS tumours) evaluating panitumumab in combination with infusional 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) compared to FOLFOX alone as first-line therapy for mCRC, a shortened progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) time were observed in patients with mutant KRAS tumours who received panitumumab and FOLFOX (n = 221) vs. FOLFOX alone (n = 219). A predefined retrospective subset analysis of 641 patients of the 656 patients with wild-type KRAS (exon 2) tumours from this study identified additional RAS (KRAS [exons 3 and 4] or NRAS [exons 2, 3, 4]) mutations in 16% (n = 108) of patients. A shortening of PFS and OS was observed in patients with mutant RAS tumours who received panitumumab and FOLFOX (n = 51) versus FOLFOX alone (n = 57). RAS mutational status should be determined using a validated test method by an experienced laboratory (see section 4.2). If Vectibix is to be used in combination with FOLFOX then it is recommended that mutational status be determined by a laboratory that participates in a RAS External Quality Assurance programme or wild-type status be confirmed in a duplicate test. Ocular toxicities Serious cases of keratitis and ulcerative keratitis have been rarely reported in the post-marketing setting. Patients presenting with signs and symptoms suggestive of keratitis such as acute or worsening: eye inflammation, lacrimation, light sensitivity, blurred vision, eye pain and/or red eye should be referred promptly to an ophthalmology specialist. If a diagnosis of ulcerative keratitis is confirmed, treatment with Vectibix should be interrupted or discontinued. If keratitis is diagnosed, the benefits and risks of continuing treatment should be carefully considered. Vectibix should be used with caution in patients with a history of keratitis, ulcerative keratitis or severe dry eye. Contact lens use is also a risk factor for keratitis and ulceration. Patients with ECOG 2 performance status treated with Vectibix in combination with chemotherapy For patients with ECOG 2 performance status, assessment of benefit-risk is recommended prior to initiation of Vectibix in combination with chemotherapy for treatment of mCRC. A positive benefit-risk balance has not been documented in patients with ECOG 2 performance status. Elderly patients No overall differences in safety or efficacy were observed in elderly patients (≥ 65 years of age) treated with Vectibix monotherapy. However, an increased number of serious adverse events were reported in elderly patients treated with Vectibix in combination with FOLFIRI or FOLFOX chemotherapy compared to chemotherapy alone (see section 4.8). Other precautions This medicinal product contains 0.150 mmol sodium (which is 3.45 mg sodium) per ml of concentrate. To be taken into consideration by patients on a controlled sodium diet. 4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction Data from an interaction study involving Vectibix and irinotecan in patients with mCRC indicated that the pharmacokinetics of irinotecan and its active metabolite, SN-38, are not altered when the medicinal products are co-administered. Results from a cross-study comparison indicated that irinotecan-containing regimens (IFL or FOLFIRI) have no effect on the pharmacokinetics of panitumumab. Vectibix should not be administered in combination with IFL chemotherapy or with bevacizumab-containing chemotherapy. A high incidence of severe diarrhoea was observed when panitumumab was administered in combination with IFL (see section 4.4), and increased toxicity and deaths were seen when panitumumab was combined with bevacizumab and chemotherapy (see sections 4.4 and 5.1). The combination of Vectibix with oxaliplatin-containing chemotherapy is contraindicated for patients with mutant RAS mCRC or for whom RAS mCRC status is unknown. A shortened progression-free survival and overall survival time were observed in a clinical study in patients with mutant RAS tumours who received panitumumab and FOLFOX (see section 4.4 and 5.1). 4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation Pregnancy There are no adequate data from the use of Vectibix in pregnant women. Studies in animals have shown reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3). The potential risk for humans is unknown. EGFR has been implicated in the control of prenatal development and may be essential for normal organogenesis, proliferation, and differentiation in the developing embryo. Therefore, Vectibix has the potential to cause foetal harm when administered to pregnant women. Human IgG is known to cross the placental barrier, and panitumumab may therefore be transmitted from the mother to the developing foetus. In women of childbearing potential, appropriate contraceptive measures must be used during treatment with Vectibix, and for 2 months following the last dose. If Vectibix is used during pregnancy or if the patient becomes pregnant while receiving this medicinal product, she should be advised of the potential risk for loss of the pregnancy or potential hazard to the foetus. Women who become pregnant during Vectibix treatment should be encouraged to enrol in Amgen's Pregnancy Surveillance programme. Contact details are provided in section 6 of the Package Leaflet –“Contents of the pack and other information”. Breast-feeding It is unknown whether panitumumab is excreted in human breast milk. Because human IgG is secreted into human milk, panitumumab might also be secreted. The potential for absorption and harm to the infant after ingestion is unknown. It is recommended that women do not breast feed during treatment with Vectibix and for 2 months after the last dose. Women who breast-feed during Vectibix treatment should be encouraged to enrol in Amgen's Lactation Surveillance Programme. Contact details are provided in section 6 of the Package Leaflet –“Contents of the pack and other information”. Fertility Animal studies have shown reversible effects on the menstrual cycle and reduced female fertility in monkeys (see section 5.3). Panitumumab may impact the ability of a woman to become pregnant. 4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines If patients experience treatment-related symptoms affecting their vision and/or ability to concentrate and react, it is recommended that they do not drive or use machines until the effect subsides. 4.8 Undesirable effects Summary of safety profile Based on an analysis of all mCRC clinical trial patients receiving Vectibix monotherapy and in combination with chemotherapy (n = 2588), the most commonly reported adverse reactions are skin reactions occurring in 93% of patients. These reactions are related to the pharmacologic effects of Vectibix, and the majority are mild to moderate in nature with 25% severe (grade 3 NCI-CTC) and < 1% life threatening (grade 4 NCI-CTC). For clinical management of skin reactions, including dose modification recommendations, see section 4.4. Very commonly reported adverse reactions occurring in ≥ 20% of patients were gastrointestinal disorders [diarrhoea (50%), nausea (41%), vomiting (27%), constipation (23%) and abdominal pain (23%)]; general disorders [fatigue (37%), pyrexia (20%)]; metabolism and nutrition disorders [anorexia (27%)]; infections and infestations [paronychia (20%)]; and skin and subcutaneous disorders [rash (45%), dermatitis acneiform (39%), pruritus (35%), erythema (30%) and dry skin (22%)]. Tabulated summary of adverse reactions The data in the table below describe adverse reactions reported from clinical studies in patients with mCRC who received panitumumab as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy (n = 2588) and spontaneous reporting. Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness. 1 See section “Description of selected adverse reactions” below 2 Rash includes common terms of skin toxicity, skin exfoliation, exfoliative rash, rash papular, rash pruritic, rash erythematous, rash generalised, rash macular, rash maculo-papular, skin lesion 3See Section 4.4 Pulmonary complications * Frequency cannot be estimated from the available data The safety profile of Vectibix in combination with chemotherapy consisted of the reported adverse reactions of Vectibix (as a monotherapy) and the toxicities of the background chemotherapy regimen. No new toxicities or worsening of previously recognised toxicities beyond the expected additive effects were observed. Skin reactions were the most frequently occurring adverse reactions in patients receiving panitumumab in combination with chemotherapy. Other toxicities that were observed with a greater frequency relative to monotherapy included hypomagnesaemia, diarrhoea, and stomatitis. These toxicities infrequently led to discontinuation of Vectibix or of chemotherapy. Description of selected adverse reactions Gastrointestinal disorders Diarrhoea when reported was mainly mild or moderate in severity. Severe diarrhoea (NCI-CTC grade 3 and 4) was reported in 2% of patients treated with Vectibix as a monotherapy and in 17% of patients treated with Vectibix in combination with chemotherapy. There have been reports of acute renal failure in patients who develop diarrhoea and dehydration (see section 4.4). Infusion related reactions Across monotherapy and combination mCRC clinical studies (n = 2588), infusion-related reactions (occurring within 24 hours of any infusion), which may include symptoms/signs such as chills, fever or dyspnoea, were reported in approximately 4% of Vectibix-treated patients, of which < 1% were severe (NCI-CTC grade 3 and grade 4). A case of fatal angioedema occurred in a patient with recurrent and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck treated with Vectibix in a clinical trial. The fatal event occurred after re-exposure following a prior episode of angioedema; both episodes occurred greater than 24 hours after administration (see sections 4.3 and 4.4). Hypersensitivity reactions occurring more than 24 hours after infusion have also been reported in the post-marketing setting. For clinical management of infusion-related reactions, see section 4.4. Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders Skin rash most commonly occurred on the face, upper chest, and back, but could extend to the extremities. Subsequent to the development of severe skin and subcutaneous reactions, infectious complications including sepsis, in rare cases leading to death, cellulitis and local abscesses requiring incisions and drainage were reported. The median time to first symptom of dermatologic reaction was 10 days, and the median time to resolution after the last dose of Vectibix was 28 days. Paronychial inflammation was associated with swelling of the lateral nail folds of the toes and fingers. Dermatological reactions (including nail effects), observed in patients treated with Vectibix or other EGFR inhibitors, are known to be associated with the pharmacologic effects of therapy. Across all clinical trials, skin reactions occurred in 93% of patients receiving Vectibix as monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy (n = 2588). These events consisted predominantly of rash and dermatitis acneiform and were mostly mild to moderate in severity. Severe (NCI-CTC grade 3) skin reactions were reported in 34% and life-threatening (NCI-CTC grade 4) skin reactions in < 1% of patients who received Vectibix in combination with chemotherapy (n = 1536). Life threatening and fatal infectious complications including necrotising fasciitis and sepsis have been observed in patients treated with Vectibix (see section 4.4). For clinical management of dermatological reactions, including dose modification recommendations, see section 4.4. In the post-marketing setting, rare cases of skin necrosis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (see section 4.4) have been reported. Ocular toxicities Non-serious cases of keratitis have been observed in 0.2 to 0.7% of clinical trial patients. In the post-marketing setting, serious cases of keratitis and ulcerative keratitis have been rarely reported (see section 4.4). Other special populations No overall differences in safety or efficacy were observed in elderly patients (≥ 65 years of age) treated with Vectibix monotherapy. However, an increased number of serious adverse events were reported in elderly patients treated with Vectibix in combination with FOLFIRI (45% vs 37%) or FOLFOX (52% vs 37%) chemotherapy compared to chemotherapy alone (see Section 4.4). The most increased serious adverse events were diarrhoea in patients treated with Vectibix in combination with either FOLFOX or FOLFIRI, and dehydration and pulmonary embolism when patients were treated with Vectibix in combination with FOLFIRI. The safety of Vectibix has not been studied in patients with renal or hepatic impairment. Reporting of suspected adverse reactions Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via: United Kingdom Yellow Card Scheme Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard Ireland HPRA Pharmacovigilance Earlsfort Terrace IRL - Dublin 2 Tel: +353 1 6764971 Fax: +353 1 6762517 Website: www.hpra.ie e-mail: medsafety@hpra.ie 4.9 Overdose Doses up to 9 mg/kg have been tested in clinical trials. There have been reports of overdose at doses up to approximately twice the recommended therapeutic dose (12 mg/kg). Adverse events observed included skin toxicity, diarrhoea, dehydration and fatigue and were consistent with the safety profile at the recommended dose. 5. Pharmacological properties 5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antineoplastic agents, monoclonal antibodies, ATC code: L01XC08 Mechanism of action Panitumumab is a recombinant, fully human IgG2 monoclonal antibody that binds with high affinity and specificity to the human EGFR. EGFR is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is a member of a subfamily of type I receptor tyrosine kinases including EGFR (HER1/c-ErbB-1), HER2, HER3, and HER4. EGFR promotes cell growth in normal epithelial tissues, including the skin and hair follicle, and is expressed on a variety of tumour cells. Panitumumab binds to the ligand binding domain of EGFR and inhibits receptor autophosphorylation induced by all known EGFR ligands. Binding of panitumumab to EGFR results in internalisation of the receptor, inhibition of cell growth, induction of apoptosis, and decreased interleukin 8 and vascular endothelial growth factor production. KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma 2 viral oncogene homologue) and NRAS (Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homologue) are highly related members of the RAS oncogene family. KRAS and NRAS genes encode small, GTP-binding proteins involved in signal transduction. A variety of stimuli, including that from the EGFR activate KRAS and NRAS which in turn stimulate other intracellular proteins to promote cell proliferation, cell survival and angiogenesis. Activating mutations in the RAS genes occur frequently in a variety of human tumours and have been implicated in both oncogenesis and tumour progression. Pharmacodynamic effects In vitro assays and in vivo animal studies have shown that panitumumab inhibits the growth and survival of tumour cells expressing EGFR. No anti-tumour effects of panitumumab were observed in human tumour xenografts lacking EGFR expression. The addition of panitumumab to radiation, chemotherapy or other targeted therapeutic agents, in animal studies resulted in an increase in anti-tumour effects compared to radiation, chemotherapy or targeted therapeutic agents alone. Dermatological reactions (including nail effects), observed in patients treated with Vectibix or other EGFR inhibitors, are known to be associated with the pharmacologic effects of therapy (with cross-reference to sections 4.2 and 4.8). Immunogenicity As with all therapeutic proteins, there is potential for immunogenicity. Data on the development of anti-panitumumab antibodies has been evaluated using two different screening immunoassays for the detection of binding anti-panitumumab antibodies (an ELISA which detects high-affinity antibodies, and a Biosensor Immunoassay which detects both high and low-affinity antibodies). For patients whose sera tested positive in either screening immunoassay, an in vitro biological assay was performed to detect neutralising antibodies. As monotherapy: • The incidence of binding antibodies (excluding predose and transient positive patients) was < 1% as detected by the acid-dissociation ELISA and 3.8% as detected by the Biacore assay; • The incidence of neutralising antibodies (excluding predose and transient positive patients) was < 1%; • Compared with patients who did not develop antibodies, no relationship between the presence of anti-panitumumab antibodies and pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety has been observed. In combination with irinotecan- or oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy: • The incidence of binding antibodies (excluding predose positive patients) was 1.0% as detected by the acid-dissociation ELISA and < 1% as detected by the Biacore assay; • The incidence of neutralising antibodies (excluding predose positive patients) was < 1%; • No evidence of an altered safety profile was found in patients who tested positive for antibodies to Vectibix. The detection of antibody formation is dependent on the sensitivity and specificity of the assay. The observed incidence of antibody positivity in an assay may be influenced by several factors including assay methodology, sample handling, timing of sample collection, concomitant medications and underlying disease, therefore, comparison of the incidence of antibodies to other products may be misleading. Clinical efficacy as monotherapy The efficacy of Vectibix as monotherapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) who had disease progression during or after prior chemotherapy was studied in open-label, single-arm trials (585 patients) and in two randomised controlled trials versus best supportive care (463 patients) and versus cetuximab (1010 patients). A multinational, randomised, controlled trial was conducted in 463 patients with EGFR-expressing metastatic carcinoma of the colon or rectum after confirmed failure of oxaliplatin and irinotecan-containing regimens. Patients were randomised 1:1 to receive Vectibix at a dose of 6 mg/kg given once every two weeks plus best supportive care (not including chemotherapy) (BSC) or BSC alone. Patients were treated until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity occurred. Upon disease progression BSC alone patients were eligible to crossover to a companion study and receive Vectibix at a dose of 6 mg/kg given once every two weeks. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). The study was retrospectively analysed by wild-type KRAS (exon 2) status versus mutant KRAS (exon 2) status. Tumour samples obtained from the primary resection of colorectal cancer were analysed for the presence of the seven most common activating mutations in the codon 12 and 13 of the KRAS gene.427 (92%) patients were evaluable for KRAS status of which 184 had mutations. The efficacy results from an analysis adjusting for potential bias from unscheduled assessments are shown in the table below. There was no difference in overall survival (OS) seen in either group. CI = confidence interval a In patients that crossed over to panitumumab after progression on BSC alone (95% CI) In an exploratory analysis of banked tumour specimens from this study, 11 of 72 patients (15%) with wild-type RAS tumours receiving panitumumab had an objective response compared to only 1 of 95 patients (1%) with mutant RAS tumour status. Moreover, panitumumab treatment was associated with improved PFS compared to BSC in patients with wild-type RAS tumours (HR = 0.38 [95% CI: 0.27, 0.56]), but not in patients with tumours harbouring a RAS mutation (HR = 0.98 [95% CI: 0.73, 1.31]). The efficacy of Vectibix was also evaluated in an open-label trial in patients with wild-type KRAS (exon 2) mCRC. A total of 1010 patients refractory to chemotherapy were randomised 1:1 to receive Vectibix or cetuximab to test whether Vectibix is non-inferior to cetuximab. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). Secondary endpoints included progression free survival (PFS) and objective response rate (ORR). The efficacy results for the study are presented in the table below Overall, the safety profile of panitumumab was similar to that of cetuximab, in particular regarding skin toxicity. However, infusion reactions were more frequent with cetuximab (13% vs. 3%) but electrolyte disturbances were more frequent with panitumumab, especially hypomagnesaemia (29% vs. 19%). Clinical efficacy in combination with chemotherapy Among patients with wild-type RAS mCRC, PFS, OS, and ORR were improved for subjects receiving panitumumab plus chemotherapy (FOLFOX or FOLFIRI) compared with those receiving chemotherapy alone. Patients with additional RAS mutations beyond KRAS exon 2 were unlikely to benefit from the addition of panitumumab to FOLFIRI and a detrimental effect was seen with the addition of panitumumab to FOLFOX in these patients. BRAF mutations in exon 15 were found to be prognostic of worse outcome. BRAF mutations were not predictive of the outcome for panitumumab treatment in combination with FOLFOX or FOLFIRI. First-line combination with FOLFOX The efficacy of Vectibix in combination with oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and leucovorin (FOLFOX) was evaluated in a randomised, controlled trial of 1183 patients with mCRC with the primary endpoint of progression-free survival (PFS). Other key endpoints included the overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), time to response, time to progression (TTP), and duration of response. The study was prospectively analysed by tumour KRAS (exon 2) status which was evaluable in 93% of the patients. A predefined retrospective subset analysis of 641 patients of the 656 patients with wild-type KRAS (exon 2) mCRC was performed. Patient tumour samples with wild-type KRAS exon 2 (codons 12/13) status were tested for additional RAS mutations in KRAS exon 3 (codons 61) and exon 4 (codons 117/146) and NRAS exon 2 (codons 12/13), exon 3 (codon 61), and exon 4 (codons 117/146) and BRAF exon 15 (codon 600). The incidence of these additional RAS mutations in the wild-type KRAS exon 2 population was approximately 16%. Results in patients with wild-type RAS mCRC and mutant RAS mCRC are presented in the table below. Overall, the safety profile of panitumumab was similar to that of cetuximab, in particular regarding skin toxicity. However, infusion reactions were more frequent with cetuximab (13% vs. 3%) but electrolyte disturbances were more frequent with panitumumab, especially hypomagnesaemia (29% vs. 19%). Clinical efficacy in combination with chemotherapy Among patients with wild-type RAS mCRC, PFS, OS, and ORR were improved for subjects receiving panitumumab plus chemotherapy (FOLFOX or FOLFIRI) compared with those receiving chemotherapy alone. Patients with additional RAS mutations beyond KRAS exon 2 were unlikely to benefit from the addition of panitumumab to FOLFIRI and a detrimental effect was seen with the addition of panitumumab to FOLFOX in these patients. BRAF mutations in exon 15 were found to be prognostic of worse outcome. BRAF mutations were not predictive of the outcome for panitumumab treatment in combination with FOLFOX or FOLFIRI. First-line combination with FOLFOX The efficacy of Vectibix in combination with oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and leucovorin (FOLFOX) was evaluated in a randomised, controlled trial of 1183 patients with mCRC with the primary endpoint of progression-free survival (PFS). Other key endpoints included the overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), time to response, time to progression (TTP), and duration of response. The study was prospectively analysed by tumour KRAS (exon 2) status which was evaluable in 93% of the patients. A predefined retrospective subset analysis of 641 patients of the 656 patients with wild-type KRAS (exon 2) mCRC was performed. Patient tumour samples with wild-type KRAS exon 2 (codons 12/13) status were tested for additional RAS mutations in KRAS exon 3 (codons 61) and exon 4 (codons 117/146) and NRAS exon 2 (codons 12/13), exon 3 (codon 61), and exon 4 (codons 117/146) and BRAF exon 15 (codon 600). The incidence of these additional RAS mutations in the wild-type KRAS exon 2 population was approximately 16%. Results in patients with wild-type RAS mCRC and mutant RAS mCRC are presented in the table below. Additional mutations in KRAS and NRAS at exon 3 (codon 59) were subsequently identified (n = 7). An exploratory analysis showed similar results to those in the previous table. Combination with FOLFIRI The efficacy of Vectibix in second-line in combination with irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and leucovorin (FOLFIRI) was evaluated in a randomised, controlled trial of 1186 patients with mCRC with the primary endpoints of overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Other key endpoints included the objective response rate (ORR), time to response, time to progression (TTP), and duration of response. The study was prospectively analysed by tumour KRAS (exon 2) status which was evaluable in 91% of the patients. A predefined retrospective subset analysis of 586 patients of the 597 patients with wild-type KRAS (exon 2) mCRC was performed, where tumour samples from these patients were tested for additional RAS and BRAF mutations as previously described. The RAS/BRAF ascertainment was 85% (1014 of 1186 randomised patients). The incidence of these additional RAS mutations (KRAS exons 3, 4 and NRAS exons 2, 3, 4) in the wild-type KRAS (exon 2) population was approximately 19%. The incidence of BRAF exon 15 mutation in the wild-type KRAS (exon 2) population was approximately 8%. Efficacy results in patients with wild-type RAS mCRC and mutant RAS mCRC are shown in the below table. The efficacy of Vectibix in first-line in combination with FOLFIRI was evaluated in a single-arm study of 154 patients with the primary endpoint of objective response rate (ORR). Other key endpoints included the progression-free survival (PFS), time to response, time to progression (TTP), and duration of response. A predefined retrospective subset analysis of 143 patients of the 154 patients with wild-type KRAS (exon 2) mCRC was performed, where tumour samples from these patients were tested for additional RAS mutations. The incidence of these additional RAS mutations (KRAS exons 3, 4 and NRAS exons 2, 3, 4) in the wild-type KRAS (exon 2) population was approximately 10%. Results in patients with wild-type RAS mCRC and mutant RAS mCRC from the primary analysis are presented in the table below. First-line combination with bevacizumab and oxaliplatin or irinotecan-based chemotherapy In a randomised, open label, controlled clinical trial, chemotherapy (oxaliplatin or irinotecan) and bevacizumab were given with and without panitumumab in the first line treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (n = 1053 [n = 823 oxaliplatin cohort, n = 230 irinotecan cohort]). Panitumumab treatment was discontinued due to a statistically significant reduction in PFS in patients receiving panitumumab observed in an interim analysis. The major study objective was comparison of PFS in the oxaliplatin cohort. In the final analysis, the hazard ratio for PFS was 1.27 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.52). Median PFS was 10.0 (95% CI: 8.9, 11.0) and 11.4 (95% CI: 10.5, 11.9) months in the panitumumab and the non-panitumumab arm, respectively. There was an increase in mortality in the panitumumab arm. The hazard ratio for overall survival was 1.43 (95% CI: 1.11, 1.83). Median overall survival was 19.4 (95% CI: 18.4, 20.8) and 24.5 (95% CI: 20.4, 24.5) in the panitumumab arm and the non-panitumumab arm. An additional analysis of efficacy data by KRAS (exon 2) status did not identify a subset of patients who benefited from panitumumab in combination with oxaliplatin- or irinotecan based chemotherapy and bevacizumab. For the wild-type KRAS subset of the oxaliplatin cohort, the hazard ratio for PFS was 1.36 with 95% CI: 1.04-1.77. For the mutant KRAS subset, the hazard ratio for PFS was 1.25 with 95% CI: 0.91-1.71. A trend for OS favouring the control arm was observed in the wild-type KRAS subset of the oxaliplatin cohort (hazard ratio = 1.89; 95% CI: 1.30, 2.75). A trend towards worse survival was also observed with panitumumab in the irinotecan cohort regardless of KRAS mutational status. Overall, panitumumab treatment combined with chemotherapy and bevacizumab is associated with an unfavourable benefit-to-risk profile irrespective of tumour KRAS mutational status. Paediatric population The European Medicines Agency has waived the obligation to submit the results of studies with Vectibix in all subsets of the paediatric population in colorectal cancer (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use). 5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties Vectibix administered as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy exhibits nonlinear pharmacokinetics. Following a single-dose administration of panitumumab as a 1-hour infusion, the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) increased in a greater than dose-proportional manner and clearance (CL) of panitumumab decreased from 30.6 to 4.6 ml/day/kg as the dose increased from 0.75 to 9 mg/kg. However, at doses above 2 mg/kg, the AUC of panitumumab increases in an approximately dose-proportional manner. Following the recommended dose regimen (6 mg/kg given once every 2 weeks as a 1-hour infusion), panitumumab concentrations reached steady-state levels by the third infusion with mean (± Standard Deviation [SD]) peak and trough concentrations of 213 ± 59 and 39 ± 14 mcg/ml, respectively. The mean (± SD) AUC0-tau and CL were 1306 ± 374 mcg•day/ml and 4.9 ± 1.4 ml/kg/day, respectively. The elimination half-life was approximately 7.5 days (range: 3.6 to 10.9 days). A population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed to explore the potential effects of selected covariates on panitumumab pharmacokinetics. Results suggest that age (21-88), gender, race, hepatic function, renal function, chemotherapeutic agents, and EGFR membrane staining intensity (1+, 2+, 3+) in tumour cells had no apparent impact on the pharmacokinetics of panitumumab. No clinical studies have been conducted to examine the pharmacokinetics of panitumumab in patients with renal or hepatic impairment. 5.3 Preclinical safety data Adverse reactions seen in animals at exposure levels similar to clinical exposure levels and with possible relevance to clinical use were as follows: Skin rash and diarrhoea were the major findings observed in repeat-dose toxicity studies of up to 26 weeks duration in cynomolgus monkeys. These findings were observed at doses approximately equivalent to the recommended human dose and were reversible upon termination of administration of panitumumab. The skin rash and diarrhoea observed in monkeys are considered related to the pharmacological action of panitumumab and are consistent with the toxicities observed with other anti-EGFR inhibitors. Studies to evaluate the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of panitumumab have not been performed. Animal studies are insufficient with respect to embryo-foetal development since foetal panitumumab exposure levels were not examined. Panitumumab has been shown to cause foetal abortions and/or foetal deaths in cynomolgus monkeys when administered during the period of organogenesis at doses approximately equivalent to the recommended human dose. Formal male fertility studies have not been conducted; however, microscopic evaluation of male reproductive organs from repeat-dose toxicity studies in cynomolgus monkeys at doses up to approximately 5-fold the human dose on a mg/kg basis, revealed no differences compared to control male monkeys. Fertility studies conducted in female cynomolgus monkeys showed that panitumumab may produce prolonged menstrual cycle and/or amenorrhea and reduced pregnancy rate which occurred at all doses evaluated. No pre- and post-natal development animal studies have been conducted with panitumumab. All patients should be advised regarding the potential risk of panitumumab on pre- and post-natal development prior to initiation of Vectibix therapy. 6. Pharmaceutical particulars 6.1 List of excipients Sodium chloride Sodium acetate trihydrate Acetic acid, glacial (for pH-adjustment) Water for injections. 6.2 Incompatibilities This medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products except those mentioned in section 6.6. 6.3 Shelf life Vial 3 years. Diluted solution Vectibix does not contain any antimicrobial preservative or bacteriostatic agent. The product should be used immediately after dilution. If not used immediately, in-use storage times and conditions prior to use are the responsibility of the user and should be no longer than 24 hours at 2°C to 8°C. The diluted solution must not be frozen. 6.4 Special precautions for storage Store in a refrigerator (2°C – 8°C). Do not freeze. Store in the original carton in order to protect from light. For storage conditions after dilution of the medicinal product, see section 6.3. 6.5 Nature and contents of container Type I glass vial with an elastomeric stopper, aluminium seal and flip-off plastic cap. One vial contains: 100 mg of panitumumab in 5 ml, 200 mg panitumumab in 10 ml, or 400 mg panitumumab in 20 ml of concentrate for solution for infusion. Pack of 1 vial. Not all pack sizes may be marketed. 6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling Vectibix is intended for single use only. Vectibix should be diluted in sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution for injection by healthcare professional using aseptic technique. Do not shake or vigorously agitate the vial. Do not administer Vectibix if discolouration is observed. Withdraw the necessary amount of Vectibix for a dose of 6 mg/kg. Dilute in a total volume of 100 ml. The final concentration should not exceed 10 mg/ml. Doses higher than 1000 mg should be diluted in 150 ml sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution for injection (see section 4.2). The diluted solution should be mixed by gentle inversion, do not shake. No incompatibilities have been observed between Vectibix and sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution for injection in polyvinyl chloride bags or polyolefin bags. Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements. 7. Marketing authorisation holder Amgen Europe B.V. Minervum 7061 NL-4817 ZK Breda The Netherlands 8. Marketing authorisation number(s) EU/1/07/423/001 EU/1/07/423/002 EU/1/07/423/003 9. Date of first authorisation/renewal of the authorisation Date of first authorisation: 3 December 2007 Date of latest renewal: 15 January 2015 10. Date of revision of the text March 2015 Detailed information on this medicinal product is available on the website of the European Medicines Agency http://www.ema.europa.eu/ http://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine/20528 结直肠癌治疗药Vectibix(panitumumab、帕尼单抗)是第一个完全人源化单克隆抗体，其靶向作用于表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）。2005年7月，Panitumumab获得FDA快速通道审批资格。2005年底，安进公司及其合作伙伴Abgenix公司共同向FDA提交了该品生物制剂许可申请，用于治疗化疗失败后转移性结直肠癌。 Panitumumab是IgG2单克隆抗体，与EGFR具有高亲和性。Panitumumab运用Abgenix公司的XenoMouse技术研究而成，为完全人源化的单克隆抗体，没有任何鼠蛋白。 人体免疫系统可以识别嵌合抗体中的鼠蛋白，从而引起免疫应答，表现为输液反应、变态反应和过敏反应。而完全人源化单克隆抗体可以在提供有效治疗的同时减少此类免疫应答。 EGFR在正常情况下可帮助调节人体内细胞的生长，但其也会刺激癌细胞生长。EGFR存在于癌细胞的表面，当体内出现蛋白质与EGFR相结合时，EGFR会被激活，如表皮生长因子（EGF）或转化生长因子a（TGF-alpha）。结合改变了EGFR的形态，刺激肿瘤细胞的生长。Panitumumab与EGFR相结合，可阻止其与EGF或TGF-alpha结合，从而阻断癌细胞生长。 【关于该药】 Vectibix是单株抗体，抗体是身体自身的防御机转，以对抗外来异物，像是感染或癌细胞；单株抗体是在实验室中所制作的，以将外来异物的极特定比例作为标靶。 Vectibix和称作生长因子受体基因（Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, EGFR）的蛋白质相结合，根据FDA的统计，EGFR可于70%的大肠直肠癌患者身上找到。 Vectibix并非第一个针对大肠直肠癌的单株抗体，另外一种单株抗体Erbitux也是针对大肠直肠癌的EGFR作用。 第三种单株抗体avastin也是用来治疗大肠直肠癌，它被认为是针对不同的生长因子（血管内皮神经营养因子vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF）来作用。 Erbitux于2004年2月12日由FDA所核准，FDA于两周后核准Avastin。 【药物试验】 FDA之所以核准Vectibix，是以临床实验的结果为基础，该实验的研究对象为欧洲的463名罹患移转性大肠直肠癌患者。 这463名患者已经接受过化疗，其中有三种化疗药物，之后，这463名患者全都接受「最佳的支持照护」。 有半数的患者也在实验开始时就接受Vectibix的治疗，剩下的一半则被允许在肿瘤恶化的状况下使用Vectibix。 平均而言，患者在因癌症而病逝或病况恶化前96天服用Vectibix，相较于最初仅接受最佳支持照护的患者则是60天前服用。 在为期48周的研究中，整体存活率对两组而言都是相似的。 J. Randolph Hecht医师向WebMD表示，几乎每一位患者都在48周期间病况都有进展，这里的有「进展」，指的是其肿瘤「恶化」了。 Hecht医师指出，不过，在第8周时的第一次观察，最佳支持照护组中有70%的人病况恶化，Vectibix组中仅51%的人病况恶化，其间约20%的差异会持续一阵子，到了32周时，就没有什么太大的差异了。 Hecht医师主导美国对Vectibix的研究，但他并未参与欧洲的实验；Hecht医师为洛杉矶加州大学肠胃肿瘤计划主任。 此外，服用Vectibix的患者中有8%的肿瘤缩小，在某些病例中，那些肿瘤缩小到比治疗前尺寸的一半还要来得小。 Hecht医师表示，在每一个不同的时间点作观察，可看到Vectibix组的肿瘤恶化状况，会比在最佳支持照护组的状况好很多；他表示，那是另一个观察角度。 【副作用】 Vectibix的研究中，最严重的负作用包括肺纤维化（肺脏的纤维组织之形成）、由感染所并发的严重皮肤疹、药物注射反应（infusion reactions）、腹痛、恶心、呕吐和便秘。 与药物相关最常见的副作用，包括皮肤疹、疲惫、腹痛、恶心和腹泻。 ------------------------------------------------------ 上市国家:德国/英国 原产地英文商品名: VECTIBIX 100mg/5ml/Vial 原产地英文药品名: PANITUMUMAB 中文参考商品译名: VECTIBIX 100毫克/5毫升/瓶 中文参考药品译名: 帕尼单抗 生产厂家中文参考译名: 安进公司 生产厂家英文名: Amgen ------------------------------------------------------ 上市国家:德国/英国 原产地英文商品名: VECTIBIX 400mg/20ml/Vial 原产地英文药品名: PANITUMUMAB 中文参考商品译名: VECTIBIX 400毫克/20毫升/瓶 中文参考药品译名: 帕尼单抗 生产厂家中文参考译名: 安进公司 生产厂家英文名: Amgen ------------------------------------------------- 上市国家:美国 原产地英文商品名: VECTIBIX 400mg/20ml/Vial 原产地英文药品名: PANITUMUMAB 中文参考商品译名: 维克替比 400毫克/20毫升/瓶 中文参考药品译名: 帕尼单抗 生产厂家中文参考译名: 安进公司 生产厂家英文名: Amgen -------------------------------------------------- 上市国家:美国 原产地英文商品名: VECTIBIX 100mg/5ml/Vial 原产地英文药品名: PANITUMUMAB 中文参考商品译名: 维克替比 100毫克/5毫升/瓶 中文参考药品译名: 帕尼单抗 生产厂家中文参考译名: 安进公司 生产厂家英文名: Amgen ------------------------------------------------------ 上市国家:美国 原产地英文商品名: VECTIBIX 100mg/10ml/Vial 原产地英文药品名: PANITUMUMAB 中文参考商品译名: 维克替比 100毫克/10毫升/瓶 中文参考药品译名: 帕尼单抗 生产厂家中文参考译名: 安进公司 生产厂家英文名: Amgen